FINAL - CHINESE IN THE US

Wong Kim Ark v. US (1898)

- Wong was born in CA in 1870 - In 1894, he returned to CA after a trip to China, and was denied entry under the Chinese Exclusion Act - Wong was a U.S. citizen by virtue of his birth therefore he was admitted - Reaffirmed the 14th Amendment and the constitutionality of birthright citizenship by US SCOTUS -6-2 decision

"Astronauts" (太空人）

-1980's the economies in Taiwan, Hongkong, china is picking up. opportunities to make lots of $$ -International commuters who spent many hours flying back and forth between Hong Kong and North America. -'empty wife or 'home without a husband' -relating to the brain drain -circulation of the elite -concentration in the computer sector -The US has political stability and better education -could parallel with gold mountain families//flipped flop

North Adams/Calvin Sampson (1870)

-A strike by shoe workers of the Order of the Knights of St. Crispin, against Sampson's shoe factory in north adams, MA bc they wanted 8 hour work days/better wafes. -Chinese immigrants brought in from California, replacing union workers for cheaper wages (lasted 3 years), and ended the unions strike. -Chinese laborers were able to cross the states bc of the completion of the TR, this created a divide between the American worker and the Chinese.

Immigration Act (1965)

-Abolished the national-origins quotas from 1924 Act -. The new system implemented preferences which prioritized family reunification (75 percent), employment (20 percent), and refugee status (5 percent). Spouses, minor children, and parents remained nonquota immigrants. Each country received the same annual cap of 20,000 and for the first time countries in the American hemisphere faced numeric caps on immigration. This law opened the door to non-European immigration in unprecedented numbers, with many arriving through the employment preferences, which heavily favor highly-educated workers. -Signed by LBJ -adding family preferences (Immediate relatives (including spouses, unmarried minor children, and parents) of U.S. citizens Unmarried adult children of U.S. citizens Spouses and minor children of lawful permanent residents Unmarried adult children of lawful permanent residents Married adult children of U.S. citizens Brothers and sisters of U.S. citizens) and professional preferences

War Brides Act (1945, 1946 (China added))

-Allow alien spouses, natural children, and adopted children members of the US armed forces 'if admissible' to enter the US as non-quota immigrants after WWII. -Exception to Immigration Act of 1924 quota law. -Help WWII soldiers and veterans bring back foreign spouses and fiances they had met while serving in the military. -Big # of asian immigrants were war brides to US military personnel . -The 1946 version of this Act extended non-quota status to Chinese spouses. Asian Americans served in disproportionate rates in the U.S. military and these laws permitted them, for the first time, bring wives to the United State

Melting Pot ideal

-Assimilation of immigrants to the US. -Ideal of America as a new type of nation-state where an amalgamation of settlers of diverse national origin. -idealistic vision of the inclusive nature of assimilation in America. -A homogenous society becoming more heterogeneous through the influx of foreign elements with different cultural backgrounds ie immigrants -celebrated western europeans, not so much love to anyone else. -Accepted because it provided the chance to redefine oneself, and move up classes.

Fourteenth Amendment

-Birthright citizenship for 'all persons' born in the US, allowed for a generation of Chinese-Americans with citizenship. -Due Process -Equal protection was granted. This allowed for the overturning of other unfair ordinances like the Pole Ordinance (banned carrying vegetables/laundry on a pole), Queue Ordinance (banned long braids), Cubic air law which permitted 500 feet of air for each adult residing in a residence. -Ex. Ho Ah Kow sued for violation of equal protection and won with basis of the 14th amd.

Tape v. Hurley (1885) - Mamie Tape

-California Supreme Court finds that SF public school system must admit a girl of Chinese descent. -School made a separate Chinese school from the whites, Tape was never allowed to attend her local public school. -At a time of high anti-chinese sentiment. -The ruling was a legal victory for public education of Chinese in California, the only group at that time that was left out of state-funded education. Nonetheless, it was an empty victory since the ruling in Tape sanctioned separate schools as if they were equal to white schools. So this case was both reflective of the anti-Asian immigrant sentiment at that time and a forewarning of the public school hard line that would become the law of the land later.

Foreign Miners Tax (1852)

-California's attempt to exclude the Chinese from gold mining. -This California law spawned from anti-Chinese sentiment and imposed a fee of $3 per month on foreign miners, which included Chinese and Mexicans. Naturally, tax collectors started to abuse the system by collecting taxes multiple times. Some tax collectors resorted to murder in order to profit, but none were convicted. This was mainly due to Chinese testimonies not holding any legal weight, especially after People v. Hall prohibited them in 1854. This tax demonstrates the deleterious effects of xenophobia becoming codified in the law. -The Chinese miners were welcomed in California in the beginning. However, the white gold miners began to resent the Chinese miners, feeling that they were discovering gold that the white miners deserved. In 1852, a special foreign miner's tax aimed at the Chinese was passed by the California legislature. This tax required a payment of three dollars each month at a time when Chinese miners were making approximately six dollars a month. Tax collectors could legally take and sell the property of those miners who refused or could not pay the tax. Fake tax collectors made money by taking advantage of people who couldn't speak English well, and some tax collectors, both false and real, stabbed or shot miners who couldn't or wouldn't pay the tax. During the 1860's, many Chinese were expelled from the mine fields and were forced to find other types of jobs. -By 1870 paid 5 mil to the state of California, but continued to be discriminated against.

Fu Manchu/Charlie Chan Series 1920's-1930's

-Charlie Chan, chinese character in mystery novel, eventually made into film -Created by Biggers -Fu Manchu, fictional villain character -Created an image for China which was slightly racist (also the fu manchu mustache). -Created by Rohmer, he was accused of using the yellow peril to promote racism -evil genius bent of world conquest w many coolie slaves -always played with white actor/yellow face -general perceptions of chinese people that are higly derogative -problematic bc of mis-representation

Race Relations Cycle

-Chicago School of Sociology by Robert Park -Brings the question: what happens when different races interact? -People ultimately end up assimilating. -Four stages: Contact, Conflict, Accommodation, Assimilation. -Wanted to figure out why Asians and African Americans were not assimilating into American the same way Europeans were. -Linked to the anglo-saxon complex and naturalization act of 1790. -Park did not believe race to be an inherent trait.

Anna May Wong (1905-1961)

-Chinese American actress in classical Hollywood, who often played Dragon Lady roles. -First, gained international recognition.

Gold Rush

-Chinese merchants had already been established in the US for 2 years. Cantonese families who learned of the discovery of gold if California from these merchants were prompted to send off their men to become miners. This established systematic migration based on several push and pull factors. Qing corruption and Punti (Bendi)- Hakka violence were reasons to leave Guangdong, and reasons to go to the US were the prospect of making easy money and affording one's family upward mobility in Chinese society. It turned out that California's influx of American and Chinese prospectors created a lawless bachelor society wherein it was not as easy as it sounded to get rich. Placer mining was not always successful and Chinese were particularly burdened by raiding gangs and xenophobic sentiment. -Merchants were the first to know about the Gold Rush.(**be in HK to make it to the Gold Mountain) Where: CA - modern day SanFran and Marysville aka Gold Valley When: 1850's Since men were the ones that were going to be going to the states, they would marry a women and have kids before going to cemented that this was not a permanent endeavor but rather to return home wit enough money to get their footing back."Gold Mountain Guest"

Mme Chiang Kai-shek aka Soong Mei-ling (1898-2003)

-Chinese political figure who was the first lady of the Republic of China -The fact that 106-year-old Madame Chiang Kai-shek passed away in relative seclusion thousands of miles away from her homeland is testimony to the fortunes of the political project she — and her husband — once represented. Madame Chiang was the widow of the legendary Chinese nationalist general Chiang Kai-shek, who fled China in 1949 in the wake of the communist victory to set up what he envisaged as a Chinese government-in-exile in Taiwan. Chiang, whose U.S.-educated wife was his interlocutor with the West, ruled Taiwan with an iron fist for 25 years, and it was his claim to represent all of China that helped the Nixon administration adopt the "One China" policy recognizing Taiwan and China as part of a single political entity. That policy, which remains the cornerstone of U.S.-China relations today, prevents Washington from recognizing Taiwan as a sovereign state, and was crafted as a concession to Beijing's view of the island as nothing more than a rebel province. But it was made palatable to Chiang by the fact that he saw himself as the leader not simply of Taiwan, but of all China.

Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925)

-Chinese revolutionary leader, of scholar-gentry background, father of China (Republic of China) -Three Principles: nationalism, democracy, livelihood of the people. -Magnetic personality, dedication to the pursuit of power, knowledge of the west unequaled by that on any of his political rivals.

Jade Snow Wong (1922-2006)

-Chinese-American ceramic artist and author of two memoirs. 5 of 9 -Wrote Fifth Chinese Daughter -Wong's efforts to balance her identity as an American woman with her more traditional role as a Chinese daughter in a close-knit immigrant family. The book is written in the third person, allowing Wong the opportunity to look at issues of identity from a slight distance. She wrote, "There were alas no books or advisers to guide Jade Snow in her search for balance between the pull from two cultures. If she chose neither to reject nor accept in toto, she must sift both and make her decisions alone."

Communist Revolution (1946-1949)

-Civil war in China - political instability, transforms the re -many more chinese in the US -1949 US is very anti-communist, -COmmunist China becomes a major hostile force to the US -Chinese can come to the US to show the chinese people are good when they aren't in China, based of their political preferences. -Must be clear, they are chinese-americans -communist were a better organization, enacted land reform, systems in place, re-make local societies -much more egalitarian, and less corrupt

Chinese Educational Mission (CEM) (1872-1881)

-Created by Yung Wing, first Chinese student to graduate from a North American University. -Organized CEM, sent 120 Chinese students (over a decade) to US universities, however they were under strict rules and had to return before they were 30. -Ivy Leaguers returned to China to become leaders in fields such as engineering, diplomacy, academia. -Originally obtained citizenship through nationalization, but later had it revoked. -He believed in fostering better communications between China and the US -exemplified the desirable 'westernized intellectual' -recalled in 1881 due to racial pressure/hostility.

Wen Ho Lee

-Discriminatory//racial profiling -created simulations of nuclear explosions, improved safety and reliability of US nuclear arsenal. -accused of stealing secrets about the US nuclear arsenal for the PRC in Dec 1999 (espionage). -No evidence to prove he did this, and was eventually only charged with improper handling of restricted data. -received 1.6 mil from the federal gov and 5 media organizations as part of a settlement of a civil suit for leaking his name to the press before any formal charges had been filed against him. -Fed Judge Parker eventually apologized for denying bail, placing in solitary confinement, criticized gov for misconduct and misrepresentations to the court.

Recognition of PRC (1979)

-Embargo the PRC in 1979, no $, no letters (highly impractical bc china has a 1/4 of the world population) -Chinese immigration is coming from PRC -Hong Kong and Taiwan will also come -Relations are established, family reunification -International students -led to Chinese protection act bc tinanamen square -we like elite Chinese -US didn't want to recognize first, but then did as china's economy approved

Paper sons/slot system

-Emerges out of loopholes out of the immigration systems. Rely on the 1906 earth quake, and --- court case, 14th amendment. 1799 -- aliens ineligible for citizenship -Wong Kim Ark, 1906 earthquake, 14th amendmentRests on the loophole that male US citizens can confer their citizenship onto their sons, even if they are foreign born. -After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire, immigrant's documents burned so opened the door for other Chinese to comeChinese immigrants would create fake families and bring over others illegally by claiming that they were their son -Those immigrating would be interviewed w/ detailed questions → coaching books developed

1990 Immigration Act

-Enacted by Pres Bush (big). -Purpose: Increased the number of legal immigrants that entered into the US every year, introduced a lottery system that assigned visas to immigrants randomly. (removed laws restricting homosexuality, HIV positive, and granting visas to immigrants from specific countries) -Increased number of legal immigrants to 700,000. -Raised # of visas to 140,000/year. (divided into categories) -create a selection system that would meet the future needs of the economy by moving away from a near-total focus on family-based immigration and toward admission of more immigrants based on their skills and education. -still framework for today's immigration policy

Chinese Exclusion Laws (1882-1943)

-First Significant law restricting immigration into the US, many believed Chinese laborers were taking all of the American jobs (chinese pop .002%). This act was appealing to American worker demands, and help in maintaining white 'racial purity' -Suspended Chinese immigration for ten years and declared Chinese immigrants ineligible for naturalization. -Challenged by Chinese-Americans on constitutionality of the discriminatory acts, but failed. -Legislation proved to be very effective, and Chinese population declined. -Magnuson Act repealed Chinese Exclusion Laws by 1943.

Confession Program (1956-1965)

-Immigration and FBI used this program to try to regularize the statuses of many Chinese Americans who had entered the US using some form of immigration fraud under the discriminatory Chinese exclusion laws. -US acknowledged racism in previous acts, but still defended with practical matters and the influence of US citizens. -Required Chinese Americans to 'confess' their fraudulent status and implicate fam members and others involved in the immigration network, thereby rendering themselves and others liable for loss of status and deportation. -only small # of participants out of fear, but most gained legal citizenship. -some # of political leftists and labor organizers were deported by the confession program.

Angel Island (1910-1940)

-Immigration center in the San Francisco Bay Area that opened in 1910 to deal with the ongoing administration of Chinese Exclusion, closed in 1940. By the time Angel Island opened, the Japanese supplanted the Chinese in being the largest immigrant group. Set up for screening, detaining, and deporting. People were often detained for months. -Counterpart to Ellis Island: Only 2% of immigrants who came through Ellis Island were turned away. Significance: The real idea of Ellis Island was that of a symbolic arrangement of structures that symbolized the hope and future that the United States suggests. Ellis Island could be seen as the beginning point of the American dream story for many immigrants, the beginning of a narrative of progress and upward mobility. We see how differently Asian versus European immigrants were treated, as Angel Island was really a site of Chinese exclusion, not a site of possibility to begin the American dream.

Chinese Student Protection Act (1992)

-In response to the brutal Chinese gov crackdowns on student protests in Tiananmen Sq in 89. -Permitted Chinese students living in the US to gain legal permanent status. -around 50,000 students were allowed to stay through this act.

Third World Strikes (1968-1969)

-Key civil rights movement that involved Asian-Americans. -take place over 3 months, san Francisco state -coalition of students pushing for more ethnic studies through ---. -making demands on higher education, there are parallel movements at Yale, UCLA, Berkely -classes taught from the perspective of prof of color -ultimately, resolution is college of ethnic studies. -institutionalized studies

Recruited Labor/ Contract Labor

-Labor shortage in the US for mining and railroads led the US to outsource internationally. -California Gold Rush (1849) -Burlingame Treaty (1868) allowed Chinese workers in the US -Railroad -Signed contracts to work for at least 3 years, in return for low wages. -Contracts were hard to enforce. -Conditions were rough, dangerous, long hours, low pay, comparable to slavery -Coolies, unskilled native laborer from China (and other Asian countries).

Golden Venture/"snakeheads"

-Late 90's to early 00's -Cheng Chui Ping aka the Mother of all Snakeheads -Smuggled as many as 3,000 illegal immigrants from China to US. Collecting more than 40 mil from immigrants by charging upwards of 40k. -Methods were brutal. Allowed some customers to pay part of their fee, but were held or threatened w/ violence until balance was paid. -Golden Venture was the cargo ship that completed the smuggling, conditions were tough/inhumane. -Cheng was working as an informant for the FBI all while running her own smuggling jobs, she eventually fled, but by 2004 she had been arrested w/ 35 year sentence.

Plessy v Ferguson (1896)

-Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal." -Implying segregation was okay if the conditions were equal (surprise tweet: they weren't equal)

The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck (1931)

-Man's Relationship to the Earth The overarching theme of The Good Earthis the nourishing power of the land. -Wang Lung, a farmer, has an intimate relationship with the earth because he produces his harvest through his own labor -describing the Chinese people she knew and to presenting her American audience with the details of Chinese life, customs and attitudes. Pearl Buck's standpoint is finally that of an outsider who is particularly sensitive to aspects of Chinese life that are different from what Westerners are accustomed to. Therefore, she takes pains to record many details that a Chinese writer might take for granted. The Good Earth gives an accurate and well-informed depiction of traditional Chinese culture in the early twentieth century. -Won Nobel Prize in literature -remaking the image of chinese, leading up to ww2, pearl buck was a missionary in china, was never allowed to go back.

Boycott (1905)

-Many anti-Chinese events (violence against immigrants) and discriminatory laws (chinese exclusion law, geary act) -CCBA reached out to Chinese government for support, and brought out support from China, Phillippines, Singapore, Japan, HI, restricting American goods. -Qing government finally fell to pressure of the US, and boycott ended after about a year. -End Result: No change to discriminatory laws, but Chinatown raids eventually ended. -Signified the emergence of modern China nationalism and the importance of immigration in Sino-American relations.

Galleon Trade (1565-1815)

-Operating under the Spanish empire, regular traffic across the pacific ocean, (in route w manilla/acapulco), u can use ocean currents. 1 circuit each year, brings tea, silk, porcelain, Chinese furniture across the pacific, gold/silver in return. Globalization - more interconnected. Capitalist development and transportation. -Spanish trading ships brought Chinese goods from Manila to Acapulco in exchange for silver. People were often captured in the Philippines to work on the ships. This established the first presence of Asians in the New World, which consisted of Filipinos and other Asians (Chinese) in Mexico. -1630's - first complaints of Chinese being competition. mexico city barbers believed Chinese were hurting their business. -Trade brought: porcelain, silk, ivory, spices, furniture, exotic goods from China to Mexico in exchange for New World silver -Spanish Empire trade to Mexico//Colonial period before US became a country//Spain colonized mexico, and manila (Philippines)//Pacific Ocean despite it's great expanse can still be used as a mode of travel//Early Asians would go to america//world is more internationally linked (trade) -Caterina de San Juan (first doc/named asian in america)brought from a slave market in manila as part of the spanish galleon trade/catholic/og east india)

"Heathen Chinese" by Bret Harte (1836-1902)

-Originally published as 'Plain Language from Truthful James' in 1870 -Parody of Swinburne's Atlanta in Calydon -Satirized anti-Chinese sentiment in northern California. -Poem reinforced racism among readers instead of challenging it as he intended. -Shaped the popular American conception of the Chinese more than any other writing at the time.

"M. Butterfly"

-Play by David Henry Hwang.

Transcontinental Railroad (1862-1869)

-Played major role in connecting the (Union Pacific) eastern and (Central Pacific) western coasts of the world. Western pacific built from Oakland to Sacramento. -CP began hiring Chinese workers bc the other european workers were not okay with such low wages. Chinese believed the low wages to be good by their standards. -Chinese in the construction of the transcontinental railroad is symbolic of the integral role of asian immigrant labor in US but also shows the discrimination Chinese felt in the growing industrial/capital society. -California needed to connect to the rest of the country out of fear of an asian 'invasion' -Gave jobs, boosted the economy. -Private companies with public land grants.

J. Hector St. John Crevecouer (French American Author)

-Provided a broad picture of life in the new world aka US. -Tolerance and desire for for success and justice -anyone who decided to journey to America--no matter what nationality he or she was--had already cast aside his or her past ties and created a new one: that of a "new race of men," as he puts it. This "new race of men" was the welcoming of everyone from different races to America. Crevecoeur states that men from "all nations are melted into a new race" when his "labours and posterity will one day cause great changes in the world." Therefore, it is not the nationality of a man that makes him more or less an American, but rather his aspiration to be a hard-working, free man of the New World, and his achievements from such hard work and perseverance.

Immigration Repeal (1943)

-Repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act, 1943. In 1943, Congress passed a measure to repeal the discriminatory exclusion laws against Chinese immigrants and to establish an immigration quota for China of around 105 visas per year. -Repealed by the 1943 Magnuson Act (still banned the ownership of property and businesses by ethnic Chinese). -This repealed only occurred bc of the China-US alliance against Japan during WWII. -US wanted to embody an image of fairness and justice.

Geary Act (1892)

-Required all Chinese residents of the US to carry a permit of residence. If any Chinese person failed to carry a permit, they could be detained and deported or punished by being forced to endure hard labor for up to a year. There was no bail for immigrants arrested for being in the US illegally unless they could provide a "credible white witness" to testify on behalf of them. -Reinforced Chinese Exclusion laws, and extended ban for another 10 years, -violates equal protection law. -6 companies order a boycott.

Boxer Indemnity Scholarship Program (1908-1929)

-Scholarship program for Chinese students to receive an education in the US. -1908 US passed a bill to return to China the excess of Boxer, amounting to over 17 million$. -Pres TR intended for this to improve relationships with China, and promote US international image. -Sent only the most talented Chinese students to top US schools. -Tsinghua University in beijing was established to be the branch to MIT. -Overall, positive.

Ethnoburbs

-Suburban residential and business area with a notable cluster of a particular ethnic minority population. Although the group may not constitute the majority within the region, it is a significant amount of the population. -Big Chinese Ethnoburb culture in California.(SGV) -Chinese immigrants have built large houses and malls catering to Chinese businesses, changing the landscape of the communities and a significant number of smaller ones throughout Canada and the US -They can be shaped to meet the specific cultural and social needs of those who live there because of the high degree of ethnic similarities.[7] That can be seen as a benefit as it aids in the adaptation of immigrants to a new environment in terms of language, culture, education, and job training. Also, the sharing of common cultural traditions and new experiences encountered allows a greater sense of community to be developed. An ethnoburb not only contributes to the fostering of cultural preservation particularly amongst immigrants but also can play an important role in the larger cultural tapestry of a greater regional area or country as a whole.[4] On the other hand, ethnoburbs are sometimes viewed in a negative. It is thought that they can inhibit cultural assimilation because those living in these regions will become comfortable within the community and not expand to incorporate social elements from outside their community. One way that can be mitigated is educational programs and the completion of public or private schooling.[7] Because the dominant culture within an ethnoburb is not always the majority of the population since other ethnicities are also present,[4] it can be helpful if the other cultures are also integrated into the regional identity to lessen the degree of severe representation and catering towards one ethnic group. -They could represent a threat and distance from assimilating to american culture.

1924 Immigration Act aka Johnson-Reed Act

-The Immigration Act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota. The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census. It completely excluded immigrants from Asia (ineligible aliens) -Japanese immigrants increasingly enter illegally after this passage. -1920 CA alien land law -- exclusionist hopes this would lead to a federal Japanese exclusion act (was achieved through general immigration law) -Excluded half of the worlds population. -Provided visas to 2 percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the US as of the 1890 census. -they wanted to keep american population 'american' -favored western europe, and could see the size of quotas to decide how much the US likes u -asians don't even have a quota rn

Six companies

-The OG CCBA. -Ruled Chinatown, formed to help the Chinese come from and return to China, give care to the sick/starving, return corpses to China for burial. -Provided protection from San Fran racism. -The Six Companies anointed themselves the supreme power in Chinatown, with the ostensible purpose of resolving disputes, protecting members, and guarding the welfare of the entire community. So powerful were they that before the first Chinese consulate appeared in the city during the 1870s, the Six Companies served as unofficial ambassadors of China, acting as the voice of the Qing imperial government in the United States. The Six Companies had evolved out of the need of the emerging Chinese business elite for order. The white man's government had demonstrated that its mission was to suppress, not protect, Chinese interests. Chang, Iris. The Chinese in America . Penguin Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.

CCBA (Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association) (1883)

-Transformed into the most visible political org of the Chinese-American Community -Played a role in arbitrating community, company, individual disagreements, contesting discriminatory laws, attempting to curb Chinese prostitution, organizing public events for Chinese community.

Fong Yueting v. U.S. (1893)

-USSC decision concerning deportation of Chinese immigrants. -Immigrant laborer who was ineligible for US naturalization (born in China to Chinese parents). Did not have certificate of residence as required by section 6, and was arrested. He argued that he was not able to get one bc he needed testimony of a white person, and he was only in contact with chinese. The Geary act was held as constitutional 6-3, although it violated equal protection laws, and specifically targeted Chinese. -1902 Chinese immigration was made permanently illegal.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

-Unanimously held that the racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. Brown claimed that Topeka's racial segregation violated the Constitution's Equal Protection Clause because the city's black and white schools were not equal to each other and never could be. -Overruled Plessy v. Ferguson's "separate but equal" doctrine and would eventually led to the desegregation of schools across the South

McCarran Walter Act (1952) // Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952

-Upheld quota system for 1924, but changed the rate to 1/6 of 1% of the nationality's population in the US in 1920/ -Ended Asian Exclusion, introducing a system of preferences based on skill sets and family reunification. -allotted each Asian nation a minimum quota of 100 visas each year, and eliminated laws preventing Asians from becoming naturalized American citizens. Breaking down the "Asiatic Barred Zone" was a step toward improving U.S. relations with Asian nations. At the same time, however, the new law only allotted new Asian quotas based on race, instead of nationality. An individual with one or more Asian parent, born anywhere in the world and possessing the citizenship of any nation, would be counted under the national quota of the Asian nation of his or her ethnicity or against a generic quota for the "Asian Pacific Triangle." Low quota numbers and a uniquely racial construction for how to apply them ensured that total Asian immigration after 1952 would remain very limited. CAP 2000 -attempt to reform and address national origins quota - response to immigration 1924 act (highly discriminatory) -gave everyone quota and removed racial discrimination. -80-85% go to western/northern quotas -if u don't have any, u get base 100. -removed the barred act -not v successful in removing racism, but that is just US vibe

Campaign Finance Scandal (1996)

-alleged effort by the PRC to influence US politics prior to and during the Clinton admin. -questioned the fund-raising practices. -key figures: Yah-Lin "Charlie" Trie - raised 4.5 mil with Huang, friend of the clintons from little rock. John Huang - DNC finance vice chairman, top fundraise r who raised funds from illegal foreign asian sources (james riady - most notable), -DNC was forced to give back for than 2.8 mill in illegal or improper donations from foreign nationals. -Civil rights setback. real problem is candidates accepting donations unethically, but they focused the problem on asians being agents of communist china. Accused key players of being chinese spies despite minimal evidence.

Chan and Eng Bunker (1829)

-arrive as teenagers, they have a biological anomaly, so they are put in the spotlight. human curiosity was at an all time high, so they were big performers. -despite there oddness, they were able to follow an ideal immigrant path. -The twins quit touring in 1839 after a decade of financial success and settled near Mount Airy, North Carolina. -they learned english, they received US citizenship, and buy farms in north carolina. got married, had kids. -The Bunker twins eventually stopped working for their original manager and toured the US as entrepreneurs, amassing considerable wealth. They later settled as plantation owners, married white women, had children, bought slaves, and were able to become US citizens. Their story shows that racial barriers could be negotiated—because they were famous, entrepreneurially successful men who could speak English and lived before the Yellow Peril, they were able to afford a level of privilege comparable with that of the Caucasian men around them.

Sojourning

-migrant to come, but are not going to set roots in the country (negative stereotype) -migration concept: u come, u work, u make $, u leave -temporary

Chain Migration

-refers to the endless chains of foreign nationals who are allowed to immigrate to the United States because citizens and lawful permanent residents are allowed to sponsor their non-nuclear family members -"family reunification" under federal law -- is the process by which green card holders or legal U.S. residents may sponsor a family member for immigration to the United States.-migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Stereotypes: Bachelor Society

-the exclusion era, reality of migrant practices -u immigrate to gain better economic status, men of working age, and either accumulate money/send money back to their family -didn't know if they were going to stay/come back/bring wives over. -chinese-american population skews male (until 1970s), so they are living in a bachelor society -unrooted, unstable, not assimilated, not family oriented -leave here cheaper to save more money, and not benefit the US

Vincent Chin (1982)

-was a Chinese-American draftsman who was beaten to death by two white men, Chrysler plant supervisor Ronald Ebens and his stepson, laid-off autoworker Michael Nitz. -Ebens had to pay 1.5 mil, but never went to jail. -said it wasn't a race thing, but he would've been alive

Paper Sons

1906 earthquake in San Francisco destroyed all the records. Chinese people claimed that they were already born in America and were not illegal. Chinese immigrants claimed to be sons of Chinese American citizens, couldn't tell if papers had been faked because of the San Francisco fire in 1906

Categories of 1990 Immigration Act

1st Group: Priority Workers (researches, executives, "extraordinary ability", they would require recorded and recognized acclaim within their field, such as sciences, arts, and even athletics.) 2nd Group: Advanced professionals and those of exceptional ability (received advanced degrees in their field of study and are considered to have "exceptional ability" in the fields of science or business. also must seek certification through the US Labor Department) 3rd Group: skilled workers (able to perform labor that requires more than two years of preparation and training) 4th Group: Religious workers 5th Group: green card

Lau v. Nichols (1974)

Denial of access and participation in an educational program due to inability to speak or understand English in a class action suit brought by Chinese speaking students in San Francisco against the school district. Established the principle that English-speaking students do not have equal access to education when instruction is offered only in the English language. -Lau v. Nichols, 414 U.S. 563, was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court unanimously decided that the lack of supplemental language instruction in public school for students with limited English proficiency violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Qian Xuesen (1911-2009)

Father of Chinese rocketry. Educated at MIT, he helped establish the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) before the U.S. government accused him of being a communist and placed him under house arrest for five years. He was released to China in exchange for repatriation of American pilots captured during the Korean War. His efforts in the Chinese nuclear weapons program directly led to China's first successful atomic bomb test and hydrogen bomb test. -He started teaching at MIT and Caltech, and still only in his 20s, became involved in experiments in rocketry, a field which at that time was barely taken seriously. This, changed with the Second World War, and the US Army Air Corps enlisted Caltech in developing what became known as "jet-assisted take-off" for its bombers. -Qian served on the Scientific Advisory Board that advised the US military during and after the war as well as working at the Pentagon on reports about the latest classified technology and its implications for the future. He also contributed to the Manhattan Project, which developed the first atomic bomb, and in 1949 he was made the first director of the Daniel and Florence Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Centre at Caltech. -US thought he was a spy, revoked his clearance, denied his green card, and detained hi for years. -Eventually returned to China, and greeted with open arms. -He began teaching the Chinese what he had learned in America -Although not a Communist before his return, Qian joined the Party in 1958. In the same year, he finalised plans for what was to become the Dongfeng missile, launched in 1964. Through his work, and with help from the Soviet Union, China made great strides and tested its own nuclear bomb in October 1964. Qian's programme was also responsible for the Silkworm missile. The first Chinese ballistic missiles were based on Soviet R-2 (SS-2) design, itself based on the German V-2 rocket. -father of our space industry. It's difficult to say where we would be without him

Chinatown Cowboy

Frank Chen -artistic/culture production - writer -a representative of an aspect of civil wars movement -expand of Asian American culture -macho in presentation and voice -priority of authenticity -genuine representation of Chinese-American thinking and living for other Chinese-American -policing other writings -He doesn't believe for writing for whites

Hong Kong/jinshanzhuang

Main Trading Node - improving communications, possibility of trade, china needs them as a funnel. allowed for HK to progress into a global city

Woman Warrior

Maxine Hong Kingston -famous chinese-american, espeically with her memoir woman warrior.

Gold Mountain Families

Split families; originally the men were sojourners, but later, many wanted to bring their wives over to the US.Gave rise to homo-sociality or fraternity in living arrangements.War lengthened separation.After reuniting in the US, the next generation would be born.

Stereotypes: Coolie

The "Coolie" stereotype originated with Chinese laborers in the 1850s as a means of preventing Chinese from entering the skilled trades. The lowest-paying unskilled jobs were called "coolie labor" or "n**** work."

Stereotypes: Model minority

The "Model Minority" stereotype originated in the 1950s as a representation of successful assimilation of Asians that was contrasted with the less successful assimilation of Blacks and Hispanics.

Stereotypes: Yellow Peril

The "Yellow Peril" or pollutant stereotype began to take hold in 1890s California. Asians were viewed as alien and a threat to wage-earners, and a movement began that had the goal of making California racially pure.

World War II (1939-1945)

The most destructive war in human history; America entered the war in 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. -China was the first US alli to fight Japan. -Alot of Chinese American got drafted bc it seemed like they didn't have family. -They were along side white military personnel. -gets them out of chinatown ghettos. -towards war bride acts, brings large # of female chinese immigrants. -come back war veterans, and actually improves their life -a compelling reason for Chinese exclusion act (congress only focuses on Chinese, oh we can just try them like other countries we allow for immigration, naturalization, quota) -japan is using it to try to get china to turn on against the US

Gong Lum v. US (1925)

USSC ruled that it did not violate the 14th amendment to deny Martha Lum the opportunity to go to a white school. Minority children effectively excluded from white schools. Mississippi school board had not violated the 14th Amendment's equal protection clause when it classified a student of Chinese descent as 'colored' and barred her from attending a white school. 9-0

Brain Drain

the emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country. advantages: -deserving people get good remuneration and career opportunities which in turn motivates individuals to study and work hard. Hence in simple words, an individual's talent is not wasted as he or she can go to anywhere in the world in search of good opportunities which is in commensurate with his or her talent. -culture and tradition reach other countries -foreign exchange earnings for home country disadvantages: -loss of talented individuals -dent in economic growth -lack of respect for a foreigner CHINA brain drain to the US, however, seems to be ending. -big after Tiananmen square 1989 -people leave china bc political alienation, low income, poor living conditions, insufficient research facilities, and mismanagement of high‐level manpower are the major factors pushing intellectuals to seek development opportunities abroad. -stealing the elite from other developing countries.

Nationality Act (1790)

wo-first statue in the US to codify naturalization law -Basis for many discriminatory laws. -Limited naturalization to immigrants who were free White persons of good character and resided within the US for at least 2 years. (pathway to citizenship) -Excluded Native Americans, indentured servants, slaves, free blacks, Asians, and women -Chinese specifically were considered aliens ineligible for citizenship until 1943 -Repealed and replaced by the Naturalization Act of 1975.