Exploring Psychology Ch12 - Personality
Self-Actualizing, Person-Centered
Humanistic Perspective: 1. Abraham Maslow's [____-___________] Person, 2. Carl Rogers' [______-________] Perspective
preconscious
In Freud's idea of the mind's structure, some of our thoughts we store temporarily in a [____________] area, from which information is stored outside our awareness, but is accessible and can be retrieved into conscious awareness.
Oedipus complex
In Freudian psychology, [_______ _______] refers to a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.
self-actualization
In Maslow's pyramid of needs, we ultimately seek [____-_____________](the process of fulfilling our potential) and self-transcendence(meaning, purpose, and communion beyond the self).
Self
In contemporary psychology, [____] is assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.
humanistic
In contrast to Freud's study of the base motives of "sick" people, [__________] psychologists focused on the ways "healthy" people strive for self-determination and self-realization.
Objectivity
In contrast to the subjectivity of most projective tests, personality inventories are scored with [____________]. [____________] does not, however, guarantee validity. For example, individuals taking the MMPI for employment purposes can give socially desirable answers to create a good impression. But in doing so they may also score high on a lie scale that assesses faking (as when people respond False to a universally true statement such as "I get angry sometimes")
free association
In psychoanalysis, [____ ___________] is a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
defense mechanisms
In psychoanalytic theory, [_______ __________] are the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
repression
In psychoanalytic theory, [__________] is the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
self-concept
In the humanistic perspective, the core of personality is the [____-_______], our sense of our nature and identity. People are happiest with a [____-_______] that matches their ideal self.
internals, externals
Internal Versus External Locus of Control: In study after study, "[_________]" achieve more in school and work, act more independently, enjoy better health, and feel less depressed than do "[_________]"
healthy
Maslow developed his ideas by studying [_______], creative people rather than troubled clinical cases. He based his description of self-actualization on a study of those who seemed notable for their rich and productive lives.
needs
Maslow proposed that we are motivated by a hierarchy of [_____]. (Physiological->Safety->Love and Belonging->Self-esteem->Self-actalization)
phallic
Oedipus Complex: Freud believed that during the [_______] stage boys seek genital stimulation, and they develop both unconscious sexual desires for their mother and jealousy and hatred for their father, whom they consider a rival. Given these feelings, boys supposedly also experience guilt and a lurking fear of punishment, perhaps by castration, from their father.
sex, collective
Psychodynamic theorists: Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Carl Jung 1. Argued that we have motives other than [___] and aggression 2. Carl Jung proposed a [__________] unconscious
defense mechanisms
Q. How did Freud think people defended themselves against anxiety? A. Tensions between the demands of id and superego cause anxiety. The ego copes by using [_______ _________], especially repression.
Big Five
Shown picture describes the traits of a personality test called The [___ ____]. It has been the most active personality research topic since the early 1990s and is currently our best approximation of the basic trait dimensions.
psychoanalytic
Sigmund Freud's [______________] theory proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality.
unconscious
Sigmund Freud's treatment of emotional disorders led him to believe that they spring from [___________] dynamics, which he sought to analyze through free associations and dreams. He referred to his theory and techniques as psychoanalysis.
Electra complex
Some psychoanalysts in Freud's era believed that girls experienced a parallel desire to Oedipus complex, called [_______ _______].
Person-Situation
The [P_____-S________] Controversy 1. Our behavior is influenced by the interaction of our inner disposition with our environment. 2. Dispositional personality: genuine personality traits that persist over time and across situations. 3. Although our personality traits may be both stable and potent, the consistency of our specific behaviors from one situation to the next is another matter.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
The [_____-______ ____ _________] (MBTI) sort people according to Carl Jung's personality types, based on their responses to 126 questions. It is available in 21 languages, and is taken by more than 2 million people a year. The test remains mostly a counseling and coaching tool, not a research instrument.
Trait
The [_____] Perspective: 1. To describe our stable and enduring characteristics. 2. Through factor analysis, researchers have isolated important dimensions of personality. 3. Genetic predispositions influence our personality.
superego
The [________] focuses on how we ought to behave. It strives for perfection, judging actions and productions positive feelings of pride of negative feelings of guilt.
humanistic
The [___________] approach focused on our inner capacities for growth and self-fulfillment.
Psychosexual stages
The [____________ ______] are the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
The classic personality inventory is the [_________ ___________ ___________ _________](MMPI). It assesses "abnormal" personality tendencies rather than normal personality traits. MMPI is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.
Denial
The following examples illustrate one of the psychoanalytic defense mechanism: [______] Dying patients may deny the gravity of their illness. Parents may deny their child's misconduct. Spouses may deny evidence of their partner's affairs.
Reaction formation
The following examples illustrate one of the psychoanalytic defense mechanism: [_______ _________] ex) En route to consciousness, the unacceptable proposition"I hate him" becomes "I love him." Timidity becomes daring. Feelings of inadequacy become bravado.
Projection
The following examples illustrate one of the psychoanalytic defense mechanism: [__________] ex) "He doesn't trust me" may be a projection of the actual feeling "I don't trust him" or "I don't trust myself." An El Salvadoran saying captures the idea: "The thief thinks everyone else is a thief."
Regression
The following examples illustrate one of the psychoanalytic defense mechanism: [__________] ex) Facing the anxious first days of school, a child may regress to the oral comfort of thumb-sucking. Juvenile monkeys, when anxious, retreat to infantile clinging to their mothers or to one another. Even homesick new college students may long for the security and comfort of home.
Displacement
The following examples illustrate one of the psychoanalytic defense mechanism: [____________] Children who fear expressing anger against their parents may diverts it by kicking the family pet. Students upset over an exam may snap at a roommate.
Rationalization
The following examples illustrate one of the psychoanalytic defense mechanism: [_______________] ex) Habitual drinkers may say they drink with their friends "just to be sociable." Students who fail to study may rationalize, "All work and no play makes Jack [or Jill] a dull person."
Rorschach inkblot
The most widely used projective test is the famous [__________ _______] test,in which people describe what they see in a series of inkblots. "what do you see in these ink blots?"
defense mechanisms
The seven examples of tactics of [_______ __________]: Repression, regression, reaction formation, rationalization, displacement, and denial.
gender
Through this identification process, children's superegos gain strength as they incorporate many of their parents' values. Freud believed that identification with the same-sex parent provides what psychologists now call our [______] identity—our sense of being male or female.
shy
Traits - Rooted in Biology? Body: The trait of [___]ness appears to be related to high autonomic system reactivity, an easily triggered alarm system.
Extraverts
Traits - Rooted in Biology? Brain: [__________] tend to have low levels of brain activity, making it hard to suppress impulses, and leading them to seek stimulation.
Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers
Two pioneering theorists of humanistic psychology—[A______ M_____] and [C___ R_____]- offered a third-force perspective that emphasized human potential.
ego
[___] is the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The [____] operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
ego
[___] mediates the impulsive demands of the id and restraints demands of the superego, and the real-life demands of the external world.
Self-esteem
[____-______] is one's feelings of high or low self-worth.
trait
[_____] is a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.
Trait
[_____] is an enduring quality that makes a person tend to act a certain way. ex) "honest", "shy", "hard-working" MBTI traits come in pairs: "Judging" - "Perceiving" "Thinking" - "Feeling"
Freud
[_____]'s idea of the mind's structure
Factor Analysis
[______ ________]: 1. Identifying factors that tend to cluster together. 2. Hans and Sybil Eysenck found that many personality traits actually are a function of two basic dimensions along which we all vary. 3. Research supports their idea that these variations are linked to genetics.
social-cognitive
[______-_________] perspective views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.
Denial
[______] is a defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities.
Reaction formation
[_______ _________] is a psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.
Learned helplessness
[_______ ____________] is the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
External locus
[________ _____] of control is the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.
Internal locus
[________ _____] of control is the perception that you control your own fate.
Personal control
[________ _______] is the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
[________ ____________ ____] is a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
[________ _____________ ____] is a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.
superego
[________] is the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.
Positive
[________] psychology is the scientific study of optimal human functioning. It aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.
Spotlight
[_________] effect refers to overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).
projective test
[__________ ____] is a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one' star inner dynamics.
Projective test
[__________ ____] is a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics.
Projective tests
[__________ _____] aim to provide this "psychological X-ray," by asking test-takers to describe an ambiguous stimulus or tell a story about it. Henry Murray introduced onesuch test, the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), in which people view ambiguous pictures and then make up stories about them.
Collective unconscious
[__________ ___________] is Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.
collective unconscious
[__________ ___________] is Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.
Reciprocal determinism
[__________ ___________] is the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment. ex) children's TV-viewing habits (past behavior) influence their viewing preferences (internal factor), which influence how television (environmental factor) affects their current behavior. -> The influences are mutual.
Reciprocal
[__________] Influences: 1. Different people choose different environments. -> You choose your environment and it then shapes you. 2. Our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events. 3. Our personalities help create situations to which we react. Many experiments reveal that how we view and treat people influences how they in turn treat us.
Projection
[__________] is a psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
Regression
[__________] is a psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.
empirically derived test
[___________ _______ ____] is a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups. All test items have been selected to because they predictably match the qualities being assessed.
personality inventory
[___________ _________] is a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.
Personality Inventory
[___________ _________]: 1. Questionnaires on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors. 2.. Items on the test are empirically derived. 3. Tests are objectively scored. 4. Lie scale - people can fake their answers to create good impression.
Personality
[___________] is an individual's charachteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. It is an individual's unique variation on the general evolutionary design for human nature. (not mood or temperament)
Displacement
[____________] is a psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. [____________] diverts sexual or aggressive impulses toward an object or person that is psychologically more acceptable than the one that aroused the feelings.
Psychoanalysis
[_____________] is Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating expose and interpret unconscious tensions.
identification
[______________] is the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos. Children eventually cope with the threatening feelings(Oedipus complex), said Freud, by repressing them and by identifying with (trying to become like) the rival parent.
Rationalization
[_______________] is a defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions. [_______________] occurs when we unconsciously generate self-justifying explanations to hide from ourselves the real reasons for our actions.
factor analysis
A newer technique than MBTI is the [______ ________], the statistical procedure to identify clusters of test items that tap basic components of intelligence(such as spatial ability or verbal skill). ex) Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
fixation
According to Freud, [________] is a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. In Freud's view, conflicts unresolved during earlier psychosexual stages could surface as maladaptive behavior in the adult years.
repression
According to Freud, [__________] underlies all the other defense mechanisms, each of which disguises threatening impulses and keeps them from reaching consciousness. Freud believed that [__________] explains why we do not remember our childhood lust for our parent of the other sex. However, he also believed that [__________] is often incomplete, with hidden urges seeping out in dream symbols and slips of the tongue.
unconscious
According to Freud, [___________] is a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.
ego
According to Freud, as the [___] develops, a young child responds to the real world, the demands of reality that would bring long-term pleasure.
psychosexual, fixated
According to Freud, children develop through [____________] stages, and that our personalities are influenced by how we have resolved conflicts associated with these stages and whether we have remained [_______] at any stage.
id
According to Freud, examples of [__]-dominated people are a newborn infant crying out for satisfaction, caring nothing for the outside world's conditions and demands. Or people with a present rather than future time perspective-those who often use tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs, and would sooner party now than sacrifice today's pleasure for future success and happiness.
id, ego, superego
According to Freud, personality is composed of 1. The [__]: pleasure-seeking psychic impulses 2. The [___]: a reality-oriented executive 3. The [________]: an internalized set of ideals.
self-actualization
According to Maslow, [____-_____________] is one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential.
unconditional positive regard
According to Rogers, [_____________ ________ ______] is an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. This is an attitude of grace, an attitude thatvalues us even knowing our failings. It is a profound relief to drop our pretenses, confess our worst feelings, and discover that we are still accepted. [_____________ _________ ______] = acceptance
genuine
According to Rogers, people nurture our growth by being [_______]—by being open with their own feelings, dropping their facades, and being transparent and self-disclosing.
empathic
According to Rogers, people nurture our growth by being [__________]—by sharing and mirroring our feelings and reflecting our meanings. "Rarely do we listen with real understanding, true empathy," said Rogers. "Yet listening, of this very special kind, is one of the most potent forces for change that I know."
id
An [__] contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The [__] operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
superego
Around age 4 or 5, Freud theorized, a child's ego recognizes the demands of the newly emerging [________], the voice of our moral compass (conscience) that forces the ego to consider not only the real but the ideal.
genuineness, acceptance, empathy
Carl Rogers believed that a growth-promoting climate required three conditions—[___________], [__________](a.k.a. Unconditional Positive Regard), and [_______].
self-concept
For Maslow and Rogers, a central feature of personality is one's [____-_______]—all the thoughts and feelings we have in response to the question, "Who am I?" If our [____-_______] is positive, we tend to act and perceive the world positively. If it is negative—if in our own eyes we fall far short of our ideal self—said Rogers, we feel dissatisfied and unhappy.
childhood
Freud presumed that our early [_________] relations—with parents, caregivers, and everything else—influence our developing identity, personality, and frailties throughout life.
manifest, latent
Freud viewed dreams as the "royal road to the unconscious." The remembered content. of dreams (the [________] content) he believed to be a censored expression of the dreamer's unconscious wishes (the [______] content). In dream analyses, Freud searched for one's inner conflicts.
id, ego, superego
Freud's idea was that the mind is mostly hidden beneath the conscious surface. The [__] is totally unconscious, but [___] and [________] operate both consciously and unconsciously. These three systems of mind interact to resolve the conflict between impulse and restraint.