Exam:1 Chap. 1-4
What is the temperature at which water freezes? 1) 0°F 2) 0°C 3) 0 K
0°C
Dalton's Atomic Theory
1) elements are composed of atoms. 2) atoms of same element are identical, but differ from other elements. 3) elements can mix together 4) atoms only change when mixed with other elements
Identify the element described by each of the following: 1.) Group 7A (17), Period 4 A. Br B. Cl C. Mn 2.) Group 2A (2), Period 3 A. beryllium B. boron C. magnesium 3.) Group 5A (15), Period 2 A. phosphorus B. nitrogen C. arsenic 4.) Group 6B (6), Period 4 A. copper B. selenium C. chromium
1.) Br 2.) magnesium 3.) nitrogen 4.) chromium
How many Celsius units are between the boiling and freezing points of water? 1) 100 2) 180 3) 273
100
1 kJ =
1000 joules
temp between boiling and freezing point for all 3 temp scales
180 F, 100 C, 100 K
About how many elements are essential for your well-being and survival of the human body.
20
boiling point of water in all 3 temp scales
212 F, 100 C, 373K
Freezing point of water in all 3 temp scales
32 F, 0 C, 273 K
How many calories are obtained from a pat of butter if it provides 150 J of energy when metabolized? A. 0.86 cal B. 630 cal C. 36 cal
36 cal
What is the temperature at which water boils? 1) 100°F 2) 32°F 3) 373 K
373 K
1 cal = how many joules?
4.184 J
Perform the following calculation of measured numbers. Give the answer with the correct number of significant figures. 5.00 x 3.408/ 2.0 cm
8.5 cm^3
A person with hypothermia has a body temperature of 34.8 °C. What is that temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?
94.64 °F
Chemical change...
A change in matter that produces one or more new substances
Define compound
A substance consisting of two or more elements that are chemically combined.
A.Which answer contains three significant figures? (1) 0.4760 (2) 0.00476 (3) 4.076 × 10^3 B. All the zeros are significant in (1) 0.00307 (2) 25.300 (3) 2.050 × 10^3 C. The number of significant figures in 5.80 × 10^2 is (1) one (2) two (3) three
A. 0.00476 B. 25.300 and 2.050 x 10^3 C. three
Identify the measurement given in an SI unit. A. John's height is _____. (1) 1.5 yd (2) 6 ft (3) 1.9 m B. The mass of a lemon is _____. (1) 12 oz (2) 0.145 kg (3) 0.31 lb C. The temperature is _____. (1) 255 K (2) 85°C (3) 45°F
A. 1.9 m B. 0.145 kg C. 255 K
A. 1 kg = _____ (1) 10 g (2) 100 g (3) 1000 g B. 1 cL = _____ (1) 0.001 L (2) 0.01 L (3) 100 L
A. 1000 g B. 0.01 L
Write the atomic symbols for atoms with the following subatomic particles: A. 8 protons 8 neutrons 8 electrons B. 17 protons 20 neutrons 17 electrons C. 47 protons 60 neutrons 47 electrons
A. 16/8 O B. 37/17 Cl C. 107/47 Ag
Adjust the following calculated answers to give answers with three significant figures: A. 824.75 cm B. 0.112 486 g C. 5.3 L
A. 825 B. 0.112 C. 5.30
Select the correct number of protons in each atom. A. Fluorine atom (1)9 protons (2) 17 protons (3) 10 protons B. Potassium (1)15 protons (2) 39 protons (3) 19 protons C. Barium atom (1) 137 protons (2) 56 protons (3) 81 protons
A. 9 B. 19 C. 56
Identify the larger unit in each of the following: A. mm or cm B. kilogram or centigram C. dL or μL D. mcg or mg
A. A millimeter is 0.001 m, smaller than a centimeter, 0.01 m. B. A kilogram is 1000 g, larger than a centigram, 0.01 g. C. A deciliter is 0.1 L, larger than a microliter, 0.000 001 L. D. A milligram is 0.001 g, larger than a microgram, 0.000 001 g.
Identify each of the following as a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture: A. hot fudge sundae B. baby shampoo C. sugar water D. peach pie
A. Heterogeneous B. Homogeneous C. Homogeneous D. Heterogeneous
An atom of lead (Pb) has a mass number of 207. A. How many protons are in the nucleus? B. How many neutrons are in the nucleus? C. How many electrons are in the atom?
A. Lead has an atomic number of 82; number of protons = 82 B. number of neutrons= mass number -atomic number = 207 - 82 = 125 neutrons C. 82
For each of the following, indicate whether the step of the scientific method being described is (1) observation, (2) hypothesis, (3) experiment, or (4) theory. A. A blender does not work when plugged in. B. The blender motor is broken. C. The plug has malfunctioned. D. The blender does not work when plugged into a different outlet. E. The blender needs repair.
A. Observation B. Hypothesis C. Hypothesis D. Experiment E. Theory
Identify the numbers below as measured or exact, and give the number of significant figures in each measured number. A. 3 coins B. The diameter of a circle is 7.902 cm. C. 60 min = 1 h
A. The value 3 coins is obtained by counting, making it an exact number. B. The diameter of a circle is obtained using a measuring device (ruler). The contained zero in this measured number is significant, so it contains four SFs. C. 60 min = 1 h is exact by definition.
Which of the following subatomic particles fits each of the descriptions below? proton, neutron, electron A. found outside the nucleus B. has a positive charge C. has mass but no charge
A. electron B. proton C. neutron
Identify the energy in each example as potential or kinetic. A. rollerblading B. a peanut butter and jelly sandwich C. mowing the lawn D. gasoline in the gas tank
A. kinetic B. potential C. kinetic D. potential
Identify each description as that of particles of a 1) solid 2) liquid 3) gas A. has definite volume but takes the shape of the container B. particles are moving rapidly C. particles fill the entire volume of a container D. particles have a fixed arrangement E. particles are close together but moving randomly
A. liquid B. gas C. gas D. solid E. liquid
For each of the following, indicate whether the unit describes (1) length, (2) mass, or (3) volume. A. A bag of onions has a mass of 2.6 kg. B. A person is 1.7 m tall. C. A medication contains 0.50 g of aspirin. D. A bottle contains 1.5 L of water.
A. mass B. length C. mass D. volume
Identify each of the following elements as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid: A. sodium B. bromine C. boron D. manganese E. carbon
A. metal B. nonmetal C. metalloid D. metal E. nonmetal
Identify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture: A. pasta and tomato sauce B. aluminum foil C. helium D. air
A. mixture B. pure substance C. pure substance D. mixture
Classify each of the following properties as physical or chemical: A. Ice melts in the sun. B. Copper is a shiny metal. C. Paper can burn. D. A silver knife can tarnish. E. A magnet removes iron particles from a mixture.
A. physical B. physical C. chemical D. chemical E. physical
A sloped line on a heating curve represents A. a temperature change B. a constant temperature C. a change of state
A. temperature change
Identify the element in each pair that has the more metallic character. A. K or Li B. S or Si C .potassium or bromine
A.) K ; metallic character increases going down a group B.) Si; metallic character decreases going from left to right across a period C.) Ca; metallic character decreases going from left to right across a period
Identify the larger atom in each pair. A. K or Li B. S or Si C. potassium or bromine
A.) K; atomic size increases going down a group B.) Si; atomic size decreases going from left to right across a period C.) Ca; atomic size decreases going from left to right across a period
Identify the element in each pair that has the higher ionization energy. A. K or Li B. S or Si C. potassium or bromine
A.) Li ; ionization energy decreases going down a group B.) S; ionization energy increases going from left to right across a period C.) Br; ionization energy increases going from left to right across a period
Using the periodic table, write the group number and the number of valence electrons for each of the following elements: A. strontium B. argon C. silicon
A.) group 2A (2); 2 valence electrons B.) group 8A (18); 8 valence electrons C.) group 4A (14); 4 valence electrons
Fill in the blanks with the correct prefix. A. 1000 m = 1 ___m B. 1 × 10^−6 g = 1 ___g C. 0.1 L = 1 ___L
A.The prefix for 1000 is kilo; 1000 m = 1 km. B. The prefix for 1 × 10^−6 is micro; 1 × 10^−6 g = 1μg (mcg). C. The prefix for 0.1 is deci; 0.1 L = 1 dL.
Hyperthermia
Abnormally high body temperature
A plateau (horizontal line) on a heating curve represents A. a temperature change B. a constant temperature C. a change of state
B. a constant temperature C. a change of state
Which of the following contains chemicals (matter)? A. sunlight B. fruit C. milk D. breakfast cereal
B. fruit C. milk D. breakfast cereal
temperature scales
Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin
Condensation
Gas to liquid
Define density
Mass per unit volume
Charges of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Protons (positive), Neutrons (no charge/zero) and Electrons (negative)
ionization energy
The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom
Define heterogeneous mixture
a mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout
Define homogeneous mixture
a mixture that is uniform throughout
Hypothermia
abnormally low body temperature
•When electrons change from a lower to a higher energy level, they ________the energy equal to the change in energy levels.
absorb
Smallest particle of an element
atom
The average mass of all the isotopes of an element
atomic mass
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
atomic number
metallic character trend
based on ionization energy; increases down a group; decreases across a period
ionization energy trend
decreases from top to bottom in a group; increases from left to right in a period
on a cooling curve...
diagonal lines indicate changes in temperature for a physical state, and horizontal lines (plateaus) indicate changes of state
on a heating curve diagonal lines indicate__________ and horizontal lines (plateaus) indicate ____________?
diagonal lines indicate changes in temperature for a physical state, and horizontal lines (plateaus) indicate changes of state .
When electrons change from a higher to a lower energy level, they _________ energy equal to the change in energy levels.
emit
Define kinetic energy
energy of motion
Deposition
gas to solid
a vertical row of elements in the periodic table
groups
Water exists in 3 states:
ice, water, steam
atomic size trend
increases from top to bottom within a group and decreases from left to right across a period.
•are atoms of the same element that have different mass numbers •have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons
isoptopes
The SI unit of energy and work is
joule
What are involved in the formation of bones and teeth, maintenance of heart and blood vessels, muscle contraction, nerve impulses, acid-base balance of body fluids, and regulation of cellular metabolism
macrominerals
the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus
mass number
Elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals. they are semiconductors
metalloids
Elements that are good conductors of electric current and heat. They are shiny, ductile, and malleable. They melt at much higher temp than nonmetals
metals
Elements that are poor conductors of heat and electric current. Are not especially shiny, ductile, or malleable, typically have low melting points/densities
nonmetals
group number
number of valence electrons
Physical changes...
occur when matter undergoes a physical change of state, but its composition remains constant.
What are microminerals/trace elements?
other essential elements, mostly transition elements
what elements make up 96% of our body mass
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
horizontal columns on periodic table
periods
Define elements
pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom
Sublimation
solid to gas
Define potential energy
stored energy
Define calorie
the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water through 1 °C
Define specific heat
the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount
Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom
valance electrons
Solids have...
•a definite shape •a definite volume •particles are held close together by strong attractive forces •particles are arranged in a rigid pattern and can only vibrate slowly in fixed positions
Liquids have...
•a definite volume, but not a definite shape •the same shape as their container •particles that move slowly in random directions
Gases have...
•an indefinite shape •an indefinite volume •the same shape and volume as their container •particles that are far apart, move at high speeds, and have little attraction to each other
Physical Properties
•are characteristics observed or measured without changing the identity of a substance. •include the shape, physical state, boiling and freezing points, density, and color of that substance.
Define energy
•is defined as the ability to do work •can be classified as either kinetic or potential energy
an atom of any element :
•is electrically neutral; it has a net charge of zero. •has an equal number of protons and electrons.
Define heat
•the energy associated with the motion of particles •the faster the particles move, the greater the heat or thermal energy of the substance