Experiencing the Lifespan - Chapter 7

"g"

Charles Spearman's term for a general intelligence factor that he claimed underlies all cognitive activites

resilient children

children who rebound from serious early life traumas to construct successful adult lives

parenting style

in Diana Baumrind's framwork, how parents align on two dimensions of child-rearing: nurturance (or child-centeredness) and discipline (or structure and rules)

multiple intelligences theory

in Howard Gardner's perspective on intellignece, the principle that there are eight separate kinds of intelligence - verbal, maths, interpersonal, intrapersonal, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, naturalist - plus a possible ninth form, called spiritual intelligence

practical intelligence

in Robert Stermberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in knowing how to act competently in real-world situations

analytic intelligence

in Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence t,l the facet of intelligence involving performing well on academic-type problems

creative intelligence

in Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in producing novel ideas or innovative work

validity

in measurement terminology, a basic criterion for a tests's accuracy involving whether that measure reflects the real-world quality it is supposed to measure

reliability

in measurement terminology, a basic criterion of a test's accuracy that scores must be fairly similar when a person takes the test more than once

permissive parents

in the parenting-styles framework, a type of child-rearing in which parents provide few rules but rank high on child-centeredness, being extremely loving but providing little discipline

authoritarian parents

in the parenting-styles framework, a type of child-rearing in which parents provide plenty of rules but rank low on child=centeredness, stressing unquestioning obedience

authoritative parents

in the parenting-styles framework, the best possible child-rearing style, in which parents rank high on both nurturance and discipline, providing both love and clear family rules

rejecting-neglecting parents

in the parenting-styles framework, the worst child-rearing approach, in which parents provide little discipline and little nurturing or love

achievement tests

meausre that evluate a child's knowledge in specific school-related areas

Flynn effect

remarkable and steady rise in overall performance on IQ tests that has been occurring around the world over the past century

WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children)

standard intelligence test used in childhood, consisting of Verbal Scale (questions for the child to answer), a Performance Scale (materials for the child to manipulate), and a variety of subtests

intrinsic motivations

the drive to act based on the pleasure of taking that action in itself, not for an external reinforcer or reward

extrinsic motivation

the drive to take an action because that activity offers external reinforces such as praise, money, or a good grade

specfic learning disability

the label for any impairment in language or any deficit related to listening, thinking, speaking, reading, writing, spelling, or understanding maths; diagnosed when a score on an intelligence test is much higher than a child's performance on achievement tests

mentally retarded

the label for significantly impaired intellectual functioning, defined as when a child (or adult) has an IQ of 70 or below accompanied y evidence of deficits in learning abilites

gifted

the label for superior intellectual functioning characterized by an IQ score of 130 or above, showing that a child ranks in the top 2 percent of his age group

corporal punishment

the use of physical force to discipline a child

successful intelligence

a Robert Sternberg's framework, the optimal form of cognition, involving having a good balance of analytic, creative, and practical intelligence

dyslexia

a learning disability that is characterized by reading difficulties, lack of fluency, and poor word recognition that is often genetic in origin

acculturation

among immigrants, the tendency to become more similar in terms of attitudes and practices to the mainstream culture after time spent living in a new society

child maltreatment

any act that seriously endangers a child's physical or emotional well-being