F18 ISDS 406 Final Exam
How should a screen layout be divided in order to improve usability?
- Navigation area (top) - Status area (bottom) - Work area (middle)
What are the 4 steps of change management?
- Revise management policies - Assess costs & benefits models of potential adopters - Motivate adoption - Enable people to adopt
What are the two types of documentation?
- System Documentation - User Documentation
What are the five types of documentation navigation
- Table of contents - Index - Text search - Agent search - Links between documents
Advantages of Cloud Computing
- The resources allocated can be increased or decreased based upon demand -Cloud customers can obtain cloud resources in a straightforward fashion -Cloud services typically have standardized application program interfaces (API) -Allow customers to bill only for resources they use.
Basic principals of navigation design
- assume users have not read the manual, have not attended training, do not have external help readily at hand - all controls should be clear and understandable and placed in an intuitive location on the screen - prevent mistakes - simplify recovery mistakes - use consistent grammar order (action-object, object-action)
Basic principles of input design
- the goal is to simplify and easily capture accurate information for the system - reflect the nature of the inputs - find ways to simplify their collection
Steps to Create the Physical DFD
-Add implementation references - Draw a human-machine boundary - Add system-related data stores, data flows and processes - Update data elements in the data flows
What are some examples of source data automation?
-Bar code readers/scanners -Optical character recognition -Magnetic stripe readers -Smart cards -RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags
What are the three acquisition strategies?
-Custom Development -Purchase Software package -Outsource Development
What are the three types of user documents
-Reference Documents -Procedure Manuals -Tutorials
What are the 4 steps of change management?
-Revise Management policies -Assess cost and benefit models of potential adopters -Motivate adoption -Enable people to adopt
What are the basic principles of navigation design?
-preventing mistakes -simplify recovery from mistakes -use consistent grammar order
What are the disadvantages of Modular Conversion?
-requires special care in developing the system -more expensive because it requires more programming -takes more time because the modules are introduced one after the other
security requirements
-system value estimates -access control -encryption and authentication -virus control
Steps to Create Physical DFDs
1) Add implementation references 2) Draw a human-machine boundary 3) Add system-related data stores, data flows, & processes 4) Update the data elements in the data flows 5) Update the metadata in the CASE repository
2. What are the three acquisition strategies? Under what circumstances would you choose each one?
1) Custom development (build from scratch) in-house 2)Purchase software package (and possibly customize it) Install on our own computers, or Obtain access from a software provider (SaaS) 3)Outsource development to third party, who might Build system from scratch for us, or Purchase software for us, customize and install it
What are the four basic functions a software system can be divided into?
1) Data storage 2) Data access logic 3) Application logic 4) Presentation logic
What are the conversion styles?
1) Direct conversion - the new system instantly replaces the old 2) Parallel conversion - for a time both old and new systems are used. The old is abandoned when the new is proven fully capable 3) pilot- one or more locations converted to work out bugs before extending to other locations 4) locations converted in sets
What are the five types of documentation navigation?
1) Table of contents 2) Index 3) Text search 4) Agent search 5) Links between documents
Describe the two steps to data storage design.
1)Data Storage Format: Chosen on the basis of requirements, there are two data storage formats such as filesand databases. 2)Processing Efficiency: Data access has to be fast enough to avoid and long term response and therefore process efficiency of data access is very important. These data formats must take into account type of data otherwise information could become difficult to access
What are the steps to convert the logical E-R Diagram to a physical database design?
1. Add a primary key for each table; 2.Create intersection tables for any many-to-many relationships; 3. Add foreign keys to represent all relationships; 4. List data types for each field; 5. Add any necessary system-related tables or fields
Provide 2 examples of an interface metaphor.
1. Appointment system using a calendar metaphor 2. A money mgmt software using a checkbook
What are the six different types of validation checks?
1. Completeness check 2.format check 3.range check 4.check digit check 5.consistency check 6.database check
What are 4 basic ways the software systems can be divided into?
1. Data storage. 2. Data access logic: the processing required to access stored data. 3. Application logic: the logic documented in the DFDs, use cases, and functional requirements. 4. Presentation logic: the display of information to the user and the acceptance of the user's commands.
What are the three work areas for programming?
1. Development Area 2. Testing Area 3. Production Area
What are the two conversion styles when implementing?
1. Direct conversion: new system replaces old system instantly 2. Parallel conversion: old system is replaced when new system is fully complete
What are the steps to create a physical DFD?
1. Draw a human-machine boundary 2. Add implementation references 3. Add system-related data stores, data flows and processes E.g., backups, exceptions, audit trails, etc. 4. Update data descriptions and metadata in the CASE repository
What are the four steps to Create Physical DFD?
1. Draw a human-machine boundary 2. Add implementation references 3. Add system related data stores, data flows and processes 4. Update data descriptions and metadata in the CASE repository
What are the three key mechanisms of the user interface?
1. Navigation Mechanism 2. Input Mechanism 3. Output Mechanism
What are the different types of conversion locations?
1. Pilot Conversion 2. Phased Conversion 3. Simultaneous Conversion
What are the basic elements of a migration plan?
1. Preparing the Business 2. Preparing the Technology 3. Preparing the People
What are the three types of user documentations?
1. Reference Documents 2. Procedures Manuals 3. Tutorials
What are the steps in change management? (post-implementation)
1. Revise management policies 2. Assess cost and benefit models of potential adopters 3. Motivate adoption 4. Enable people to adopt (training)
What are the 4 steps of change management?
1. Revise management policies 2. Assess costs & benefits models of potential adopters 3. Motivate adoption 4. Enable people to adopt
4 steps of change management
1. Revise management policies 2. Assess costs and benefits models of potential adopters 3. Motivate adoption 4. Enable people to adopt (training)
What are the 5 steps in the UI design process?
1. Understand the users 2. Organize the interface 3. Define Standards 4. Develop Prototypes 5. Evaluation/Testing
Four most effective UML Models
1. Use Case Diagram 2. Class Diagram 3. Sequence Diagram 4. Behavioral State Machine Diagram
What are 3 key factors that should be considered when choosing a combination conversion strategy?
1. risk 2. cost 3. time
What are three fundamental parts of most user interfaces?
1.Navigation mechanism - the way the user gives instructions to the system and tells it what to do. 2.Input mechanism - the way in which the system captures information. 3.Output mechanism - the way the system provides information to the user or to other systems
What are the four approaches to integration testing?
1.User interface testing 2.use scenario testing 3.data flow testing 4.system interface testing
What is the percentage of potential adopters (users) that will be ready adopters?
20% - 30%
what are categories of potential adopters?
20-30% Ready adopters 20-30% Resistant adopters 40-60% Reluctant adopters
What type of adopters are potential adopters most generally? 1. Ready Adopters 2. Resistant Adopters 3. Reluctant Adopters
3
Which is not one of the 4 sources of change requests? 1. Problem reports from the operations group 2. Requests for enhancements from users 3. Requests from system supplier 4. Requests from other systems development projects 5. Change requests from senior management
3
What is a thin client?
A client that contains just a small portion of the application logic.
A ___________ is a higher-level component that contains the logic for performing other modules, and the components that it calls and controls are considered ___________.
A control model is a higher-level component that contains logic for performing other modules, and the components that it calls and controls are considered subordinate modules.
What is a business contingency plan?
A countermeasure plan when things go very wrong during conversion. Technical glitches may occur during the transition
What is an example of an input mechanism?
A form for adding a new customer
What is a language prototype?
A language prototype is an interface design prototype built in the actual language or by the actual tool that will be used to build the system.
What is a structure chart?
A structure chart shows all components of code in a hierarchical format and Illustrates the organization and interactions of the different program modules.
What is a class?
A template from which objects are created
What are the two types of acceptance testing? A. Alpha and beta B. Early and late C. Gamma and zeta D. AB and MN
A. Alpha and beta
Which of the following tests are not conducted in test planning software/programs? A. Database Tests B. Acceptance Tests C. System Tests D. Unit Tests
A. Database Tests
Which of the following is information that is NOT added during the steps of converting logical models to physical models? A. Format of information (e.g., which input screen) B. Numbering of data flows C. Distinction between human work and computerized work D. References to actual technology (e.g., the type of database)
A. Format information (e.g.) which input screen
What are the two architectural components? Choose 2 A.Software B.Network C. Hardware D. Data storage
A. Software C. Hardware
There are two "placeholder" tools used in testing modules. What are they? A. Stubs (placeholders for modules) and hardcoded values (placeholders for values) B. Stubs (placeholders for modules) and shell values (placeholders for values) C. Mods (placeholders for modules) and shell values (placeholders for values) D. Shells (placeholders for modules) and mod values (placeholders for values)
A. Stubs (placeholders for modules) and hardcoded values (placeholders for values)
which SDLC stage determines the business needs for an information systems project?
A. The analysis stage B. The design stage C. The installation stage D. The dissection stage Answer: A
Which is NOT a benefit of Client-Server Architectures?
A. it is scalable B. Easy to maintain and update. C. simple to clearly separate the presentation logic, the application logic, and the data access logic. D. Support many different types of clients and servers. Answer: B
What are the elements of a Use Case Diagram?
Actor, Use Case Name, System Name, Association Relationship
2. What are the two types of acceptance testing? A. Alpha and beta B. Early and late C. Gamma and zeta D. AB and MN
Alpha and beta
What is the difference between Alpha testing and Beta testing?
Alpha testing uses made-up data to test the system. Beta testing uses real data in the system and carefully monitor the system for errors.
What is the difference between Alpha vs. Beta testing?
Alpha testing: users test the system using made up data (data that does not exist legitimately in the system). Beta testing: users begin to use the system with real data and carefully monitor the system for errors.
What document would you use to organizes the pros and cons of design alternatives?
Alternative Matrix
What is the relationship between an RFP and RFI?
An RFI (request for information) is a shorter and less detailed version for an RFP (request for proposal)
What is an Interface Structure Diagram?
An interface structure diagram(ISD) is one of the tools used to organize the interface in the second step of the user interface design process. This diagram shows how all the screens, forms, and reports used by the system are related and how the user navigates through the screens. Each interface element is drawn as a box and given a unique number and name. The numbers show relationships between a menu and sub-menu while lines are drawn to show how users can navigate between each form. The corresponding DFD process supported by the interface is also denoted. This is one way to draw an ISD.
Which of the following is NOT a work area of programing? a. Development area b. Testing area c. Analysis area d. Production area
Analysis Area
How many clicks should it take to complete an action?
Answer 3
In the implementation stage how many categories of testing are there?
Answer 4
How many steps are there in the UI design process?
Answer 5
Buttons are not the same size in a prototype application would be described by what design principle? A) Layout B) Content Awareness C) Aesthetics D) Usage level E) Consistency F) Minimize user effort
Answer C) Aesthetics
Which type is NOT one of the general documentation navigation controls? A) Table of contents B) Index C) Text Search D) Intelligent Agent E) Web Links F) Guidelines for use
Answer F) Guidelines for use
Currency and Date fields are "Unstated Norms" relating to "Cultural and Political Requirements"
Answer True
In the Interface Structure Diagram, the "Main Menu" is numbered? A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3 E. None of the Above
Answer: 0
Which of the following statements is principles of user interface design A. Layout B. Usage level C. Minimize user effort D. A and B E. All of the above
Answer: E
What are some problems with direct conversion?
Any problems with the new system that have not been detected during testing may seriously disrupt the organization's ability to function.
In a client-server architecture, which varies depending on the architecture chosen?
Application logic
Which is one of the post implementation activities? Assess the project Revise management policies
Assess the project
What are best practices for managing programmers?
Assigning Programming Tasks Coordinating activities Managing the schedule Testing Developing Documentation
Which conversions are not suitable for minimize time? A. Direct Conversion B. Phased Conversion C. Whole System Conversion D. Simultaneous Conversion
B
Which of these user interface design principles do not belong? A. layout B. Appearance C. Aesthetics D. Minimize user efforts
B. Appearance
Which of the following is not a type of prototype? A. Story Board B. DSL prototype C. HTML prototype D. Language Prototype
B. DSL prototype
Which of the following is NOT a type of user documentation? A. Tutorials B. Definitions C. Procedure manuals D. Reference documents
B. Definitions
Which one of the following is NOT one of the location conversion strategies? A. Pilot B. Modular C. Simultaneous D. Phased
B. Modular
Which of the following is a term for a set of generic language used to illustrate the logic that should be used to program/code a module? A. Pseudoprogram B. Pseudocode C. Abstract logic tree D. Structured logic tree
B. Pseudocode
For a low-budget project, which document would be most appropriate to send to a vendor a. RFP b. RFI c. RQP d. None of the Above
B. RFI
Which of the following request is best used for smaller projects and budgets? A. Request for Proposal B. Request for Quote C. Request for Information D. Request for Lease
B. Request for Quote
What are the three characteristics that determine conversion strategies? A. Parallel, Pilot, Phased B. Risk, Time, Cost C. Risk, Management, Employees
B. Risk, Time, Cost
Which of the following is NOT one of the three key principles of the OO approach? A. Encapsulation B. Summation C. Inheritance D. Polymorphism
B. Summation
What is the first step of the UI design process? A. Organize the Interface B. Understanding the Users C. Define Standards D. Develop Prototypes E. Evaluation/Testing
B. Understanding the Users
What does UML stand for? A. Undefined Modeling Language B. Unified Modeling Language C. Unified Managing Location D. Undefined Management Language
B. Unified Modeling Language - a general programming language that standardizes the visualization of a system
Black box vs white box testing
BLACK Box Testing: Focuses on whether the unit meets requirements stated in specification WHITE Box Testing: Looks inside the module at actual code
Which type of testing uses real data and is monitored for errors and improvements?
Beta-testing
What is black box testing?
Black Box Testing- Focuses on whether the unit meets requirements stated in specification
What is the difference between black box testing and white-box testing?
Black box testing focuses on whether the unit meets requirements stated in specification while white-box testing looks inside the module at the actual code
Which testing is most commonly used during unit testing?
Black-box
What are some factors for acquisition strategy selection?
Business need, in-house experience, project skills, project management, time frame
What is an example of a navigation mechanism?
Buttons, menus
The program design is part of which SDLC Phase? A. Planning B. Analysis C. Design D. Implementation E. Evaluation
C
What is NOT normally part of transitioning to a new system? A. Deciding on a conversion strategy B. Planning on training C. Developing the user interface screens D. Overseeing data conversion from the old system to the new system E. Preparing people for the new system
C
Which of the following four fundamental UML diagrams serves as the basis for the rest A. Class Diagrams B. Sequence Diagrams C. Use Case Diagrams D. Behavior State Machine Diagrams
C
Which types of documentation navigation provides access into the topics? A. Table of Contents B. Agent Search C. Index D. Links between documents
C
A UI design is made for a business. However, the design contains different size and colored buttons. Which of the following principles is MISSING? A. Minimize Effort B. Layout C. Consistency D. Aesthetics
C. Consistency
Which of the following is NOT the best strategy to elongate the amount of time for a conversion strategy? A. Parallel Conversion Style B. Phased Conversion Location C. Simultaneous Conversion Location D. Conversion of Modules
C. Simultaneous Conversion Location
Which of the following is NOT a category of testing? A. Unit B. Integration C. Software D. System E. Acceptance
C. Software
Which of the following does the Structure Chart NOT imply? A. Selection B. Iteration C. Storyboard D. Sequence
C. StoryBoard
Which is not one of the three primary hardware component? Client's computer Network Servers CEO private phone
CEO private phone
What are the benefits of Object oriented approach?
Can break a complex system down into manageable parts, programers can work on parts individually, parts can be pieced together to form a system, modules can be easily shared, and communication is increased.
The general template that is used to define and create specific instances is
Class
What is the three primary hardware components?
Client Computers, Servers, Network
Which of these is NOT a conversion location method? a. Simultaneous conversion b. Phased conversion c. Concurrent conversion d. Pilot conversion
Concurrent conversion
What is the single most important factor in making a system simple to use?
Consistency
What are the three acquisition strategies?
Custom development Purchase software package (and possibly customize it) Outsource development to third party, who might
Under what circumstances would you choose each one?
Custom development: (build from scratch) in- house Purchase software package (and possibly customize it): Install on our own computers, or Obtain access from a software provider (SaaS) Outsource development to third party, who might: Build system from scratch for us, or Purchase software for us, customize and install it
Which of the following is NOT a step to create physical DFD A. Add Implementation references B. Update the data elements in the data flows C. Draw a human-machine boundary D. Add more data flows
D
A UI design is made for a business. However, the design contains a small font size. Which of the following principles is MISSING? A. Minimize Effort B. Layout C. Consistency D. Aesthetics
D. Aesthetics
Which document is a type of user documentation? A. Reference documents B. Procedures manuals C. Tutorials D. All of the above are types of user documentation
D. All are types of user documentation
Which of the following is an example of an Interface Metaphor? A. Shopping Cart B. Calendar C. Checkbook D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following is not a component of a hardware? A.Server B. Client Computer C. Network D. Keyboard
D. Keyboard
What is NOT an element of a Migration Plan? A. Preparing the Business B. Preparing the Technology C. Preparing the People D. Preparing the Customer
D. Preparing the Customer
The usage principle for user interface design attempts to: A. Minimize user movement from one area to another B. Ensure that all interfaces have titles C. avoid squeezing in too much onto an interface D. make a distinction between ease of use and ease of learning
D. make a distinction between ease of use and ease of learning
In architectural components, what are the four basic functions software systems can be divided into?
Data storage Data access logic Application logic Presentation logic
What is the difference between data storage and data access logic?
Data storage is how the software stores information while data access logic is what process is necessary to access the information stored
What are the four basic functions of software systems?
Data storage, Data access logic, application logic and presentation logic.
What are the four basic functions of software?
Data storage. Data access logic Application logic Presentation logic
What are the steps of the design phase?
Determine system acquisition strategy (make, buy, or outsource) Determine the technical architecture for the system Address security concerns and globalization issues Make hardware and software selections Determine the way that users will interact with the system (interface, inputs, and outputs) Design the programs for the underlying processes Design the way data will be stored Create final deliverable
What are the steps of the design phase, and what is the final deliverable of the design phase?
Determine system acquisition strategy (make, buy, or outsource) Determine the technical architecture for the system Address security concerns and globalization issues Make hardware and software selections Determine the way that users will interact with the system (interface, inputs, and outputs) Design the programs for the underlying processes Design the way data will be stored Create final deliverable - the system specification
What are the steps of the design phase, and what is the final deliverable of the design phase?
Determine system acquisition strategy (make, buy, or outsource) Determine the technical architecture for the system Address security concerns and globalization issues Make hardware and software selections Determine the way that users will interact with the system (interface, inputs, and outputs) Design the programs for the underlying processes Design the way data will be stored Create final deliverable - the system specification FINAL DELIVERABLE: System Specification
What are the three work areas for programming?
Development area Testing area Production area
What is not one of conversion Strategy? Direct Parallel Diagonal
Diagonal
Determine the conversion strategy that minimizes cost
Direct conversion style Pilot or phased conversion location Conversion of whole system
What are the best strategies to minimize cost?
Direct conversion style Pilot or phased conversion location Conversion of whole system
What are the best strategies to minimize time?
Direct conversion style Simultaneous conversion location Conversion of whole system
What is the riskiest conversion strategy?
Direct conversion style Simultaneous conversion location Conversion of whole system
determine the conversion strategy that maximizes risk
Direct conversion style Simultaneous conversion location Conversion of whole system
Which system conversion strategies are considered low cost?
Direct conversion, Pilot/Phased conversion, Conversion of whole system
Which 3 conversion strategies (time, location, module) would you use for a project using the least cost?
Direct conversion, phased or simultaneous, whole system
What are some examples of cloud computing ?
DropBox, Quick Books, and Google Drive
Example of Cloud Computing?
Dropbox, Quickbooks, Amazon Web Services
Dynamic Binding (in object oriented systems)
Dynamic, or late, binding is a technique (in object oriented systems) that delays identifying the type of object until run-time. As such, the specific method that is actually called is not chosen by the object-oriented system until the system is running.
Which elements are included in the Use Case Diagram? A. Use case name B. Actors C. System Name D. Association relationships E. All the above
E. All the above
For which type of user should you focus on ease of use? For which type of user should you focus on ease of learning?
Ease of Use should be frequent and heavy users should be the focus. Ease of Learning should be infrequent users and want quick and easy ways to figure out what to do.
What is the combining of process and data into a single entity?
Encapsulation
What are the three key principles of the OO approach?
Encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism
What is the methodology created specifically for the OO approach?
Encapsulation: the combining of PROCESS and DATA into a single entity. Inheritance is used to identify higher level, or more general, classes of objects. Polymorphism means that the same message can be interpreted differently by different classes of objects.
What is cloud computing, and can you name an example of cloud computing?
Everything from computing power to computing infrastructure, applications, business processes, to personal collaboration, can be delivered as service wherever, whenever needed example is gmail, apple cloud etc..
What is usually the first step in the user interface design process?
Examine Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs) and use cases to develop use scenarios
(T/F) Structure Charts show in detail the User Interface.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: Direct Conversion is when a new and old system are used until the new one proven completely capable.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: Structure Diagram shows the human boundaries, implementation references, data flows, data elements, etc.
FALSE
(T/F) Usage Level is not a principle for User Interface Design
False
(True/False) When drawing a DFD Diagram, a dotted line goes around the data stores.
False
Beta Testing Uses test data.
False
Thick client means little application logic on the client side; most shifted to server side?
False
True or False: Wireframe diagrams are hand-drawn pictures of what the screens will look like
False
True or False: One of the three post-implementation activities is to encourage the organization to recommend your services to others if they are happy with their new system.
False
True or False: Outsourcing is best utilized when the business need is central to the company strategy.
False
True or false: Logical Process Model shows implementation details and explains how the final system will work
False
True/False, The Hardware-Software Specification Diagram, the first column going down includes: Standard Client, Stand Web Server, Standard Application Server, and the Standard Database Server.
False
Unit testing is used to assure that system serves organizational needs. True/False?
False Acceptance Testing is used to assure that system serves organizational needs. Unit testing is used to test module.
Each class can have either an attribute or a method associated with it. True or False
False - Each class can have both attributes and methods associated with it
True or False: White Box testing is more common than Black Box testing because it is developed from the program specification.
False, Black Box Testing is more common because it is developed from the program specification.
True/False : When assigning programmers, you should maximize the number of programmers.
False, adding more programmers than a project can support can create problems.
Phased conversion occurs when both old and new systems are used. The old is abandoned when the new is proven fully capable. True False
False, correct answer is Parallel conversion
A Business Contingency Plan is made to show the best case scenario of conversion to a new system. True False
False, correct answer is worst case scenario
System documentation & software documentation are two types of documentations. T or F?
False, system documentation and user documentation
True/False: When project teams gather the information needed, they can only employ one of the following approaches: RFP, RFI, RFQ.
False. There is no restriction to use only one of the tools. Request for Proposal (RFP) is a document that is a formal proposal from a potential vendor, which consists of a detailed description of how they can provide the system/service needed. Request for Information is usually used for smaller projects and is shorter than the RFP, since it only contains general information and may be enough for the project. However, sometimes RFI can be used to identify the vendors capable of providing the need and is followed up by the RFP to the vendors. RFQ may be used when there is sufficient information and only a need for the price.
True or False: Black box testing looks inside the module at the actual code
False. This definition belongs with white box testing
True or False: A Request for Information is longer than a Request for Proposal
False. A Request for Information is shorter than a Request for proposal
True or False? The process of combining data into a single entity is called an inheritance.
False. This is encapsulation.
T/F: Black-box testing looks inside the module at the actual code.
False. This is white-box testing. Black-box testing looks at whether the requirements are met from the system specification
True or false: 20% of problems are solved with level 1 support
False: 80% of problems are solved with level 1 support
True or False: Level 2 support staff works with level 1 support staff, while level 1 support staff works with the users.
False: Level 2 support staff works with users to resolve problems.
True or False: The purpose of a wireframe diagram is to focus on the how the screen will look.
False: The purpose is to focus on the screen's functionality.
True or False: IT specialists should focus training on system features
False: They should focus on helping users accomplish their tasks
What is a parallel conversion style?
For a time both old and new systems are used. The old is abandoned when the new is proven fully capable.
What's cloud computing?
From computing power to computing infrastructure, applications, business process to personal collaboration can be delivered as a service wherever and whenever needed.
What are some examples of cloud computing?
Gmail (Public), Microsoft Exchange (Private), Amazon Web Services etc
What technologies are used to create cross-platform app?
HTML5 and Javascript
Which strategy is best for high risk / low risk / high cost / low cost / limited time / plenty of time
High risk: direct covernsion, simultaneous conversion, whole system conversion Low risk: parallel conversion, pilot conversion, High cost: parallel conversion, simultaneous conversion, modular conversion Low cost: direct conversion, Limited time: direct conversion, Plenty of time: parallel conversion, phased conversion, modular conversion
Which is usually the best decision in the alternative matrix?
Highest weighted score
Messages (in object oriented systems)
Information sent to an object to trigger a method (procedure call) - In Object Oriented Systems
What is used to identify hight level, or more general, classes of objects?
Inheritance
A(n) _________ (or an object) is a specific case of a class.
Instance
Which type of testing will discover potential errors between programs that must work together?
Integration Testing assesses whether a set of modules or programs that must work together do so without error. This type of testing helps make sure that interfaces and links between different parts work properly. This is usually after the individual modules have gone through unit testing successfully.
What is an interface metaphor?
Interface Metaphor is a concept from the real world that is used as a model for the information system. The metaphor helps the user to understand the system and enables the user to predict what features the interface might provide, even without actually using the system. Sometimes systems have one metaphor, whereas in other cases there are several metaphors in different parts of the system.
Why do we prototype the user interface design?
It helps the users and programmers understand how the systems will perform
What are some problems with parallel conversion?
It is more expensive than direct conversion and users have to use the old system while learning the new system at the same time.
What is an interface structure diagram (ISD)?
It shows how all screens, forms, and reports are related and how the user moves from one to another.
What is a business contingency plan?
Keeping small technology glitches in the new system from turning into major business disasters is known as business contingency planning. Contingency plan helps the business withstand relatively small problems with the new system so that major business disruptions are prevented.
Definitions of the 6 principles of user interface design
Layout The screen is often divided into three boxes Navigation area (top) Status area (bottom) Work area (middle) Information can be presented in multiple areas Ideally, areas will remain consistent in size, shape, and placement Minimize user movement from one area to another Content awareness All interfaces should have titles Menus should show where you are where you came from to get there It should be clear what information is within each area Fields and field labels should be selected carefully Use dates and version numbers to aid system users Aesthetics Interfaces need to be functional and inviting to use Avoid squeezing in too much, particularly for novice users Design text carefully Be aware of font and size Avoid using all capital letters Colors and patterns should be used carefully For example, to separate or categorize items For touch screens, bright colors/backgrounds can help reduce glare and hide fingerprints. Usage level Some people will be frequent, heavy users of the system Frequent users desire ease of use - quick and easy completion of job tasks Include ways to perform tasks directly (e.g., short-cut keys) Other people may use the system infrequently Infrequent users desire ease of learning - quick and easy ways to figure out what to do Include careful menu designs, tool tips, and extensive help systems Mobile devices: Use standardized gesture interactions to enhance the user's ease of learning and ease of use. Consistency Elements are the same throughout the application Enables users to predict what will happen Reduces learning curve Considers elements within an application and across applications Pertains to many different levels Navigation controls Terminology Report and form design Minimize user effort Three clicks rule Users should be able to go from the start or main menu of a system to the information or action they want in no more than three mouse clicks or three keystrokes Touch screens are ideal for information display but not data entry. When possible, provide selection tools instead of requiring typing (We'll come back to this on a future slide)
What are the six principles fo user interface design?
Layout, Content Awareness, Aesthetics, Usage Level, Consistency, Minimize User Effort
What are Level 1 and Level 2 support?
Level 1 Support - Broad knowledge; Support for basic customer issues such as solving usage problems and fulfilling service desk requests that need IT involvement. Unresolved issues passed to Level 2 Support - Specialists in the application system. Support personnel with deep knowledge of the product or service, but not necessarily the engineers or programmers who designed and created the product.
Define Access Control Requirement:
Limitation on who can access what data
What are major differences between logical and physical process models
Logical process models do not contain any indication of how the system will actually be implemented when the information system is built; they simply state what the new system will do. Physical process models are created to show implementation details and explain how the final system will work. They contain same components as the logical process models. However, they provide additional details to describe how they system will be built.
What Implements an object's behavior?
Methods
Object-Oriented programming languages can have:
Methods, which implement an object's behavior, and Attributes, which describe information about the object.
Direct Conversion
New system replaces the old.
What is pilot conversion?
One (or more simultaneous) locations are converted to work out bugs before extending to other locations
what is the pilot conversion strategy?
One (or more simultaneous) locations are converted to work out bugs before extending to other locations. Note: Pilot can turn into phased
How does a pilot conversion work?
One or more locations are converted to work out bugs before extending to other locations
o What are the types of prototypes?
Paper sketches Wireframe diagrams: showing a box outline where elements will be placed HTML prototype: a prototype using Web tools Language prototype: a prototype using the programming language the final product will be coded in
Which one does not minimize cost in a conversion strategy? Direct Parallel
Parallel
What are the best strategies to minimize risk?
Parallel conversion style Pilot conversion location Conversion by modules
determine the conversion strategy that minimizes risk
Parallel conversion style Pilot conversion location Conversion by modules
Determine the conversion strategy that maximizes cost
Parallel conversion style Simultaneous conversion location Conversion of modules
Which system conversion strategies are considered high cost?
Parallel conversion, simultaneous conversion, modular conversion
Name a conversion location method?
Phased conversion
Pilot vs. phased vs. simultaneous
Pilot conversion One or more locations are converted to work out bugs before extending to other locations Phased conversion Locations are converted in sets Simultaneous conversion All locations are converted at the same time
Definition of architecture design
Plans for how the system will be distributed across computers and what hardware and software will be used for each computer
What is Architecture design?
Plans for how the system will be distributed across computers and what hardware and software will be used for each computer.
What is an architecture design?
Plans for how the system will be distributed across computers and what hardware and software will be used for each computer. Assign the software components of the information system to the hardware devices of the system in the most advantageous way.
Elements of Migration Plan
Preparing the Business Preparing the Technology Preparing the People.
What are the three steps of the Migration Plan?
Preparing the Business, Preparing the Technology, Preparing the People
What are the three elements of a migration plan?
Preparing the Business, Preparing the Technology, and Preparing the People.
Three-clicks rule
Principle #6 of UI Design; Minimize User Effort; Users should be able to go from the start or main menu of a system to the information or action they want in no more than three mouse clicks or three keystrokes
What are the Four elements of a DFD?
Process Data Flow Data Store External Entity
What is program specification?
Program specification shows instructions at a high level of how to program the system and includes program information, events and triggers, inputs and outputs, pseudocode, and additional notes and comments.
What are the 3 important POST-implementation activities?
Provide SUPPORT: Assistance in using the system Provide MAINTENENCE • Repair or fix discovered bugs or errors • Add minor enhancements to provide added value ASSESS the project • Analyze what was done well • Discover what activities need improvement in the future
What are 3 post-implementation activities?
Provide support: Provide assistance in using the system Provide maintenance: Repair or fix any discovered bugs or errors, Add minor enhancements to system Assess the project: Analyze what was done well and discover activities need that could be improved in the future
What are the three main activities for institutionalizing a new system?
Providing support, providing maintenance, and assessing the project.
What is pseudocode?
Pseudocode is a coding-type language that could easily be implemented in any language.
What is a coding-type language that could easily be implemented in any language?
Pseudocode, because it acts as a rough draft for finalized code
What is the difference between RFP and RFI?
RFI is a shorter less detailed version of RFP
What is an RFP? RFI? RFQ? What are their purposes?
RFP - request for proposal, a document that solicits a formal proposal from a potential vendor, developer, or service provider - RFPs describe in detail the system or service that is needed, and vendors respond by describing in detail how they could supply those needs RFI - request for information, useful for smaller projects with smaller budgets. - shorter, less detailed request that is sent to potential vendors to obtain general information about their products and services -sometimes used to determine which vendors have the capability to perform a service. often then followed up with RFP to qualified vendors RFQ - request for quote, used when a list of equipment is so complete that the vendor only needs to only provide a price, without analysis or description of what is needed.
What are their purposes?
RFP- Request for Proposals Solicits proposals from vendor, developer, or service provider Explains the system to be built and criteria for selecting among applicants RFI- Request for Information a shorter and less detailed version RFQ- Request for Quote use when you just need a price
What does RUP stand for?
Rational Unified Process
What are the categories of potential adopters?
Ready Adopters (20-30%), Resistant adopters (20-30%), Reluctant adopters (40-60%)
o What is source data automation? Know examples
Reduces duplicate work and processing time Decreases cost and probability of error Can be obtained by using the following technologies: bar code readers / scanners optical character recognition magnetic stripe readers smart cards RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags
What is an example of an output mechanism?
Reports
a shorter, less detailed request [than an RFP] that is sent to potential vendors to obtain general information about their products and services
Request for Information (RFI)
What is an RFP? RFI? RFQ?
Request for Proposals (RFP) is a document that solicits a formal proposal from a potential vendor, developer, or service provider. They describe in detail the system or service that is needed, and vendors respond by describing in detail how they could supply those needs Request for Information (RFI) is for smaller projects with smaller budgets. Used to get general information and to see which vendor has the capabilities to perform that service. Request for Quote (RFQ) is used when you just need the price.
is used when you only need the vendor to provide a price [without any analysis or description of what is needed]
Request for Quote (RFQ)
_________________________, a document that solicits a formal proposal from a potential vendor, developer, or service provider, and then explains system to be built and criteria for selecting among applicants
Request for proposal (RFP)
What do you use when you need to get a price?
Request for quote
What are the cons to custom development?
Requires significant time and effort May add to existing backlogs May require skills we do not have Often costs more Often takes more calendar time Risk of project failure
What are the 4 steps of change management
Revise management policies asses costs and benefits of models of potential adopters motivate adoption enable people to adopt
_______ - Involves processing on the mobile device using its resources. Presentation logic, application logic, and data access logic on the client side.
Rich Client
What are the key factors in selecting a conversion strategy?
Risk, Cost, and Time
What are the three key factors in selecting a conversion strategy?
Risk, cost, and time.
What is meant by the term scalable?
Scalability is the ability to increase or decrease the storage and processing capacity with ease. It is important when dealing with large sets of data.
Is Data Storage housed in the client or Server?
Server
What is a Physical Process Model?
Show the implementation details and explain how the system will work, including: -Actual, specific technology -Format of information -Human interaction with system.
Two major architectural components
Software and Hardware
Name the major architectural components of any system.
Software and hardware
For which type of user should you focus on ease of use? For which type of user should you focus on ease of learning (hint: see "Usage level" slide from lecture)
Some people will be frequent, heavy users of the system Frequent users desire ease of use - quick and easy completion of job tasks Include ways to perform tasks directly (e.g., short-cut keys) Other people may use the system infrequently Infrequent users desire ease of learning - quick and easy ways to figure out what to do Include careful menu designs, tool tips, and extensive help systems
Define Technical Environment Requirement
Special hardware, software, and network requirement imposed by business requirements
What are the two major groupings of UML diagrams?
Structure diagrams are used for representing the data and static relationships that are in an information system. Behavior diagrams provide the analyst with a way to depict the dynamic relationships among the instances or objects that represent the business information system
1. There are two "placeholder" tools used in testing modules. What are they? A. Stubs (placeholders for modules) and hardcoded values (placeholders for values) B. Stubs (placeholders for modules) and shell values (placeholders for values) C. Mods (placeholders for modules) and shell values (placeholders for values) D. Shells (placeholders for modules) and mod values (placeholders for values)
Stubs (placeholders for modules) and hardcoded values (placeholders for values)
o What are the 3 important POST-implementation activities?
Support Maintenance Project assesment
What are the two types of documentation?
System Documentation describes the different parts of the system and User Documentation helps user operate the system
What are the 3 important POST-implementation activities?
System Support System Maintenance Project Assessment
What are the 3 most important POST-implementation activities? Describe each.
System Support - providing help for the users to use the system through the following approaches: - On-Demand training - Online support - FAQs - Help Desk - Level 1 and Level 2 support staff System Maintenance - refining the system to ensure it continues to meet the business needs and consists of: - Change Requests from five sources Project Assessment - to understand the successes of the system and project activities and needed improvements and includes two parts: - Project Team Review - System Review
In which of the 4 categories do you test non-functional requirements?
System testing category
Which is not a major type of Conversion Strategies? Style Locations Systems Modules
Systems
How can a system be designed to be used by both experienced and first-time users?
Systems should be set up so that the commonly used functions can be accessed quickly, pleasing the experienced users. To assist the novice users, guidance should be readily available, perhaps through the "show me" functions.
T or F : When a list of equipment is so complete that the vendor need only provide a price, without any analysis or description of what is needed, the RFQ is used.
T
(T/F) The purpose of architecture design is to determine what parts of the application software will be assigned to what hardware.
TRUE
What are the five types of documentation navigation?
Table of contents, index, text search, agent search, links between documents
What is the final deliverable of the design phase?
The System Specification which can include the following: ⦁ Recommended System Acquisition Strategy ⦁ System Acquisition Weighted Alternative Matrix ⦁ Architecture Design ⦁ Hardware and Software Specification ⦁ Interface Design ⦁ Physical Process Model ⦁ Program Design Specification ⦁ Physical Data Model ⦁ Data Storage Design ⦁ Updated CRUD Matrix ⦁ Updated Case Repository Entries
What is content awareness?
The ability of an interface to make the user aware of the information it contains with the least amount of effort by the user
What is Direct Conversion?
The abrupt change that involves the instant replacement of the old system with the new system. This conversion is simple and straightforward, but risky.
Object-Oriented Approach
The basic premise of object orientation is that all things should be treated as objects that have both data (attributes) and processes (behaviors). An object changes or accesses its own attributes only through its behaviors.
When should you use Custom Development?
The business need is unique. In-house functional and technical experience exists. There is a desire to build in-house skills. The project has a highly skilled project manager and a proven methodology. The time frame is flexible.
Portability requirements
The extent to which the system will need to operate in other environments. Less portability requirements allow for quicker adaption.
What are Level 1 and Level 2 support?
The goal of most help desks is to have the level 1 support staff resolve 80% of the help requests they receive on the first call. If the issue cannot be resolved by level 1 support staff, a problem report is completed (often using special computer system designed to track problem reports) and passed to a level 2 support staff member. - level 2 support staff members know the application system well and can provide expert advice.
What is Parallel Conversion?
The gradual conversion strategy in which, for a time, both the old and new systems are used simultaneously. The old system is abandoned, usually in 1-2 months, after intense comparison of the two systems.
What does the implementation phase consist of?
The implementation phase consists of developing and testing the system's software, documentation and new operating procedures.
What is a Logical Process Model?
The logical entity relationship diagram (ERD) depicts the "business view" of the data; omits implementation details. Having determined the data storage format, physical data models are created to show implementation details and to explain more about the "how" of the final system.
What are the three key mechanisms of the user interface
The navigation mechanism provides the way for users to tell the system what to do The input mechanism defines the way the system captures information The output mechanism defines the way the system provides information to users or other systems
What is the direct conversion style?
The new system instantly replaces the old
What is object-oriented?
The object-oriented approach views a system as a collection of self-contained objects, including both data and processes
What is the one key driving the concept of a good user interface design?
The one key driving concept of a good user interface design is usability because the system is easy to use and easy to learn.
How is the right alternative selected in a matrix?
The one with the highest weighted score, but it may not be the best for your project.
What is Architecture Design?
The plan for how the information system components will be distributed across multiple computers, and what hardware, operating system software, and application software will be used on each computer.
Design Phase
The purpose of the analysis phase is to figure out what the business needs. The purpose of the design phase is to decide how to build it. System design is the determination of the overall system architecture—consisting of a set of physical processing components, hardware, software, people, and the communication among them—that will satisfy the system's essential requirements. Activities & Deliverables of the Design Phase: 1) Determine preferred system acquisition strategy (make, buy, outsource) DELIVERABLE: Alternative Matrix 2) Design the architecture for the system. DELIVERABLE: Architecture Design 3) Make hardware & software selections. DELIVERABLE: Hardware & Software Specification 4) Design system navigation, inputs, & outputs. DELIVERABLE: Interface Design 5) Convert logical process model to physical process model. DELIVERABLE: Physical process model (DFD's) 6) Update CASE repository w/ addtl system details. DELIVERABLE: Updated CASE repository 7) Design the programs that will perform the system processes. DELIVERABLE: program design specifications 8) Convert logical data model to physical data model. DELIVERABLE: physical data model (ERD) 9) Update CASE repository w/ addtl system details. DELIVERABLE: Updated CASE repository 10) Revise CRUD Matrix. DELIVERABLE: CRUD Matrix 11) Design the way in which the data will be stored. DELIVERABLE: Data storage design 12) Compile final system specification. DELIVERABLE: System Specification; all of the above deliverables combined & presented to approval committee
What are the three layout areas?
The screen is often divided into three boxes Navigation area (top) Status area (bottom) Work area (middle)
What are the major architectural components of a system?
The software and the hardware
The major architectural components of any system
The software and the hardware.
What makes a system usable?
The system is easy to use and easy to learn. A usable interface will reduce effort, enabling the user to focus attention on the task at hand, not on making the system work.
What is source data automation?
The use of automated methods of data entry that reduce time spent, cost, and errors.
How many principals are there in UI design?
There are 6 main principals in UI design.
Why are classes arranged in a hierarchy?
They are arranged in a hierarchy in order to group common sets of attributes and methods so that it's easier to find specific methods by first searching for a general shared characteristic, and narrowing it down to a specific class.
What are the benefits of a client-server architecture?
They are scalable. They can support different types of clients and servers. If a server fails, only the applications requiring that server are affected - therefore, highly reliable.
What purpose does Requests for Proposals (RFPs) serve?
They solicit information from providers
In a two-tiered client server architecture, a _____ client has most of the application logic on the client side.
Thick client
What is the difference between a thick and thin client?
Thick client: most of application logic on the client side Thin client: little application logic on the client side; most shifted to server side
Between thick clients and thin clients architecture, which one handles more of the application logic?
Thick clients
What is the 3 clicks rule and which of the 6 user interface design principles does it correspond to?
Three clicks rule- Users should be able to go from the start or main menu of a system to the information or action they want in no more than three mouse clicks or three keystrokes. Minimize Effort
What is the objective of Architecture Design?
To assign the software components of the information system and to the hardware devices of the system in the most advantageous way.
The ________________ begins with the "big picture" and breaks it apart into modules, gradually adding detail.
Top-down, modular approach
(T/F) Is Customer Development one of the acquisition strategies?
True
(T/F) A thick-client is when most, or all, of the Application Logic on the client side.
True
(T/F) The design phase decides how the new system will operate.
True
(T/F) Usability is the one key driving concept of a good interface.
True
(T/F) Usability is the one key driving concept of a good user interface design.
True
(True/False) The three key factors in selecting a conversion strategy are Time, Cost, and Risk
True
(True/False) Usability is the one key driving concept of a good user interface design.
True
1. Userinterface testing is one of the four approaches to integration testing?
True
Changing the logical data model into a physical data model is one of the activities of a data storage design. True/False
True
In beta testing, users work with real data. True or False?
True
The combining of process and data into a single entity is inheritanceObject-Oriented programming languages can have: True or False
True
The most popular kind of database for applications development today is the relational database. True/False
True
True or False. It is possibly, and often preferable, to create redundant documentation in different formats and organizations
True
True or False: Paper sketches are a type of a prototype.
True
True/False, The dotted line on the physical data flow diagram represents the human-machine boundary and the communicate how much the process (and what parts) of the process is automated.
True
True/False: The Physical DFD contains the same components as the logical DFD
True
True/false? Training for a new system should not focus on all the capabilities/features of the new system.
True Training should focus on helping users to accomplish their jobs. Training should also focus on what the user needs to do, not what the system can do.
True/False : The User documentation is intended to help the users operate the system.
True- the user documentation can help the user learn how to navigate through basic functions of the system
True or False: A HTML Prototype built with the use of Web pages created in hypertext markup language
True.
There are five advantages with client-server architecture.
True/False? Answer: False
Design phase shows the process of the new system will work?
True/False? Answer: True
The structure card can be completed in more than one step?
True/False? Answer: True
True or False? Attributes describe information about an object such as sales person's name, phone number, and e-mail.
True: Attributes describe information about the object
Hierarchy of Classes in Object Oriented Systems
Typically, classes are arranged in a hierarchy whereby the superclasses, or general classes, are at the top, and the subclasses , or specific classes, are at the bottom.
What are the 5 steps in UI design process?
Understand the Users Organize the Interface Define Standards Develop Prototypes Evaluation / Testing
What are the three "steps" for transitioning to a new system?
Unfreezing, Moving, and Refreezing.
What diagramming methodology was created specifically for the object-oriented approach?
Unified Modeling Language (UML)
What are the 4 categories of testing? Define each
Unit Tests: It focus on one unit a program or program module that performs a specific function that can be tested. It is to ensure that the module or program performs its function as defined in the program specification. It performed after the programmer has developed and tested the code and believes it to be error free. Integration Tests: Integration tests assess whether a set of modules or programs that must work together do so without error. They ensure that the interfaces and linkages between different parts of the system work properly. System tests: System tests are usually conducted by the system analysts to ensure that all modules and programs work together without error. System testing is similar to integration testing, but is much broader in scope. Acceptance tests: Acceptance tests are done primarily by the users with support from the project team. The goal is to confirm that the system is complete, meets the business needs that prompted the system to be developed, and is acceptable to users.
What is the one key driving concept of a good user interface design?
Usability
HW-SW specification: purpose?
Used if new hardware or software must be purchased Communicates project needs Actual acquisition of hardware and software may be done by a purchasing department -- especially in larger firms.
What is the difference between User Interface and Graphic User Interface?
User Interface is the portion of the system that directly interacts with users. Graphical user interface (GUI): user interface that utilizes colors and graphics not just text.
what are the three clicks rule?
Users should be able to go from the start or main menu of a system to the information or action they want in no more than three mouse clicks or three keystrokes
What is the greatest problem facing experienced designers when it comes to interface design?
Using space effectively
o What is the methodology created specifically for the OO approach?
Using the OO approach, analysts and designers focus on the objects (customers, reservations, payments) and the attributes and methods associated with each of them These differentiate the OO approach from the traditional, or structural, approach to both analysis/design and programming. The OO approach to analysis/design, then works to create meaningful documentation in the analysis/design phases that will directly translate into the way the system is coded using an OO programming language. • Encapsulation • Inheritance • Polymorphism
Explain the term virtualization.
Virtualization refers to the creation of a virtual device or resource, such as a server or storage device.
What is a business contingency plan?
What do we do if things go very wrong during conversion? Technical glitches may occur during the transition Is the old system still available? If not, how do we keep the business running? Can manual procedures be used for a short time?
What is a user interface?
What is used for a user to interact with a computer such as an application or software.
What is a thick client?
When a client contains all or most of the application logic.
What is a site map?
When developing a web site, a site map can be a useful tool to organize the content. A site map helps analysts clarify how all the information on the site fits together and helps establish the hierarchy of information on the site. There is no standard format for a site map: some are drawn as a hierarchy while others look more like a network of nodes.
When do you use a Cross Platform vs a Mobile web app?
When more functionality is needed
When a company should use a Packaged system rather than Custom developed?
When the business need is common
Black box testing is best used when...
When you want to see if the unit meets the requirements stated in the specification
Whole system vs. module-by-module
Whole system conversion All modules converted in one step Modular conversion When modules are loosely associated, they can be converted one at a time
What type of conversion module converts all modules in one step?
Whole-system Module
What diagram is used to convey the basic content and behavior of the screens in the system?
Wireframe diagram- an example of a wireframe diagram could also be referred to a screen blueprint
The largest single component of any systems development project in terms of both time and cost could be:
Writing programs
Which is NOT one of the circumstances for the custom development acquisition strategy? a. Business is common b. In-house functional and technical experience exists c. Desire to build in-house skills d. Time is flexible
a. Business is common
What is an object?
an instance of a class
In mobile architecture (where the client is a mobile device), what is a thin Web-based client?
application and data access logic on the server side; always connected to server.
As analysts move from logical design to physical design, one of the actions they will do is: a) Create physical use cases, with real triggers and processes b) Create physical DFDs c) Create actual programs d) Develop HIPO charts e) Develop Gantt diagrams
b) Create physical DFDs
What are some examples of source data automation
bar code scanners, RFID tags, smart cards, optical character recognition, magnetic stripe readers
Every part of a system that is not automated will: a) Be ignored in the implementation of the system b) Be drawn as only logical DFDs not physical DFDs c) Be outside the human-machine boundary d) Go back through the analysis phase to become automated e) Will be drawn as diamond shapes on the structure charts
c) Be outside the human-machine boundary
The Human-Machine Boundary a) Is the keyboard and screen b) Builds on research in ergonometry c) Is a line drawn on the physical DFD to separate human action from automated processes d) Is a part of developing the HCI interface e) Separates where manual processes are separated by human completed processes
c) Is a line drawn on the physical DFD to separate human action from automated processes
Which is NOT one of the four functions of software? a. Data storage b. Data access logic c. Network Logic d. Presentation Logic
c. Network Logic
Which is NOT a principle for User Interface Design a. Layout b. Content awareness c. Simplicity d. Aesthetics e. Usage level f. Consistency g. Minimize user effort
c. Simplicity
In mobile architecture (where the client is a mobile device), what is a rich client ?
client that involves processing on the mobile device using its resources. Presentation logic, application logic, and data access logic on the client side.
In most automated cases, data stores from logical DFDs will be converted to: a) Binary tables b) CD Rom disks c) Paper files d) Into database files / tables e) Encrypted hexadecimal values
d) Into database files / tables
Which is the one of the strategies for a "high risk" factor? a. Parallel b. Modular c. Pilot d. Direct
d. Direct
Which is NOT one of the three primary hardware components? a. Client computers b. Servers c. Network d. Hard drive
d. Hard drive
In a client-server architecture, which usually resides on a server
data access logic and data storage
What technologies are used to create cross-platform apps (hint: Web-based)
develop in web-based technologies and use framework to deploy to multiple devices.
What is the correct focus of training on a new system?
don't assume users will "figure it out", focus training on the user's specific job and accomplish their tasks
Which of the following false regarding outsource development to third party? a) Business need not core to business b) In house functional or technical experience does not exist c)Decision to outsource is a strategic position d) Highly skilled project manager that matches scope of the outsourcing deal e) The business need is unique
e) The business need is unique
Which of the following is not a principle for User Interface Design? a. Minimize User Effort b. Aesthetics c. Consistency d. Layout e. Adoption Rate
e. Adoption Rate
What is listed down the first column in the alternative matrix?
evaluation criteria ( technical, economic, and organizational issues)
what is cloud computing?
everything from computing power to computing infrastructure, applications, business processes to personal collaboration can be delivered as a service wherever and whenever needed.
o What is the correct focus of training on a new system? (hint: it is NOT trying to explain every system feature)
focus on helping users accomplish their tasks
What are the factors in hardware and software selection?
function and features, performance, legacy databases, hardware and OS Strategy, cost of ownership, Political preference, vendor performance
What is the difference between information and political adopters?
informational: convince adopters that change is necessary through convincing evidence political: uses organizational powers to motivate change
What are the different types of prototypes used during the design phase?
interface design and language prototype
Data store
is a collection of data that is stored in some way (which is determined later when creating the physical model). Every data store is named with a noun and is assigned an identification number and a description. Data stores form the starting point for the data model and are the principal link between the process model and the data model.
Interface metaphor:
is a concept from the real world that is used as a model for the information system
External Entity
is a person, organization, organization unit, or system that is external to the system, but interacts with it (e.g., customer, clearinghouse, government organization, accounting system). The external entity typically corresponds to the primary actor identified in the use case. External entities provide data to the system or receive data from the system, and serve to establish the system boundaries.
Regarding aesthetics, novice or infrequent users prefer interfaces with _____ density.
low density
What are the three layout areas?
navigation area (top), status area (bottom), work area (middle)
When to Outsource Development?
o The business need Is not core to the business o In-house functional or technical experience does not exist o The decision to outsource is a strategic decision o The project has a highly skilled project manager at the level of the organization that matches the scope of the outsourcing deal o The time frame is short or flexible
When to use a Packaged System?
o The business need is common o In-house functional experience exists o The project skills are not strategic o The project has a project manager who can coordinate vendor's efforts o The time frame is short
In a two-tiered client-server architecture, what is the difference between a thick and thin client?
o Thick client - most of application logic on the client side o Thin client - little application logic on the client side; most shifted to server side
Which conversion strategies have the highest cost?
parallel conversion, simultaneous conversion, and conversion of modules
The data flow diagrams (DFDs) created during analysis are modified to show these implementation decisions, resulting in a set of ____________.
physical DFDs
_______________ means that the same message can be interpreted differently by different classes of objects.
polymorphism
In a client-server architecture, which of the four software types usually resides on the client?
presentation logic - how the user interacts with/views the program
Cloud computing can be implemented in 3 ways:
private cloud, public cloud, and hybrid cloud
Detailed instructions called ____________ are developed so that during construction, the programmers know exactly what they should be creating.
program specifications
People involved in implementation
project manager, analyst, programmers or other technical specialists
What are the 3 important POST-implementation activities?
provide support provide maintenance assess the project
What is listed in the top row of the alternative matrix?
relative importance alternatives (1,2,3..) score (usually 1-5) weighted score
What are Tangible benefits?
revenue that the system enables the organization to collect and cost savings.
what are the 4 steps of change management?
revise management policies access cost and benefits motivate adoption enable people to adopt.
3 key factors that determine which combination of conversion strategy you select
risk cost time
Maintainability requirements
specify the business requirement changes that can be anticipated. Not all changes are predictable, but some are and may also define the update cycle for the system, such as the frequency with which new versions will be released
The ___________ , illustrates the organization and interactions of the different pieces of code within the program to analysts and programmers so that the program can be developed by many programmers working independently.
structure chart
what are the two major groupings of UML diagrams?
structure diagrams and behavior diagrams
Conversion Strategy consists of:
style, location, modules
what are the three conversion strategies?
style, location,modules
What are the two types of documentation?
system user
What are the five types of documentation navigation?
table of contents, index, text search, intelligent agent, web-like links
What is an interface structure diagram?
that defines the basic structure of the interface. It is used to show how all the screens, forms, and reports used by the system are related and how the user moves from one to another. Most systems have several ISDs, one for each major part of the system.
What is application logic?
the logic documented in the DFDs, use cases, and functional requirements.
What is an architecture design?
the plan for how the information system components will be distributed across multiple computers and what hardware, operating system software, and application software will be used on each computer
What is data access logic?
the processing required to access data
What is Polymorphism?
the same message can be interpreted differently by different classes of objects
What are the 5 steps in UI design process?
understand the users, organize the interface, define standards, develop prototypes, evaluation/testing
What are the four fundamental UML diagrams, and which of the four serves as the basis or starting point for the rest?
use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and behavioral state machine diagrams; The use case diagrams typically serve as the foundation for the rest.
What is cloud computing?
wherein everything, from computing power to computing infrastructure, applications, business processes to personal collaboration— can be delivered as a service wherever and whenever needed. It can be implemented in three ways: private cloud, public cloud, and hybrid clouds.
when to use range check in input validation
with all numeric data, if possible
What are the 3 post-implementation activities?
• System Support • System Maintenance • Project Assessment
What are the steps to create physical DFDs?
•Draw a human-machine boundary •Add implementation references •Add system-related data stores, data flows and processes (E.g., backups, exceptions, audit trails, etc.) •Update data descriptions and metadata in the CASE repository
Which classic mistakes should you avoid when handling programmers?
•Research-oriented development: of you use state-of-the art technology, lengthen planned time •Using "low-cost" personnel to save money/time: of using a significant number of entry level personnel, lengthen planned time •Lack of code control: use a source code library to keep programmers from changing the same code at the same time •Inadequate testing: always allocate enough time for formal testing
What are Key Factors in Selecting a Conversion Strategy?
•Risk seriousness of consequences of remaining bugs •Cost parallel requires paying for two systems for a period of time simultaneous requires more staff to support all locations •Time parallel, phased, and modular require more time
What are the three primary hardware components in terms of software?
⦁ Client computers: input-output devices employed by users. Ex: PCs, laptops, mobile devices ⦁ Servers: larger multi-user computers used to store software and data, accessed by people with special permission. ⦁ Networks: connect the computers