Final exam - psychodiagnostics
What is Roschach?
10 inkblot tests
What are the common features of the Weschler test? How many subtests, which composite scores
13-15 subtests Verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed
How many subtests does the WAIS-IV (and WISC-IV) have and how many are used for IQ and how many for additional clinical information?
15, 10 for IQ and 5 for additional information
What century did experimental psychology become most important?
1800
For what ages are the WPPSI-IV appropriate?
2 1/2 years to the age of 7 years and 7 months
How large is the percentage of children with disabilities or other defined characteristics that are included in the standardization sample of the WISC-IV?
5.7%
What is a "rapport" in an exam setting?
A compertable, warm atmosphere that motivates examinees.
What is the assumption of IQ constancy?
A formula based on the assumption that IQ remains stable with normal aging
What is the "army beta"
A nonverbal group test for illiterate people and recruits with another first language than English
What is the difference between a norm-referenced test and a criterion-referenced test?
A norm reference test compares the scores of one individual to the scores of the average. A criterion-referenced test compares the scores of an individual to a criterion set by the examiner.
What is the phenomenological theorist Carl Rogers Q-technique?
A procedure for studying changes in the self-concept.
What is a factor matrix?
A table of all correlations amongst the factors (factor loadings), the influence of each variable on each factor. It measures how many concepts are measured with the test
What is a correlation matrix?
A table of all the intercorrelations in the analysis
What is "eduction"?
A term by Charles Spearman that means "figuring things out"
How is a test a behavior sample?
A test can only use samples of one's knowledge, not see one's total ability. For example, vocabulary may be tested using 10 words on a questionnaire
What is the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory?
According to this theory, intelligence concists of 3 stratums/levels. Stratum III being general intelligence, stratum II being 8 broad categories: fluid, crystallized, visuo-spatial abilities, domainspecific knowledge, auditory processing, broad retrieval memory, cognitive processing speed, decision/reaction time And finally, stratum I is 70 narrow abilities within these 8 categories.
Who replaced Cattell's intelligence testing?
Alfred Binet
What is the difference between Sternberg's operational and real / technical definition of intelligence?
An operational definition defines the concept in terms of the way it is measured. Real definitions aim to explain the essence and the true nature of the concept of intelligence.
What did Christian Thomasius come up with?
Applying rating scales for psychological variables
What 3 abilities did Charles Spearman believe g "general intelligence" reflected?
Apprehension of experience Eduction of relations Eduction of correlations
What did Thurnstone create?
Aptitude tests
How does Spearman define intelligence?
As a general ability, involving mainly the appraisal of relations and correlates
What is meant by "rotation to positive manifold"?
As many negative factor loadings are removed as possible.
Who defined "individual psychology" and when? What is it?
Binet in 1891 The replacement of elementary sensory processes with higher psychological processes
What are the core subtests of the WISC-IV?
Block design, similarities, digit span, picture Concepts, Coding, Vocabulary, Letter-Number, Sequencing, Matrix Reasoning, Comprehension, Symbol Search.
Who is the most influential phenomenological theorist?
Carl Rogers
What are the two groups of test-taking behaviors on the Test Observation Checklist - TOC?
Characteristics: traits that are supposed to affect the situation, such as motor skills, activity level, attention. All children have them. Specific behaviors: frustration tolerance, mood, mindset. Negative effect on performance
What were some Rudimentary Forms of Testing in China in 2200 B.C.?
Civil law, military affairs, agriculture, revenue, and geography via quite rigorous techniques including isolation of many days.
What are the uses of testing?
Classification into a category, Diagnosis and treatment, Self-knowledge for e.g. career, Program evaluation, Research
Which five domains are tested with the Bayley-III and which ages are tested with this?
Cognitive, language, motor, social-emotional and adaptive scales. 1-42 months of age.
What are the three aspects of Sternberg's Triarchic theory of successful intelligence? Componential, experiential, contexual.
Componential theory - metacomponents, performance, knowledge, acquisition. Experiential - novelty exploration Contexual - adaption, selection, shaping
What is the difference between Confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis?
Confirmatory FA attempts to fit test scores and variables into a certain pattern predicted by theory, whilst Exploratory FA summarizes interrelationships among a large group of variables in a concise manner in order to aid the conceptualization of the analysis
What are the three elements of informed consent?
Disclosure, competency, and voluntariness
What does the Test Observation Checklist (TOC) summarize?
Essential information about child test-taking behaviors
What kind of test is a Draw-A-Person-Test (DAP) and the Three-House-Person-Test (HTP)?
Expression technique test
How many factors is there of intelligence in the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale? Which are they?
Five: fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory
Who is the father of mental testing?
Francis Galton
What German physician created phrenology?
Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828)
Who investigated the psychological variables that put individuals at higher risk of coronary heart disease?
Friedman and Rosenman (1974)
When does IQ start to become more predictive of future IQ (what age)?
From 2+ years, typically preschool tests can predict future iq
What is the score range of the Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank?
From good adjustment to very poor adjustment
What was Charles Spearmans two kinds of intelligence?
General intelligence/general factor g Specific factors
Who developed the Psychograph and what was it designed to do?
Hency C. Lavery, it was built to measure the skull form
What variables make up a Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern?
Impatience Hostility Dominance Multitasking
What are the subtests of the Weschler intelligence scale? and what do they measure?
Information (factual knowledge, memory and learning) Digit span (digits forwards, digits backwards - immediate auditory recall, attention) Vocabulary Arithmetic Comprehension Similarities Letter-number sequencing (attention, concentration, distractability) Picture completion (WPPSI-IV and WISC-IV) Picture concepts (WPPSI-IV and WISC-IV) - abstract categorical reasoning Block design (spatial relations, visuo-motor coordination, logic) Object assembly (Only WIPPSI-III) (perceptual organization) Coding (only WISC-IV) - producing distinctive verbal codes, immediate learning Symbol search (processing speed) Cancellation (WISC-IV) processing speed, vigilance (alert watchfulness), visual attenion Visual puzzles (WAIS-IV) visual-spatial analysis, mental rotation Figure Weights (WAIS-IV) quantitative and analogical reasoning
What is the PASS theory: Planning, attention, simultaneous, and successive? What was Aleksandr Luria's contribution to this, what were his three functional units in the brain?
It is an information processing theory. Aleksandr identified three functional units in the brain. Unit 1 - Brainstem, midbrain, thalamus (attentional processes) Unit 2 - Sensory portions of cerebral cortex (Parietal, temporal and occipital lobe) You Process information simultaneously when you must execute different mental operations at the same time, sucessi
Is TAT a test or a method, why?
It is just a method to acquire information, due to the fact that it has no standardized procedure.
What is the "routing procedure" that SB5 traditionally uses?
It is the establishment of the general cognitive ability of the subject before the test starts.
Who published what text that contained guidelines regarding how to judge a character based on their facial appearance?
Johann Lavater (1741-1804) published the Essays on Physiognomy.
What is Howard Gardner's theory of Multiple Intelligences; what seven natural intelligences does he suggest there are?
Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersnal.
What are intelligence tests?
Measures an individual's ability in relatively global areas such as verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, reasoning etc.
What is the Thurstone personality schedule?
Measuring neuroticism
Who developed the TAT?
Murray
What are the Five-Factor model of personality, the big five?
Neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness
What four personality dimensions are measured with the Bernreuter Personality inventory?
Neuroticism, self-sufficiency, introversion-extraversion, and dominance-submission
What are the two distinct domains of the Stanford-Binet intelligence scales (SB5)?
Nonverbal and verbal
What does a single aptitude test measure?
One ability.
What is the TAT - Thematic Apperception Test, construction technique test?
One sees pictures of people in various settings and doing various activities, and one must make up stories for them.
What is Guilford's Structure-of-Intelligence-Model? What are the three dimensions of intellectual abilities "operations, contents, and products"?
Operations - This refers to the intellectual abilities needed for the operation of the test, e.g. cognition, memory Contents - Nature of materials and information in test, e.g. symbolic, semantic, auditory Products - the structures in the brain that must derive the correct answer
What are creativity tests assessing?
Original thinking & the capacity to find unusual solutions for rather fuzzy problems.
What is the architectural system of information processing? What three abilities are included in this system? (CDE)
Our brain, our hardware, our biological properties necessary for information processing. Capacity, durability, efficiency
What test is designed to measure vocabulary, rather than intelligence, and is used for non-reading subjects?
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-IV (PPVT-4)
What are the supplemental subtests of the WISC-IV?
Picture completion, cancellation, information, arithmetic, word reasoning
What did P.E Vernon do?
Provided an approach which combined both Thurnstone's and Spearman's idea by proposing a hierarchical group factor theory, where g was at the top, followed by several minor group factors resembling the primary mental abilities by Thurnstone.
What are the different kinds of defense mechanisms proposed by Freud: psychotic, acting out, borderline, neurotic, obsessive, mature?
Psychotic: gross denial of external reality Acting out: maladaptive behaviors including impulsive actions. Borderline: splitting the image of others into good and bad Neurotic: minor reality disortion such as repression Obsessive: Somewhat adaptive behaviors Mature: minor reality distortion such as sublimation (transforming socially unacceptable desires into socially acceptable ones
What is Catell's differentiation between surface traits and source traits?
Surface traits = obvious traits Source trats = stable and constant sources of behavior
Who produced the Stanford-Binet test? What was new about it?
Terman and his associates It was suitable for children with mental handicap, average children and above average adults
Which test is a non-verbal test that is used to assess intelligence in individuals who do not speak English, have autism, brain injury, speech impairment, etc?
The Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised (LIPS-R)
What are Binet & Simon's definition of intelligence?
The ability to understand, to judge well, and to reason
What is "rotation to simple structure"?
The aim is to have the test load on as few factors as possible, so the computer seeks to simplify the factor loadings
What is physiognomy?
The assumption that we can infer visual characteristics on internal characteristics.
What is Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence?
The idea that intelligence means the successful adaption to the environment, in order to achieve ones goals and the goals of the society and culture which one belongs to. The thriarchic component of the theory refers to the componential intelligence, experiential intelligence, and contexual intelligence.
What was Galton & Catell's "sensory keenness theory of intelligence"?
The idea that the underlying mechanism of intelligence is the keenness of senses
What is Freud's theory of protective techniques?
The idea that traumatic experiences are suppressed in the subconscious and affect us and cause mental illness
What idea was James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944)'s type of intelligence testing based on?
The notion that physiological strength was inseperable from mental strength.
What are personality tests based on?
The personal data sheet by woodworth from 1919
What did Bandura create?
The self-efficacy theory
What are the "functional components" of information processing?
The software that allows us to process information, e.g. knowledge schemes
What did Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C.) say that can be applied to physiognomy?
The soul and body sympathize with one another, and such the inner soul would change the outer appearance and vise versa.
What is a psychologists "duty to warn"?
There are cases where patient-psychologist confidentiality must be broken in order to report any serious threat to the victim and/or law enforcement agencies
What are achievement tests?
They are measurements of a person's degree of learning, success or accomplishment in a school subject or task. e.g. exam
What is the emphasis of phenomenological theories of personality?
They emphasize the importance of immediate, personal, and subjective experience as a determinant for our behavior.
What are screening tests?
They help identify people with increased risk for a condition or disease
What are interest inventories and what may they be used for?
They measure an individual's preference for certain activities or topics & thereby help determine occupational choice.
What are behavioral procedures?
They measure behavior, such as it's frequency & identifying antecedents and consequences of behavior. May be used if a child has a behavior problem at home, for example
What are neuropsychological tests?
They measure cognitive, sensory, perceptual and motor performance to determine the extent, locus, and behavioral consequences or brain damage.
What are personality tests?
They measure someones traits, qualities, and behaviors.
Why did Alfred Binet & Victor H. Simon create the first intelligence test?
To identify special needs children.
What were brass instruments used for?
To measure reaction time and sensory thresh hold in the 1800's
What do you call psychological variables that put individuals at higher risk of coronary heart disease?
Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern.
What is the contrast of Type A personality?
Type B personality, easy going, non-competitive, and relaxed
Define the primary mental abilities that Thurstone believed were the group factors in the results of intelligence testing? Verbal comprehension, word fluency, number, space, associative memory, perceptual speed, inductive reasoning
Verbal comprehension - vocabulary Word fluency - naming words Number - Simple arithmetic computation Space - visualizing how a 3D object would appear if rotated Associative memory - learning how to associate items Perceptual speed - seeing similarities & difficulties in visual details Inductive reasoning - finding rules in a number series completing test
What are the four domains of WAIS-IV based on factor analysis?
Verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed
What di the Army Alpha consist of? 8 tests.
Verbally loaded tests: Rithmetical reasoning, practical judgment, synonym antonym pairs, disarranged sentences, number of series in completion, analogies, information
What is the WAIS-IV?
Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale
What is the WISC-IV?
Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children
What is the WPPSI-IV?
Weschler Preschool and Primary School of Intelligence
When are procedures standardized?
When the procedures for administering it are uniform from one examiner and setting to another.
What is the "reaction time-movement time (RT-MT) apparatus"
rt - removing finger at time of sound mt - placing finger to turn light off
What are the two ways in which one could interpret a Sentence Completion Test?
subjective-intuitively, where you analyze underlying motivations of the completion of the sentence objectively, where you assign scores and compare them to norm scores
