EXAM III EXSC 4700
The gold standard for research in the health sciences is the
Randomized Control Trial
A _________________________ study occurs when both subject and researcher do not know who receives a given treatment.
double-blind
Creating generalized statements from specific examples is an example of what?
inductive reasoning
__________________________ is a measure of reliability used to determine the consistency of scores obtained by 2 or more different test administrators, illustrating uniformity among the data collection procedures.
inter-rater reliability
When a control group receives a false treatment while the experimental group receives the real treatment, the control group has been given a _______________.
placebo
The chance placement of subjects into groups so that the groups do not differ at the beginning of the experiment is known as ____________________________.
randomization
The gold standard study design that is most robust and least prone to bias is the ______________________________.
randomized control trial
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's evidence category B includes evidence from ______.
randomized controlled trials with a limited body of data.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's evidence category A includes evidence from ______.
randomized controlled trials with a rich body of data.
This threat to external validity is concerned with when pre-testing subjects, it may alter their perception of the experimental treatment and motivate them to perform better than if they had not been exposed to the pre-test.
reactive effects of pre-testing
The extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure is known as
validity
_____________________________ reasoning starts with a general premise and creates specific conclusion.
Deductive
The behavior or measure that is affected, measured, or observed for change is known as the ___________________.
Dependent Variable
When measuring the effects of water consumption on a runner's performance, speed and distance are examples of ______.
Dependent Variable
The conscientious, explicit and judicious use of best current evidence indecision making is known as what?
Evidence-Based Practice
_________________________ is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of best current evidence in decision making.
Evidence-Based Practice
The extent to which the results of a study may be generalized to different conditions or subjects is known as ________________________.
External Validity
_____________________ are errors or flaws in reasoning when deceptive, invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning, are used in the construction of an argument.
Fallacy
External validity is the:
Generalizability of a study
The gold standard for research in the health sciences is the
Randomized control trial
Measures of ____________________________ are established when the results of one test are compared with the results obtained when using an accepted standard or criterion.
criterion-based validity
_________________________ is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease and health conditions and the subsequent application to control health problems.
epidemiology
This threat to external validity occurs when the unique characteristic of the subjects in a study makes the treatment effective only for those that possess that trait.
subject and treatment interaction
At the top of the research/evidence hierarchy are ____________________, which collect, review, and summarize all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria, and ___________________, which is a statistical procedure for combining data from multiple studies.
systematic review; meta-analysis
In an experiment:
the independent variable is manipulated by the researcher to see what effect it has on the dependent variable
When a measurement is made on a subject, the result is called an _________________, which is a combination of the _____________________ that represents the subject's real score and the ______________________, due to any mistake in data collection.
true score; observed score; error score
A researcher conducts a study on the effectiveness of plyometric exercise by comparing sport teams that use this method with teams that do not. The researcher expects the teams that utilize plyometrics to show higher gains in power production. This statement is:
A hypothesis
Which of the following would be given the rank of the highest form of evidence?
A systematic review of randomized controlled trials A randomized controlled trial is a form of experimental research. It is the potentially least biased and highest form of evidence.
A physical therapist wishes to study the effect of participation in a conditioning class on grip strength in elderly women. The grip strength of 25 participants in a conditioning class is measured and recorded at the beginning and at the end of a 16-week period. Independent variable(s): Dependent variable(s):
IV: participation DV: grip strength
A purveyor of ergogenic aids wishes to compare the effects of topically applied emu oil, ostrich oil, and snake oil on muscle strength gains. He convinces the instructors of three university weight training classes to have students rub one of these oils (one oil per class) over their triceps prior to performing bench-press exercises. At the end of the semester, he assesses maximum bench-press capability across classes. Independent variable(s): Dependent variable(s):
IV: type of oil DV: max bench press
A study is designed to investigate the effects of different brands of toothpaste (Colgate vs. Crest) on the prevention of cavities. What is the independent variable and dependent variable?
IV:brand of toothpaste DV: number of cavities
The behavior or measure that is affected, measured, or observed for change is known as the ___________________.
Independent Variable
A researcher wants to compare a dosage of 1200 mg vs. 2400 mg of ibuprofen on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) following an intense bout of exercise. Identify the independent and dependent variables.
Independent variable: dosage level; dependent variable: measure of DOMS
The extent to which the results of a study can be attributed to the treatments used in the study is the definition of what kind of validity?
Internal
The extent to which any changes measured in the dependent variable can be directly attributed to manipulation of the independent variable is known as _______________________________
Internal Validity
The independent variable:
Is the variable that is manipulated to see if it affects behavior or performance
The primary reason for a detailed step-by-step account of the methods used in a research study is for the ability of an entire experiment or study to be duplicated, either by the same researcher or by someone else working independently; this is known as ______________________________.
Scientific Method
In experimental design, when comparisons are made of groups that have been selected on the basis of their extreme scores, the posttest means of the groups tend to move toward the mean of the entire population from which the extreme groups were selected. This threat to internal validity is called
Statistical Regression
Which of the following would be given the rank of the highest form of evidence?
Systematic review of randomized controlled trials
A _________________________ is a well-substantiated explanation, acquired through the scientific method, that has been repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation.
Theory
The major difference between an experimental and an observational study is that an experimental study can determine cause and effect, whereas an observational study cannot
True
In a study designed to assess the comparative effectiveness of two workbooks used in teaching students about laboratory procedures, the independent variable of the study would be
Workbooks
In the following example, what is the dependent variable? Does protein intake improve biceps circumference in male weight lifters?
biceps circumference
__________________________ is a type of statistical validity in which a proposed test is compared to a criterion standard within a close period of time to establish its accuracy
concurrent
The conscientious, explicit and judicious use of best current evidence indecision making is known as what?
evidence-based practice
The most accurate & definitive measure of a variable is sometimes referred to as a __________________
gold standard
The major limitation of observational studies is
inability to experimentally establish cause and effect
The major weakness of epidemiologic studies is
inability to experimentally establish cause and effect
In epidemiology/biostatistics, the ___________________________ is the rate at which NEW cases occur in a population during a specified time period.
incidence rate
As you change what happens to the __________, you will observe what happens to the __________.
independent variable, dependent variable
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's evidence category C includes evidence from ______.
non-randomized trials, observational studies.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's evidence category D includes evidence from ______.
panel consensus judgment.
Prevalence of disease differs from incidence of disease in that prevalence refers to the number of
people who presently have a disease, whereas incidence relates to new cases
A pretest of knowledge about microcomputers is given to a group of students 5 min prior to a film on the subject. A posttest given 10 min after the film showed a 10-point gain from the pretest. The researcher concludes that the film produced the gain. Which of the following is likely the threat to internal validity?
testing
When a hypothesis is repeatedly supported by multiple investigations and laboratories, it can become a ______.
theory
True or False, If a measurement is valid, its scores will be reliable.
true
True or false, a test can be reliable, but not valid.
true
In evaluating the method section of a research report, which is a very important question to keep in mind?
Did the author provide enough information that the study could be repeated?
_________________________ is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease and health conditions and the subsequent application to control health problems.
Epidemiology
_________________________is a threat to internal validity referring to the loss or dropout of subjects in a study.
Experimental Mortality
The only type of research that can manipulate treatments and establish a cause and effect is
Experimental Research
This type of research involves the manipulation of an independent variable(s) to establish or disestablish a cause-effect relationship.
Experimental Research
What are the 3 tiers of hierarchy that most EBP models use when ranking evidence?
Experimental Research, Observational Research, Practical Experience/Expertise
True or False? An observational study design has less potential for bias than a randomized controlled trial (RCT).
False
The _____________________ refers to the threat to internal validity when a researcher has some expectation about the performance of a subject.
Halo Effect
When measuring the effects of water consumption on a runner's performance, speed and distance are examples of ______.
Halo Effect
A _____________________ is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon made as a starting point for further investigation.
Hypothesis
A researcher is interested in the effect of fatigue on running stride length in rats. A group of rats is run to exhaustion on rat treadmills. Every 2 minutes, a high-speed camera is turned on to enable measurement of rat stride length. Independent variable(s): Dependent variable(s):
IV: fatigue DV: stride length
Which threat to internal validity occurs when members of the control group adopt a competitive attitude towards the experimental group, thereby negating their status as controls? ______________________
John Henry Effect
What type of research attempts to systematically describe specific characteristics or conditions related to a subject group but cannot explain the underlying causal mechanism?
Non-Experimental
A survey authorized by the CDC to assess daily physical activity and nutritional habits in American children is an example of what type of evidence?
Observational Research
This threat to external validity is whether a subject will perform in the same manner under experimental conditions as they would in the real world.
artificial nature of experimental condition
An in-depth analysis of a unique condition or situation to reach a greater understanding about other similar situations is known as a _________________.
case study
Identify which kind of observational study design is being described: This type of observational study is an in-depth analysis of a unique condition or situation to reach a greater understanding about other similar situations is known as a _________________.
case study
Identify which kind of observational study design is being described: Retrospective; starts with an end point and work backward, figuring out what might have caused that outcome:
case-control study
As a result of the brain's attempt to simply information processing, ________________ are predispositions towards certain kinds of thinking that occurs when people are rapidly processing and interpreting information
cognitive biases
As a result of your brain's attempt to simplify information processing, _____________________ are predispositions towards certain kinds of thinking that occurs when people are rapidly processing and interpreting information in the world around them.
cognitive biases
Identify which kind of observational study design is being described: Longitudinal/Prospective; this type of observational study tracks the same groups of people over an extended period of time _________________________
cohort study
_______________ variables are uncontrolled factors other than the independent variable that that may influence the measures of the dependent variable, thus negatively impacting internal validity.
confounding
_______________ is the extent to how well a test measures a theoretical attribute that has no definitive criterion, is difficult to measure, or cannot be directly observed.
construct validity
Identify which kind of observational study design is being described: Snapshot; this type of observational study assesses information about a population at one point in time _________________
cross-sectional study
Identify which kind of observational study design is being described: Snapshot; Assesses information about a population at one point in time:
cross-sectional survey
In a research study in which the treatment involved quite intense physical training, 40% of the participants in the treatment group dropped out as compared with 5% of the control group. This threat to internal validity is called
experimental mortality
The extent to which the results of a study may be generalized to different conditions or subjects is known as ________________________.
external validity
_______________ validity is the weakest type of validity because all that can be said is that it appears to be obvious that the test or device is measuring what it is supposed to measure.
face
Just before the posttest, students in the control group were shown a film in another class that related directly to the subject matter being studied in the treatment group. This represents what kind of threat to internal validity?
history
The dependent variable
is the one that is expected to change as a result of the treatment the variable that is observed or measured in the research process represents the response or outcome from the manipulation of the independent variable
______________ are errors or flaws in reasoning when deceptive, invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning are used in the construction of an argument.
logical fallacies
______________ is the threat to internal validity that refers to the physiological processes occurring within the participants that could account for any changes in their behavior.
maturatioon
This threat to external validity occurs when a research introduces more than one experimental variable, risking the treatments inhibiting or enhancing each other.
multiple treatment interference
A double-blind experiment is one in which
neither the researcher nor the participants know which participants receive the experimental treatment
_________________ refers to the consistency of the test administrator during data collection.
objectivity
When a measurement is made on a subject, the result is called an _________________, which is a combination of the true score that represents the subject's real score, and the error score, due to any mistake in data collection.
observed score
_________________ is the likelihood of an event occurring in a group of people when compared to another group of people
relative risk
____________ is a measure of the degree of consistency or repeatability of a test.
reliability
Administering the same test on 2 or more occasions via the test-retest method, is a way of establishing which subset measure of reliability? ____________________________
stability
At the top of the research/evidence hierarchy are ____________________, which collect, review, and summarize all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria, and ___________________, which is a statistical procedure for combining data from multiple studies.
systematic reviews; meta-analysis
Identify which kind of observational study design is being described: Longitudinal/Prospective; tracks the same groups of people over an extended period of time:
Cohort Study
The effect of participation in a running class on VO2 max is studied. Members of a group of 40 subjects are matched as closely as possible on finish times for the mile run. The members of each matched pair are randomly assigned to groups. One group participates in a running class, and the other does not. Both groups' VO2 maxs are tested at the end of the semester. Independent variable(s): Dependent variable(s):
IV: participation DV: VO2 Max
______________________________ reasoning starts with a specific premise leading to a generalized conclusion.
Inductive
_________________________ is the threat to internal validity that refers to the physiological processes occurring within the participants that could account for any changes in their behavior.
Maturation
_______________________ is the threat to internal validity in which an extreme performance on a test is followed by a less extreme performance.
Regression to the Mean
A researcher predicts that there will be a positive relationship between attitude scores and grade point average. This is an example of a
Research Hypothesis
If a practitioner wishes to be evidence-based, what are the 3 major areas needed to integrate?
Research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values
This question pertains to the following study: "A researcher wishes to determine the effects of an outdoor adventure summer camp on the self-concept of inner-city boys. Boys are randomly assigned to the summer camp and to a control situation. The experimental treatment is for three months. A secondary purpose is to see if age (ages 6, 9, and 12) affects the relationship of the camp effects and self-concept."The dependent variable is Correct!
Self-Concept
Which threat to internal validity refers to the behavioral effect introduced on research subjects when they know they are being observed? ___________________________
The Hawthorne Effect
Internal validity may be defined as:
The extent to which the independent variable effects the dependent variable
____________________ is the likelihood of an event occurring under specific conditions
absolute risk
This question pertains to the following study: "A researcher wishes to determine the effects of an outdoor adventure summer camp on the self-concept of inner-city boys. Boys are randomly assigned to the summer camp and to a control situation. The experimental treatment is for three months. A secondary purpose is to see if age (ages 6, 9, and 12) affects the relationship of the camp effects and self-concept."The independent variable is
adventure summer camp
Creating specific examples from generalized statements is an example of what?
deductive reasoning
In a meta-analysis, the results of various studies on a topic are quantified using a standard measure that is called the _________________
effect size
The degree to which a study establishes the cause-and-effect relationship between the treatment and the observed outcome is known as ______________
internal validity
_________________ refers to the consistency of the test administrator during data collection.
intra-rater reliability
______________________________ is the extent to which a score on a scale or test predicts scores on some criterion measure.
predictive validity
In epidemiology/biostatistics, _______________________________ is the proportion of people in a population who have a condition/attribute at a specified time.
prevalence rate
In the following example, what is the independent variable? Does protein intake improve biceps circumference in male weight lifters?
protein intake
_______________________________ is the threat to internal validity in which an extreme performance on a test is followed by a less extreme performance.
regression
_________________________ of measurement is the degree to which small differences can be detected
sensitivity
