Final Exam Human Phys Lab XI/XII
If observed, we would expect to hear S3 where relative to these points?
after time point Y
Several local factors inside a systemic tissue can influence nearby vascular smooth muscle and cause constriction or dilation. Which of the following would tend to cause vasodilation?
an decrease in pH
Which of the follwing is/are a part of the normal response to face immersion (diving reflex)?
an increase in HR widespread vasoconstriction an increase in MAP (two of these answers)
In our rebreathing experiment, we had our subject put a bag over their mouth and nose and observed changes in heart rate and BP. Which of the following cardiovascular responses would be expected? (assume that the subject lets their nervous system dictate breathing responses.....yes, the response is a little different if the subject voluntarily supresses the normal, involuntary breathing response and voluntarily controlls breathing; how cool is that?)
an increase in TPR
The cardiovascular response to aerobic exercise includes an increase in stroke volume. Which change in BP would be most suggestive of an increaes in SV?
an increase in pulse pressure
In our rebreathing experiment, we had our subject put a bag over their mouth and nose and observed changes in heart rate and MAP. Which of the following autonomic adjustments is most likely involved in these cardiovascular responses?
an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity
The cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test usually has two distinct phases in normotensive subjects (neither hyper- nor hypotensive). Which of the following changes in the autonomic nervuos system is involved the intial cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test?
an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the ventricles have started filling.
atrial depolarization -->1st ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure -->2nd beginning of the ejection period --> 3rd start of the T wave --> 4th dicrotic notch--> 5th
Most subjects with healthy blood pressures have two phases in the blood pressure response to the cold pressor test. What causes the second blood pressure change phase during the cold pressor test. Please put the following events in order:
baroreceptors detect elevated blood pressure -->first increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity --> second decrease in heart rate --> third decrease in cardiac output --> fourth decrease in blood pressure --> fifth
The parasympathetic nervous system can alter blood pressure by which of the following mechanisms?
decrease HR
Which of the following events occur when the pressure in the atria is higher than the pressure in the ventricles?
filling of ventricles
In lab we measured several periods of the cardiac cycle. To measure ventricular diastole we would measure from where to where? (select one from answer and one to answer)
from S2 to the peak of the QRS complex
In lab we measured several periods of the cardiac cycle. To measure ventricular ejection period we would measure from where to where? (select one from answer and one to answer)
from the beginning of the increase in aortic flow to S2
In lab we measured several periods of the cardiac cycle. To measure ventricular systole we would measure from where to where? (select one from answer and one to answer)
from the peak of the QRS complex to S2
Given what you have learned about the normal cardiovascular response to rebreathing, if you were working with a patient with a severe pulmonary disease, which of the following cardiovascular changes would you expect?
high sympathetic nervous system activity higher MAP (three of these answers) high TPR a lower cardiac output
Several local factors inside a systemic tissue can influence nearby vascular smooth muscle and cause constriction or dilation. Which of the following would tend to cause vasodilation?
histamine
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. After the electrical impulse spreads through bundle branches and Purkinje fibers, what wouldd be 5 of the next events in the cardiac cycle? (not all answers will be used)
1st --> ventricular muscle cells depolarize 2 --> pressure in the ventricles begins to increase 3 --> the AV valves close 4 --> pressure in the ventricles exceeds aortic pressure 5 --> ventricles begin to eject blood
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order:
1st- ventricular muscle cells depolarize 2nd- pressure in the ventricles begins to increase 3rd- the AV valves close 4th- pressure in the ventricles exceeds aortic pressure 5th- ventricles begin to eject blood
If your subject had an RR interval of 0.79, a stroke volume of 89, a blood pressure of 109 / 80 , an ejection fraction of 58, and the duration of their ventricular diastole was 0.49, what percent of their cardiac cycle is spent in ventricular diastole? You may estimate it the same way we did in lab. No units required
62
In lab we measured several periods of the cardiac cycle. To measurethe period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction we would measure from where to where? (select one from answer and one to answer)
From S1 to the beginning of the increase in aortic flow
In lab we performed modified tilt tests. These are a simple way to test a patient's ability to maintain blood pressure when changing position (orthostasis). Which of the following would suggest that your patient is "tilt positive"?
HR increasing from 64 to 86 bpm
Which of the following is not a mechanism that allows the SNS to increase BP?
- Vasoconstriction - Increased HR - Venoconstriction - Increased contractility (ALL)
Your patient has pheochromocytoma, a tumor of the adrenal gland, which results in hypersecretion of epinephrine (and norepinephrine) from the adrenal gland. Which of the following cardiovascular-related symptoms do you think you would observe inn this patient?
- a rapid heart rate (and palpitations; the noticable perception of a high heart rate by a patient) - a high blood pressure
During the cold pressor test, what causes the change in blood pressure after the initial phase. Please put the following events in order:
- baroreceptors detect elevated blood pressure -->first - increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity -->second decrease in heart rate --> third decrease in cardiac output --> fourth decrease in blood pressure --> fifth increase in sympathetic nervous system activity --> Not involved in this reflex
In lab we measured several periods of the cardiac cycle. To measure atrial diastole we would measure from where to where? (select one from answer and one to answer)
- from S1 - to the beginning of the P wave
The cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test usually has two distinct phases in normotensive subjects (neither hyper- nor hypotensive), but is a little different for those who have hypertension (or those destined to develop hypertension). What is simmilar/different about the cold pressure test between normotensive subjects and those with hypertension?
- in hypertensive subjects the BP goes up and remains elevated (four of these answers) - both normotensive and hypertensive subject experience an intitial increase in MAP - in normotensive subjects BP starts returning towards normal within 2 min (the amount of time we monitorerd BP in the lab) - in hypertensive subjects the increases in BP are greater than in normotensive subjects
The cardiovascular response to large muscle mass aerobic exercise (like cycling) includes which of the following. Select all that apply
- systolic blood pressure increases - pulse pressure increases - Diastolic blood pressure stays the same or decreases a little - mean arterial pressure increases a little - HR increases due to both an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity and a decrease in parasympathetic activity to the heart
Which of the following is/are true about the ventricular ejection period? (Hint: there are only five correct options)
- the AV valves are closed - the pressure in the aorta initially increases - The T wave would start somewhere during this period - the volume of blood in the ventricle is decreasing - the semilunar valves are open
Which of the following is/are true about the period of ventricular filling? (Hint: there are only six correct options)
- the semilunar valves are closed - the pressure in the aorta is decreasing - if observed, the third heart sound occurs - the volume of blood in the ventricle is increasing - the pressure in the atria is higher than the pressure in the ventricle - the AV valves are open
In lab we measured several periods of the cardiac cycle. To measurethe period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction we would measure from where to where? (select one from answer and one to answer)
- to the beginning of the increase in aortic flow - from S1
Several hormones can influence TPR. Which of the following hormones increase TPR?
- vasopressin - epinephrine - three of these hormones - Angiotensin II - insulin (3 of these)
If your subject had an RR interval of 0.63, a stroke volume of 80, a blood pressure of 131 / 73 , and an ejection fraction of 50, what would be the best estimate their atrial pressure in mmHg before the P wave? Assume this is a healthy subject. You may estimate it the same way we did in lab. No units required
10
If your subject had an RR interval of 1.07, a stroke volume of 82, a blood pressure of 128 / 76 , and an ejection fraction of 60, what would be the best estimate their atrial pressure in mmHg before the P wave? Assume this is a healthy subject. You may estimate it the same way we did in lab. No units required
10
If your subject had an RR interval of 0.63, a stroke volume of 85, a blood pressure of 108 / 68 , and an ejection fraction of 50, what would be the best estimate their end diastolic volume in ml? You may estimate it the same way we did in lab. No units required
170
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order:
1st --> ventricles begin to eject blood 2nd --> ventricles begin to repolarize 3rd --> ventricular pressure falls below aortic pressure 4th --> the semilunar valves close 5th --> the AV valves open
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. After the opening of the semilunar valves, what would be 5 of the next events in the cardiac cycle? (not all answers will be used)
1st --> ventricles begin to eject blood 2nd --> ventricles begin to repolarize 3rd --> ventricular pressure falls below aortic pressure 4th --> the semilunar valves close 5th --> the AV valves open
In lab we performed modified tilt tests. These are a simple way to test a patient's ability to maintain blood pressure when changing position (orthostasis). Which of the following would suggest that your patient is "tilt positive"?
SBP dropping from 124 mmhg to 102 mmHg
Match the following events:
T wave --> ventricular repolarization QRS complex --> ventricular depolarization P wave --> atrial depolarization
In our rebreathing experiment, we had our subject put a bag over their mouth and nose and observed changes in heart rate and MAP. Which of the following is least likely to be involved in these cardiovascular responses?
a decrease in pCO2 in the arterial blood
When we change from a supine, or a seated, to a standing position we observe specific cardiovascular adjustments with an initial phase and then a second phase where we adjust back towards normal. Which of the following are part of the initial cardiovascular response to standing up from a supine position?
a decrease in systolic blood pressure
The cardiovascular response to aerobic exercise with a large muscle mass, like cycing or running, would be most likely to include which of the following changes in BP?
a slight decrease in DBP
The cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test usually has two distinct phases in normotensive subjects (neither hyper- nor hypotensive). Which of the following receptors are involved the intial cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test?
nociceptors
In lab we performed modified tilt tests. These are a simple way to test a patient's ability to maintain blood pressure when changing position. What do we call it when a subject fails to be able to adequately maintain blood pressure when standing up from a supine, or seated, position?
orthostatic hypotension
In subjects with healthy blood pressures, there are two phases to the blood pressure response to the cold pressor test, What causes the initial change in blood pressure. Please put the following events in order:
signals are sent to the medulla oblongatta --> first increase in sympathetic nervous system activity --> second widespread vasoconstriction --> third increase in total peripheral resistance --> fourth increase in blood pressure --> fifth
During the diving reflex, what causes the changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Please put the following events in order:
signals are sent to the medulla oblongatta --> first increase in sympathetic nervous system activity --> second widespread vasoconstriction --> third increase in total peripheral resistance --> fourth increase in blood pressure --> fifth increase in cardiac output --> not a part of this response
During the diving reflex, what causes the changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Please put the following events in order:
signals are sent to the medulla oblongatta --> second increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity --> third decrease in heart rate --> fourth decrease in the heart's oxygen demand --> fifth decrease in blood pressure --> not a part of this response facial cooling and apnea --> first
The diving reflex is observed in all vertebrates. This protective response helps us to stay alive while submerged. Which of the following is/are related to the diving reflex?
the parasympathetic nervous system slows heart rate slowing the heart rate reduces the rate of oxygen use by the heart and thus helps to preserve limited oxygen supplies while submerged there is a widespread vasoconstriction throughout most of the body - this reduces oxygen use by much of the body and preserves oxygen for the tissues that need it the most the sympathetic nervous system causes widespread vasoconstriction throughout much of the body
The cardiovascular response to aerobic exercise, like cycling or running includes an increase in heart rate even before we start to exercise. Which of the following is/are true about this response? ?(try it at home, put on your exercise clothes and see what happens to HR)
this is an example of feed-forward control
Given what you have learned about the cold pressor test, which of the following would you expect if you were working with a patient dealing with chronic pain? - two of these answers - elevated sympathetic nervous system activitiy - higher MAP - higher TPR - three of these answers
three of these answers
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the ventricles depolarize.
ventricular volume begins to decrease --> 1st semilunar valves close --> 2nd period of isovolumetric ventricular relaxation --> 3rd AV valves open --> 4th S3 (if observed) --> 5th
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the ventricles depolarize.
ventricular volume begins to decrease --> 1st semilunar valves close --> 2nd period of isovolumetric ventricular relaxation --> 3rd AV valves open --> 4th S3 (if observed) --> 5th
Your subject's heart is beating once every 0.96 seconds. Their heart is pumping out 6.9 liters of blood from the heart every minute. After every beat of the heart, there is still 64 milliliters of blood left in the ventricle. The minimum pressure recorded during diastole is 82 millimeters of mercury and every time blood is ejected the pressure increases by 47 millimeters fo mercury from this point. What is this subject's stroke volume in ml (not L)? (no units required)
110.4
If your subject had an RR interval of 0.71, a stroke volume of 78, a blood pressure of 114 / 76 , and an ejection fraction of 52, what would be the best estimate their peak ventricular pressure in mmHg the ejection period? No units required
118
If your subject had an RR interval of 1.07, a stroke volume of 64, a blood pressure of 126 / 74 , and an ejection fraction of 54, what would be the best estimate their end diastolic volume in ml? You may estimate it the same way we did in lab. No units required
119
If your subject had an RR interval of 0.65, a stroke volume of 85, a blood pressure of 121 / 85 , and an ejection fraction of 61, what would be the best estimate their peak ventricular pressure in mmHg the ejection period? No units required
125
If your subject had an RR interval of 0.56, a stroke volume of 61, a blood pressure of 141 / 72 , and an ejection fraction of 51, what would be the best estimate their peak aortic pressure in mmHg the ejection period? No units required
143
If your subject had an RR interval of 0.84, a stroke volume of 89, a blood pressure of 142 / 67 , an ejection fraction of 57, and the duration of their ventricular systole waas 0.21, what percent of their cardiac cycle is spent in ventricular systole? You may estimate it the same way we did in lab. No units required
25
Your subject's heart is beating once every 0.83 seconds. Their heart is pumping out 5.0 liters of blood from the heart every minute. After every beat of the heart, there is still 50 milliliters of blood left in the ventricle. The minimum pressure recorded during diastole is 58 millimeters of mercury and every time blood is ejected the pressure increases by 25 millimeters fo mercury from this point. What is this subject's pulse pressure? (no units required)
25
If your subject had an RR interval of 0.71, a stroke volume of 83, a blood pressure of 107 / 74 , an ejection fraction of 50, and the duration of their ventricular systole waas 0.20, what percent of their cardiac cycle is spent in ventricular systole? You may estimate it the same way we did in lab. No units required
28
Your subject's heart is beating once every 1.00 seconds. Their heart is pumping out 5.6 liters of blood from the heart every minute. After every beat of the heart, there is still 53 milliliters of blood left in the ventricle. The minimum pressure recorded during diastole is 69 millimeters of mercury and every time blood is ejected the pressure increases by 35 millimeters fo mercury from this point. What is this subject's pulse pressure? (no units required)
35.0
If your subject had an RR interval of 0.78, a stroke volume of 89, a blood pressure of 104 / 77 , an ejection fraction of 58, and the duration of their ventricular systole waas 0.28, what percent of their cardiac cycle is spent in ventricular systole? You may estimate it the same way we did in lab. No units required
36
If your subject had an RR interval of 0.77, a stroke volume of 59, a blood pressure of 128 / 78 , and an ejection fraction of 63, what would be the best estimate their venous return in liters per minute? Assume the subject is completely healthy. Calculate to the nearest tenth. No units required
4.6
Your subject's cardiac output is 5.8 L/min , their heart rate is 69 bpm, and their blood pressure is 109/68. Estimate their heart's oxygen demand? (no units required)
7,521
Your subject's heart is beating once every 0.89 seconds. Their heart is pumping out 6.4 liters of blood from the heart every minute. After every beat of the heart, there is still 48 milliliters of blood left in the ventricle. The minimum pressure recorded during diastole is 64 millimeters of mercury and every time blood is ejected the pressure increases by 48 millimeters fo mercury from this point. What is this subject's stroke volume in ml (not L)? (no units required)
94.9
If observed, we would expect to hear S3 where relative to these points?
After time point Y
The cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test usually has two distinct phases in normotensive subjects (neither hyper- nor hypotensive), but is a little different for those who have hypertension (or those destined to develop hypertension). Which of the following is true of the cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test in hypertensive subjects?
BP goes up and then remains elevated
Filling of the ventricles would take place during what part of this figure?
Between points Y and V
Which of the following does NOT increase VR?
Dehydration
At what time point on this figure would we expect to see the T wave start?
Midway between points W and X
Which of the following pressures best represents the left ventricular pressure tracing?
N
Which of the following pressures best represents changes in left ventricular volume during the cardiac cycle?
O1
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the ventricles have started filling.
P wave --> 1st active filling of ventricles --> 2nd ventricles depolarize --> 3rd ventricular pressure begins to increase --> 4th period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction --> 5th
Match the heart sounds below:
S4- Abnormal, late filling of the ventricle S2- Normal, Semilunar valves closing S1- Normal, AV valves closing S3- Abnormal, early ventricular filling
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the ventricles have started filling.
SA node depolarizes -->1st increase in arterial pressure --> 2nd start of QRS complex -->3rd S1 -->4th volume of blood in ventricles stays constant (at end diastolic volume) --> 5th
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the AV valves close
beginning of ventricular ejection period --> 1st second heart sound --> 2nd start of passive filling of ventricles --> 3rd start of QRS complex --> 4th closing of the AV valves -- 5th
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the AV valves close.
beginning of ventricular ejection period --> 1st second heart soundn--> 2nd start of passive filling of ventricles --> 3rd start of QRS complex --> 4th closing of the AV valves --> 5th
The sympathetic nervous system's effects on the heart are acheived through binding of sympathetic neurotransmitters with ________.
beta-1-adrenergic receptors
The period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction would occur during what part of this figure?
between points V and W
If your subject had aortic stenosis we would hear an extra sound at what point?
between points W and X
Match the receptors/stimuli with the most appropriate cardiovascular responses/reflexes
initial response to the cold pressor test --> nociceptors modified tilt test --> baroreceptors rebreathing -->peripheral chemoreceptors detecting an increase in CO2 the diving reflex --> thermoreceptors
Which of the following is/are true about sympathetic nervous system effects on venous return (VR)?
it increases VR
Which of the following is/are true about sympathetic nervous system effects on total peripheral resistance?
its effect on TPR is accomplished especially through constriction of arterioles
Which of the following is/are related to the initital phase of the Valsalva maneuver (the part we observed in lab)?
the change in MAP that we observed was due to an increase in thoracic cavity pressure, which presses on the aorta, and transmits this elevated pressure through the arterial tree
In our rebreathing experiment, we had our subject put a bag over their mouth and nose and observed changes in heart rate and BP. Which of the following cardiovascular responses would be expected? (assume that the subject lets their nervous system dictate breathing responses.....yes, the response is a little different if the subject voluntarily supresses the normal, involuntary breathing response and voluntarily controlls breathing; how cool is that?) . - a decrease in heart rate - two of these answers - an increase in MAP - widespread vasoconstriction - as you would expect, with homeostaiss, there is little change in MAP during this response
two of these answers
Which of the follwing is/are a part of the normal response to face immersion (diving reflex)? - an increase in HR - two of these answers - an increase in MAP. - widespread vasoconstriction
two of these answers
Put the following events of ventricular systole in order (Note: not some events are not presented here)
ventricular muscle cells depolarize --> 1st calcium enters cardiac muscle cell cytoplasm through dihydropyridine receptors --> 2nd calcium enters cardiac muscle cell cytoplasm through ryanodine receptors --> 3rd pressure in ventricles becomes higher than pressure in the atria --> 4th first heart sound occurs -->5th pressure in ventricles becomes higher than pressure in the aorta -->6th
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the ventricles depolarize.
ventricular volume begins to decrease --> 1st Ventricular pressure begins to fall --> 2nd ventricular volume stays constant (ventricle filled with end systoliv volume of blood) --> 3rd ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure --> 4th passive filling of ventricles begins --> 5th
In our rebreathing experiment, we had our subject put a bag over their mouth and nose and observed changes in heart rate and BP. Which of the following cardiovascular responses would be expected? (assume that the subject lets their nervous system dictate breathing responses.....yes, the response is a little different if the subject voluntarily supresses the normal, involuntary breathing response and voluntarily controlls breathing; how cool is that?)
widespread vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles