Exam:1 Chap. 1-4

What is the temperature at which water freezes? 1) 0°F 2) 0°C 3) 0 K

0°C

Dalton's Atomic Theory

1) elements are composed of atoms. 2) atoms of same element are identical, but differ from other elements. 3) elements can mix together 4) atoms only change when mixed with other elements

Identify the element described by each of the following: 1.) Group 7A (17), Period 4 A. Br B. Cl C. Mn 2.) Group 2A (2), Period 3 A. beryllium B. boron C. magnesium 3.) Group 5A (15), Period 2 A. phosphorus B. nitrogen C. arsenic 4.) Group 6B (6), Period 4 A. copper B. selenium C. chromium

1.) Br 2.) magnesium 3.) nitrogen 4.) chromium

How many Celsius units are between the boiling and freezing points of water? 1) 100 2) 180 3) 273

100

1 kJ =

1000 joules

temp between boiling and freezing point for all 3 temp scales

180 F, 100 C, 100 K

About how many elements are essential for your well-being and survival of the human body.

20

boiling point of water in all 3 temp scales

212 F, 100 C, 373K

Freezing point of water in all 3 temp scales

32 F, 0 C, 273 K

How many calories are obtained from a pat of butter if it provides 150 J of energy when metabolized? A. 0.86 cal B. 630 cal C. 36 cal

36 cal

What is the temperature at which water boils? 1) 100°F 2) 32°F 3) 373 K

373 K

1 cal = how many joules?

4.184 J

Perform the following calculation of measured numbers. Give the answer with the correct number of significant figures. 5.00 x 3.408/ 2.0 cm

8.5 cm^3

A person with hypothermia has a body temperature of 34.8 °C. What is that temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?

94.64 °F

Chemical change...

A change in matter that produces one or more new substances

Define compound

A substance consisting of two or more elements that are chemically combined.

A.Which answer contains three significant figures? (1) 0.4760 (2) 0.00476 (3) 4.076 × 10^3 B. All the zeros are significant in (1) 0.00307 (2) 25.300 (3) 2.050 × 10^3 C. The number of significant figures in 5.80 × 10^2 is (1) one (2) two (3) three

A. 0.00476 B. 25.300 and 2.050 x 10^3 C. three

Identify the measurement given in an SI unit. A. John's height is _____. (1) 1.5 yd (2) 6 ft (3) 1.9 m B. The mass of a lemon is _____. (1) 12 oz (2) 0.145 kg (3) 0.31 lb C. The temperature is _____. (1) 255 K (2) 85°C (3) 45°F

A. 1.9 m B. 0.145 kg C. 255 K

A. 1 kg = _____ (1) 10 g (2) 100 g (3) 1000 g B. 1 cL = _____ (1) 0.001 L (2) 0.01 L (3) 100 L

A. 1000 g B. 0.01 L

Write the atomic symbols for atoms with the following subatomic particles: A. 8 protons 8 neutrons 8 electrons B. 17 protons 20 neutrons 17 electrons C. 47 protons 60 neutrons 47 electrons

A. 16/8 O B. 37/17 Cl C. 107/47 Ag

Adjust the following calculated answers to give answers with three significant figures: A. 824.75 cm B. 0.112 486 g C. 5.3 L

A. 825 B. 0.112 C. 5.30

Select the correct number of protons in each atom. A. Fluorine atom (1)9 protons (2) 17 protons (3) 10 protons B. Potassium (1)15 protons (2) 39 protons (3) 19 protons C. Barium atom (1) 137 protons (2) 56 protons (3) 81 protons

A. 9 B. 19 C. 56

Identify the larger unit in each of the following: A. mm or cm B. kilogram or centigram C. dL or μL D. mcg or mg

A. A millimeter is 0.001 m, smaller than a centimeter, 0.01 m. B. A kilogram is 1000 g, larger than a centigram, 0.01 g. C. A deciliter is 0.1 L, larger than a microliter, 0.000 001 L. D. A milligram is 0.001 g, larger than a microgram, 0.000 001 g.

Identify each of the following as a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture: A. hot fudge sundae B. baby shampoo C. sugar water D. peach pie

A. Heterogeneous B. Homogeneous C. Homogeneous D. Heterogeneous

An atom of lead (Pb) has a mass number of 207. A. How many protons are in the nucleus? B. How many neutrons are in the nucleus? C. How many electrons are in the atom?

A. Lead has an atomic number of 82; number of protons = 82 B. number of neutrons= mass number -atomic number = 207 - 82 = 125 neutrons C. 82

For each of the following, indicate whether the step of the scientific method being described is (1) observation, (2) hypothesis, (3) experiment, or (4) theory. A. A blender does not work when plugged in. B. The blender motor is broken. C. The plug has malfunctioned. D. The blender does not work when plugged into a different outlet. E. The blender needs repair.

A. Observation B. Hypothesis C. Hypothesis D. Experiment E. Theory

Identify the numbers below as measured or exact, and give the number of significant figures in each measured number. A. 3 coins B. The diameter of a circle is 7.902 cm. C. 60 min = 1 h

A. The value 3 coins is obtained by counting, making it an exact number. B. The diameter of a circle is obtained using a measuring device (ruler). The contained zero in this measured number is significant, so it contains four SFs. C. 60 min = 1 h is exact by definition.

Which of the following subatomic particles fits each of the descriptions below? proton, neutron, electron A. found outside the nucleus B. has a positive charge C. has mass but no charge

A. electron B. proton C. neutron

Identify the energy in each example as potential or kinetic. A. rollerblading B. a peanut butter and jelly sandwich C. mowing the lawn D. gasoline in the gas tank

A. kinetic B. potential C. kinetic D. potential

Identify each description as that of particles of a 1) solid 2) liquid 3) gas A. has definite volume but takes the shape of the container B. particles are moving rapidly C. particles fill the entire volume of a container D. particles have a fixed arrangement E. particles are close together but moving randomly

A. liquid B. gas C. gas D. solid E. liquid

For each of the following, indicate whether the unit describes (1) length, (2) mass, or (3) volume. A. A bag of onions has a mass of 2.6 kg. B. A person is 1.7 m tall. C. A medication contains 0.50 g of aspirin. D. A bottle contains 1.5 L of water.

A. mass B. length C. mass D. volume

Identify each of the following elements as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid: A. sodium B. bromine C. boron D. manganese E. carbon

A. metal B. nonmetal C. metalloid D. metal E. nonmetal

Identify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture: A. pasta and tomato sauce B. aluminum foil C. helium D. air

A. mixture B. pure substance C. pure substance D. mixture

Classify each of the following properties as physical or chemical: A. Ice melts in the sun. B. Copper is a shiny metal. C. Paper can burn. D. A silver knife can tarnish. E. A magnet removes iron particles from a mixture.

A. physical B. physical C. chemical D. chemical E. physical

A sloped line on a heating curve represents A. a temperature change B. a constant temperature C. a change of state

A. temperature change

Identify the element in each pair that has the more metallic character. A. K or Li B. S or Si C .potassium or bromine

A.) K ; metallic character increases going down a group B.) Si; metallic character decreases going from left to right across a period C.) Ca; metallic character decreases going from left to right across a period

Identify the larger atom in each pair. A. K or Li B. S or Si C. potassium or bromine

A.) K; atomic size increases going down a group B.) Si; atomic size decreases going from left to right across a period C.) Ca; atomic size decreases going from left to right across a period

Identify the element in each pair that has the higher ionization energy. A. K or Li B. S or Si C. potassium or bromine

A.) Li ; ionization energy decreases going down a group B.) S; ionization energy increases going from left to right across a period C.) Br; ionization energy increases going from left to right across a period

Using the periodic table, write the group number and the number of valence electrons for each of the following elements: A. strontium B. argon C. silicon

A.) group 2A (2); 2 valence electrons B.) group 8A (18); 8 valence electrons C.) group 4A (14); 4 valence electrons

Fill in the blanks with the correct prefix. A. 1000 m = 1 ___m B. 1 × 10^−6 g = 1 ___g C. 0.1 L = 1 ___L

A.The prefix for 1000 is kilo; 1000 m = 1 km. B. The prefix for 1 × 10^−6 is micro; 1 × 10^−6 g = 1μg (mcg). C. The prefix for 0.1 is deci; 0.1 L = 1 dL.

Hyperthermia

Abnormally high body temperature

A plateau (horizontal line) on a heating curve represents A. a temperature change B. a constant temperature C. a change of state

B. a constant temperature C. a change of state

Which of the following contains chemicals (matter)? A. sunlight B. fruit C. milk D. breakfast cereal

B. fruit C. milk D. breakfast cereal

temperature scales

Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin

Condensation

Gas to liquid

Define density

Mass per unit volume

Charges of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Protons (positive), Neutrons (no charge/zero) and Electrons (negative)

ionization energy

The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom

Define heterogeneous mixture

a mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout

Define homogeneous mixture

a mixture that is uniform throughout

Hypothermia

abnormally low body temperature

•When electrons change from a lower to a higher energy level, they ________the energy equal to the change in energy levels.

absorb

Smallest particle of an element

atom

The average mass of all the isotopes of an element

atomic mass

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

atomic number

metallic character trend

based on ionization energy; increases down a group; decreases across a period

ionization energy trend

decreases from top to bottom in a group; increases from left to right in a period

on a cooling curve...

diagonal lines indicate changes in temperature for a physical state, and horizontal lines (plateaus) indicate changes of state

on a heating curve diagonal lines indicate__________ and horizontal lines (plateaus) indicate ____________?

diagonal lines indicate changes in temperature for a physical state, and horizontal lines (plateaus) indicate changes of state .

When electrons change from a higher to a lower energy level, they _________ energy equal to the change in energy levels.

emit

Define kinetic energy

energy of motion

Deposition

gas to solid

a vertical row of elements in the periodic table

groups

Water exists in 3 states:

ice, water, steam

atomic size trend

increases from top to bottom within a group and decreases from left to right across a period.

•are atoms of the same element that have different mass numbers •have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons

isoptopes

The SI unit of energy and work is

joule

What are involved in the formation of bones and teeth, maintenance of heart and blood vessels, muscle contraction, nerve impulses, acid-base balance of body fluids, and regulation of cellular metabolism

macrominerals

the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus

mass number

Elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals. they are semiconductors

metalloids

Elements that are good conductors of electric current and heat. They are shiny, ductile, and malleable. They melt at much higher temp than nonmetals

metals

Elements that are poor conductors of heat and electric current. Are not especially shiny, ductile, or malleable, typically have low melting points/densities

nonmetals

group number

number of valence electrons

Physical changes...

occur when matter undergoes a physical change of state, but its composition remains constant.

What are microminerals/trace elements?

other essential elements, mostly transition elements

what elements make up 96% of our body mass

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

horizontal columns on periodic table

periods

Define elements

pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

Sublimation

solid to gas

Define potential energy

stored energy

Define calorie

the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water through 1 °C

Define specific heat

the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount

Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom

valance electrons

Solids have...

•a definite shape •a definite volume •particles are held close together by strong attractive forces •particles are arranged in a rigid pattern and can only vibrate slowly in fixed positions

Liquids have...

•a definite volume, but not a definite shape •the same shape as their container •particles that move slowly in random directions

Gases have...

•an indefinite shape •an indefinite volume •the same shape and volume as their container •particles that are far apart, move at high speeds, and have little attraction to each other

Physical Properties

•are characteristics observed or measured without changing the identity of a substance. •include the shape, physical state, boiling and freezing points, density, and color of that substance.

Define energy

•is defined as the ability to do work •can be classified as either kinetic or potential energy

an atom of any element :

•is electrically neutral; it has a net charge of zero. •has an equal number of protons and electrons.

Define heat

•the energy associated with the motion of particles •the faster the particles move, the greater the heat or thermal energy of the substance