Final exam nutrition
To maintain a steady supply of glucose to body cells, the process of____________ frees glucose from its storage from in the muscle and liver
Glycogenolysis
8 step enzymatic process that concerts 1 glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate molecules
Glycolysis
The first step of carbohydrate catabolism is
Glycolysis
Insulin is a
Hormone
This enzyme breaks down the triglycerides stored in adipose tissue to release fatty acids into the bloodstream
Hormone sensitive lipase
This 3 carbon molecule travels through the blood to the liver, where it can be converted to glucose by the _________ cycle
Cori
Kilocalories dried in the muscles
1200-1600 kcal
The net yield of oxidation if 1 glucose molecule via glycolysis is ___ ATP
2
Kilocalories stores in the liver
309-400 kcal
Kilocalories stoped un adipose tissue
80,000-100,009 kcal
Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion, where it is converted to _________________
Acetyl CoA
The high energy phosphate compound that cells use to perform work is
Adenosine triphosphate (atp)
Energy input in the form of atp is required for ____________ reactions
Anabolic
Gluconeogenesis is an example of an ___________ reaction
Anabolic
Metabolic pathways that build lager molecules from smaller ones are ____________ reactions
Anabolic
Metabolized to yield energy
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, alcohol
Beta oxidation of fatty acids is an example of ___________ reaction
Catabolic
Chemical and heat energy are released as a result of ___________ reactions
Catabolic
Metabolic pathways that break down large molecules into smaller ones are ___________ reactions
Catabolic
6 step enzymatic process that oxidizes acetyl coA to yield high energy electrons that can be used to power atp synthesis
Citric acid cycle
___________ is an aerobic process
Citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
Series of linked enzymes in the mitochondrial membrane that uses high energy electrons to power atp synthesis
Electron transport chain
Oxidation if an amino acid via the citric acid cycle yields just as much atp as oxidation if glucose
False
Protein consumed in excess of body needs will be stored as amino acids in skeletal muscle
False
Overall, when carbohydrate intake is excessive, lipogenesis ___________
Increases
When carbohydrate consumption exceeds the body's immediate needs for energy, glycogenesis __________
Increases
when Glycogen stores are full, use of glucose energy ___________ and oxidation if fat fro energy _____________
Increases; decreases
Potential cause of fatty liver disease
Insulin resistance
What hormones regulate human metabolism
Insulin, epinephrine, thyroid hormone
Biochemical pathways that are active during periods of prolonged starvation
Ketogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis, gluconeogensis
Under anaerobic conditions, such as intense exercise, pyruvate is converted to ___________
Lactate
These factors can lead to ketosis
Poorly controlled diabetes, very low carbohydrate diet, starvation
The primary sites of glycogen storage
Skeletal muscle, liver
This storage site can yield the greatest amount of energy
Triglycerides in the adipose tissue
Cannot be metabolized to yield energy
Vitamins, minerals
__________ is an Anaerobic process
glycolysis