Final exam chapters 40,42,43,44,47 ?'s
are triggered by a depolarization that reaches the threshold potential
A common feature of action potentials is that they ____. *require the diffusion of Na⁺ and K⁺ through ligand-gated channels to propagate. *are triggered by a depolarization that reaches the threshold potential. *cause the membrane to hyperpolarize and then depolarize. *can undergo temporal and spatial summation.
move more than one one molecule through a membrane channel
A cotransporter in the mammalian kidney would ___. *require ATP to function *move more than one molecule through a membrane channel *always move molecules against their concentration gradient *only function during filtration in the renal corpuscle.
central nervous system
A sensory neuron of the peripheral nervous system takes nerve impulses form sensory receptors to the ___. *motor neurons *interneurons *autonomic nervous system *central nervous system
prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential
A toxin that binds specifically to voltage-gated sodium channels in axons would be expected to ____. *prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential. *prevent graded potentials. *prevent the hyperpolarization phase of the action potential *have most of its effects on the dendritic region of the neuron *increase the release of neurotransmitter molecules
arteries must withstand higher pressures than veins or capillaries
Arteries have more, and thicker, layers of tissue than either veins or capillaries. This is because *arteries supply multiple capillary beds throughout the body. *capillaries and veins aren't directly connected to the heart. *veins and capillaries are much smaller than arteries. *arteries are smaller than veins and capillaries. *arteries must withstand higher pressures than veins or capillaries.
mechanoreceptors
As you pull on a clean shirt, your skin feels that abrasion of rough fabric. Which type of sensory receptor is involved in this sensation? *thermoreceptors *mechanoreceptors *photoreceptors *chemoreceptors
K⁺
At resting potential, an example of a cation that is more abundant as a solute inside a neuron that is in the interstitial fluid outside the neuron is ? *Cl⁻ *Na⁺ *K⁺ *Ca⁺⁺
higher volume and lower osmolarity
Biologists have been able to produce mice that lack functional genes for aquaporins. How would the urine of these mice compare to that of mice with normal aquaporins? *lower volume and lower osmolarity *lower volume and higher osmolarity *higher volume and lower osmolarity *higher volume and higher osmolarity
has a higher affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin.
Complete the statement correctly. Fetal hemoglobin _____. *has a higher affinity for carbon dioxide than does adult hemoglobin. *has a higher affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin. *is better able to release oxygen than is adult hemoglobin. *binds more carbon dioxide molecules than adult hemoglobin. *is better able to release carbon dioxide than is adult hemoglobin.
only II and III
Damage to sensory receptor cells would most likely result in ___. I. confusion of visual and auditory input II. inaccurate integration of sensory information III. an inability to detect sensory information *only I *only II *only III *only II and III *I, II, and III
descending limb, thin ascending limb, thick ascending limb
Identify the three regions in the loop of Henle in the correct order that filtrate passes through the loop. *descending limb, thin ascending limb, thick ascending limb *thick ascending limb, thin ascending limb, descending limb *proximal tubule, descending limb, thick ascending limb *thin ascending limb, thick ascending limb, descending limb
the pulmonary vein
If a molecule of carbon dioxide released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following EXCEPT _____. *the pulmonary vein *the trachea *the right atrium *the right ventricle *an alveolus
a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes
If you are hiking through the desert for several days, which of the following should you drink to ensure proper hydration? *a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes *caffeinated beverages *bottled water kept at room temperature *bottled water that had been frozen to ensure that it would be as cold as possible
they result in a change in membrane potential of the receptor cell
In general, physical stimuli, including pressure, sound, and light, are transduced when ___. *molecules bind to receptors on sensory cells *they result in a change in membrane potential of the receptor cell *hair cells move closer to their kinocillium *there is a change in vibrational frequency that matches the stimulus
proximal tubule
In terrestrial vertebrates, selective filtration of nutrients back to the blood beings in the ___________ of the nephron. *proximal tubule *loop of Henle *renal corpuscle *distal tubule
Renal corpuscle
In terrestrial vertebrates, urine formation begins in the __________ of the nephron . *proximal tubule *loop of Henle *renal corpuscle *distal tubule *Medulla of the kidney
hypotonic
Marine vertebrates are ____ to their environment. *isotonic *hypotonic *hypertonic *osmotonic
blockage of blood vessels to the heart prevent adequate blood flow
Myocardial infarction occurs when *arteries harden and lose their elasticity. *blockage of blood vessels to the heart prevent adequate blood flow. *the heart stops. *the electrical control of the heart leads to an elevated heart rate. *the aorta is damaged.
optic nerve
Nerve impulses are carried from the eye to the brain by the ___. *optic nerve *cornea *rod and cone cells *hair cells
blood found in the left ventricle
On the x-axis of the oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve is the partial pressure of oxygen in tissues. Which type of blood is most likely to be represented by the right-hand side of the axis? *blood found in the left ventricle *blood found in the right atrium *blood found in the superior vena cava *blood found in the inferior vena cava *blood found in the lymphatic vessels
I, II, and III
One of the waste products that accumulates during cellular functions is carbon dioxide. It is removed via the respiratory system. What other waste product(s) accumulate during normal physiological functions in vertebrates? I. ammonia II. uric acid III. urea *only I and III *only II and III *only I and II *I, II, and III
the concentration gradient; ATP
The force driving simple diffusion is ____, while the energy source for active transport is ____. *the concentration gradient; ADP *the concentration gradient; ATP *transmembrane pumps; electron transport *phosphorylated protein carriers; ATP
sinoatrial node
The heart's pacemaker cells are found in what structure? *Right ventricle *Pulmonary veins *Left atrium *Sinoatrial node *Aorta
air pressure waves to fluid pressure waves
The middle ear converts ___. *air pressure waves to nerve impulses *air pressure waves to fluid pressure waves *fluid pressure waves to air pressure waves *fluid pressure waves to nerve impulses
cell body
The nucleus and most of the organelles in a neuron are located in the ____. *dendritic region *axon *axon hillock *cell body
sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell
The operation of the sodium/potassium ATPase pump moves ____. *sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell *sodium and potassium ions out of the cell *sodium and potassium ions into the cell *sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell
synapse
The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the ____. *cell body *synapse *axon *dendrite *all of the above
Whenever a solute is moved against its electrochemical gradient.
Under what circumstances does membrane transport require energy? *Whenever large molecules are moved within a cell. *Whenever a solute is moved against its electrochemical gradient. *Whenever an ion moves through a phospholipid bilayer. *Whenever oxygen moves through a phospholipid bilayer. *Whenever water is moved against its gradient.
The neuron's membrane voltage becomes more postive
What happens when a resting neuron's membrane depolarizes? *The cell's inside is more negative than the outside *The neuron is less likely to generate an action potential *There is a net diffusion of Na⁺ out of the cell *The neuron's membrane voltage becomes more positive
circular smooth muscle cells
What is present in arterioles that is NOT present in capillaries? *white blood cells and platelets *circular smooth muscle cells *a lining of endothelial cells *carbon dioxide
capillaries
What type of blood vessels have the slowest velocity of blood flow? *capillaries *arteries *arterioles *veins
There is random movement of substances into or out of the cell.
When a cell is in equilibrium with its environment which of the following occurs for substances that can diffuse through the cell membrane? *There is no movement of substances into or out of the cell. *There is random movement of substances into or out of the cell. *There is directed movement of substances into and out of the cell. *All movement of molecules is performed by active transport. *Water is moved against its gradient.
only I and II
Which of the following affects the osmolarity of a solution? I) Concentrations of cations II) Concentrations of anions III) Concentration of water *Only I *Only III *Only I and II *Only II and III *I, II, and III
nocturnal animals have fewer rods than diurnal animals
Which of the following comparisons of rods and cones is FALSE? *most human eyes have one type of rod and three types of cones. *rods are more sensitive to dim light than cones. *both rods and cones use retinal and opsins to detect light. *nocturnal animals have fewer rods than diurnal animals.
from the right ventricle to the left ventricle
Which of the following does NOT correctly represent blood flow through the heart? *From the right ventricle to the left ventricle *From the left ventricle to the aorta *From the vena cava to the right atrium *From the right atrium to the right ventricle
In osmosis, water moves across a membrane form areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration.
Which of the following is True of osmosis? *In osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration. *Osmosis only takes place in red blood cells. *Osmosis is an energy-demanding, or "active" process. *In osmosis, solutes move across a membrane from areas of lower water concentration to areas of higher water concentration. *In osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of higher solute concentration to areas of lower solute concentration.
a decrease in pH
Which of the following promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin? *a decrease in pH *a decrease in CO2 levels *a decrease in temperature *a decrease in carbonic anhydrase activity
Hb + 4 O2→ Hb(O2)4
Which of the following reactions prevails in red blood cells traveling through alveolar capillaries? (Hb = hemoglobin) *Hb + 4 O2 → Hb(O2)4 *Hb + 4 CO2 → Hb(CO2)4 *H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3 *Hb(O2)4 → Hb + 4 O2 *CO2 + H2O → H2CO3
Action potentials are propagated down the length of the axon
Which of the following statements about action potentials is correct? *action potentials for a given neuron vary in duration. *action potentials for a given neuron vary in magnitude. *action potentials are propagated down the length of the axon. *movement of ions during the action potential occur mostly through the sodium pump.
right ventricle
Which of the four muscular chambers of the human heart directly propels blood into the pulmonary circulation? *right ventricle *left ventricle *right atrium *left atrium
cellular respiration
Which of these processes use intracellular oxygen? *ventilation *gas exchange *circulation *Calvin cycle *cellular respiration
Bat calls are detected by mechanoreceptors, which transduce the sound into an action potential. This is transmitted to the CNS by axons.
Which statement best describes the flow of sensory input in a flying moth trying to avoid being eaten by a bat that is using sonar? *The CNS detects the sound directly and sends a signal to the sensory structure *mechanoreceptors detect the sound and send it directly to the wing muscles, altering the flight path of the moth *Bat calls are detected by mechanoreceptors, which transduce the sound into an action potential. This is transmitted to the CNS by axons. *a chemoreceptor detects the bat's sonar signal and the input is communicated to the CNS.
loop of henle
Which structure in the mammalian kidney is responsible for maintaining the osmotic gradient in medulla of the kidney? *renal corpuscle *proximal tubule *loop of Henle *distal tubule *collecting duct
renal corpuscle and ascending loop of Henle
Which structure(s) in the mammalian nephron is/are impermeable to water? *renal corpuscle *renal corpuscle and proximal tubule *descending and ascending loop of Henle *renal corpuscle and ascending loop of Henle
