Final exam nutrition

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To maintain a steady supply of glucose to body cells, the process of____________ frees glucose from its storage from in the muscle and liver

Glycogenolysis

8 step enzymatic process that concerts 1 glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate molecules

Glycolysis

The first step of carbohydrate catabolism is

Glycolysis

Insulin is a

Hormone

This enzyme breaks down the triglycerides stored in adipose tissue to release fatty acids into the bloodstream

Hormone sensitive lipase

This 3 carbon molecule travels through the blood to the liver, where it can be converted to glucose by the _________ cycle

Cori

Kilocalories dried in the muscles

1200-1600 kcal

The net yield of oxidation if 1 glucose molecule via glycolysis is ___ ATP

2

Kilocalories stores in the liver

309-400 kcal

Kilocalories stoped un adipose tissue

80,000-100,009 kcal

Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion, where it is converted to _________________

Acetyl CoA

The high energy phosphate compound that cells use to perform work is

Adenosine triphosphate (atp)

Energy input in the form of atp is required for ____________ reactions

Anabolic

Gluconeogenesis is an example of an ___________ reaction

Anabolic

Metabolic pathways that build lager molecules from smaller ones are ____________ reactions

Anabolic

Metabolized to yield energy

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, alcohol

Beta oxidation of fatty acids is an example of ___________ reaction

Catabolic

Chemical and heat energy are released as a result of ___________ reactions

Catabolic

Metabolic pathways that break down large molecules into smaller ones are ___________ reactions

Catabolic

6 step enzymatic process that oxidizes acetyl coA to yield high energy electrons that can be used to power atp synthesis

Citric acid cycle

___________ is an aerobic process

Citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

Series of linked enzymes in the mitochondrial membrane that uses high energy electrons to power atp synthesis

Electron transport chain

Oxidation if an amino acid via the citric acid cycle yields just as much atp as oxidation if glucose

False

Protein consumed in excess of body needs will be stored as amino acids in skeletal muscle

False

Overall, when carbohydrate intake is excessive, lipogenesis ___________

Increases

When carbohydrate consumption exceeds the body's immediate needs for energy, glycogenesis __________

Increases

when Glycogen stores are full, use of glucose energy ___________ and oxidation if fat fro energy _____________

Increases; decreases

Potential cause of fatty liver disease

Insulin resistance

What hormones regulate human metabolism

Insulin, epinephrine, thyroid hormone

Biochemical pathways that are active during periods of prolonged starvation

Ketogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis, gluconeogensis

Under anaerobic conditions, such as intense exercise, pyruvate is converted to ___________

Lactate

These factors can lead to ketosis

Poorly controlled diabetes, very low carbohydrate diet, starvation

The primary sites of glycogen storage

Skeletal muscle, liver

This storage site can yield the greatest amount of energy

Triglycerides in the adipose tissue

Cannot be metabolized to yield energy

Vitamins, minerals

__________ is an Anaerobic process

glycolysis


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