HWST STUDY GUIDE

What kind of cordage was most commonly used to tie pieces of the wa'a together?

'Aha cordage

What kind of cordages were commonly used for hale? Which ones were preferred/most used for housing? What kind of cordages were used for temporary housing?

'Ahu'awa, 'uki'uki, 'ie'ie, 'aha The most common of the cordages, 'aha (sennit), came from the niu kafa (woody coconut). The thickness of coconut fibers, combined with their relative water resistance, made 'aha an excellent material for use on canoes.

Be able to point out and/or define, what is an 'iako, ama, manu ihu, manu hope, kua mo'o, mo'o and pali ka'i on a picture of a wa'a kaukahi.

'Iako (spars, boom)- separation Ama (float/outrigger)- balance Manu Hope and Manu Ihu (curved end pieces covering the fore and aft of the hull; to steer the canoe) Kua mo'o (canoe heel gunwale) Mo'o (gunwale) Pali ka'i (splash guard)

What traits makes the Kona-style of ki'i different from other Hawaiian ki'i?

KONA-STYLE OF KI'I: Most famous style of ki'i, Most elaborate and distinct form, Particular to Kona area of Hawai'i Island, Enlarged head, Hair elaboration, Generally snarling face, Flared nostrils of nose, Eyes dislocated, Only 12 true examples left

What woods were generally used/favored for weapons?

Kauila, uhiuhi, naio, mamane, koai'a, olopua, mehamehame, 'Ōhiʻa

What are the two common categories of wa'a discussed in class?

Kaukahi (single-hulled with an outrigger) Kaulua (double-hulled

What are the main parts of a hale?

Pouomanu (center post) Kua'iole (upper ridge pole) Kauhuhu (main ridge pole) Pou hana (ridge post) Pou kukuna (wall posts- left) Pou kihi (córner post) Lohelau (wall plate) Pou Kaha (wall post- right) Lohelau kua (wall plate) Holo (diagonal brace) O'a (rafters) Ilio (spandrel)

What weapons were unique to Hawaiʻi?

Pāhoa - Daggers Pīkoi - Tripping Clubs Lei 'o Manō - Shark Tooth Weapons (preferably the shapes/styles)

What is the Hawaiian word for weapons?

Mea Kaua

What does lā'au lapa'au mean?

Medicine and medical practice (larger perspective: trees and plants)

What are Hawaiian religious images generally called?

Tiki

What kinds of thatching were often used in drier environments? What thatchings were more commonly used in wet environments?

Pili, loulu (for dryer environments), kī, hala (for wetter environments)

What is the difference between a gabled and hip roof hale?

A hip roof slopes on all sides, usually four, and results in a pyramidal shape. Hip roofs are commonly found in high wind and snow regions. They are very sturdy and come in a variety of styles. On the other hand, a gable roof slopes on two sides and connects to the specialized walls known as gables.

What is palu? What plants were often used for palu?

A relish made of head or stomach of fish, with kukui relish, garlic, chili peppers; fish bait made of fish head or stomach, also used for chumming. The palu was a bait mixture of ground fish, octopus ink, and plants. The palu was tied to a hook and wrapped in a coconut leaf, attached to the stone, and dropped into the sea.

What birds were used for the making of mahiole (helmets) and ahu'ula (capes)? What plant materials were used in the construction of mahiole and ahu'ula?

Helmets- 'i'iwi and mamo feathers ('ie 'ie foundation, human hair) Capes- i'iwi and mamo feathers (olona net backing)

What Hawaiian instruments were made of 'ohe? Be able to identify each.

'Ohe Hano Ihu (Hawaiian Nose Flute) Kāʻekeʻeke- made of bamboo section where one end is cut open and the other is left closed. They are used in pairs, with one longer section accompanied by a short section, which creates different tones when you hit them on the ground. Pūʻili - Bamboo Rattle (instruments that are made of split bamboo that rustle when you hit them together. Changing the amount you split the bamboo can create different sounds. This is still a very common hula implement to this day.)

What kinds of woods were preferred for smaller ki'i?

'Ulu

What plants were used to paint the hull of the wa'a?

'akoko: paint, dye 'uhaloa: paint, dye 'aka'akai: paint, dye 'ama'u: paint, dye olona: lashing 'ie'ie: lashing niu: sennit, water-sealant hala: sails, covers ipu: bailer koa: hull, manu, seats, gunnels, spar, mast, paddles 'ulu: hull, manu, gunnels, seats, caulking kukui: hulls, paint hau: 'iako (outrigger boom), ama (outrigger float), boom, paddles wiliwili: ama (outrigger float)

What is the Hawaiian word for hula dancer? What plants were used for the hula alter?

'olapa and the plants on the hula altar are a block of lama swatched in yellow kapa scented with olena. 'Ohi'a lehua for Laka, 'ie 'ie for Lauka, halapepe for Kapo, maile for the Maile sisters, palapai fern for Hi'iaka

What are other materials besides wood were used to make kiʻi?

'Ōhi'a wood - medium to large images 'Ulu wood - Larger images Kauila wood - smaller images Human Hair (Lau'oho) Mother of pearl - Eyes Human teeth

You should know the following parts of a waʻa kaukahi

Aha- senneit cord made of Coconut husks or Aho- lashing, Ama- outrigger float (outside of the canoe), 'iako- outrigger booms (connects to the ama), kahuna kalai wa'a- master canoe building expert, kaupo'i- medium bow cover (end of the canoe), kua mo'o- canoe keel (bottom of canoe), Manu hope- back of canoe, Manu ihu- nose of the canoe, mo'o- the gunnels (middle), noho'ana wa'a- canoe seats, Pali Kai- breakwater on top of the canoe in the front (near Manu ihu), pepeiao- cleats or attachment points (connects ama and iako together to the canoe), wa'a kaulua- double-hulled canoe, wae wa'a- canoe spreader (opposite side of pepeiao)

What were some the main types of fish fished for by the Hawaiian people? How were the smaller fish mentioned stored?

Ahi, also called Yellowfin Tuna. Aku, also called Skipjack Tuna. Blue Marlin. Mahi Mahi, also called Dorado or Dolphin Fish. Ono, also called Wahoo. Sailfish Striped Marlin

What are kiʻi aumakua?

Ancestral or Less Deity Carvings Smaller ki'i People often had shrines for 'aumakua Few people had carved images Much smaller than temple ki'i 1-2ʻ or so Usually well sanded/polished Often made of kauila Usually placed in menʻs house

What is a melomelo? What would it be used for? What kind of wood would it be made out of?

Club used as lure; it was smeared with bait, such as roasted ʻalaʻala heʻe, roasted coconut flesh, or various aromatic leaves; let down in the water, it was believed to attract fish to a net. Also mākālei. hoʻo.melo.melo To prepare this club; to use this club. Acácia koaia

What are newa? What kinds of materials are were newa usually made of? How did the differ from newa in other parts of the Pacific?

Clubs Heavy hardwoods (Uhiuhi/Kauila) or stone Not as ornate as other parts of the Pacific

What made the hale of aliʻi different from those of commoners?

Commoner hale for women had only one door, while the man's house has 2 doors and if he were a chief, he'd have 3 doors

What is a composite hook? What would it be made of?

Composite hooks include the points used on aku lures and squid lures. They were usually made out of bone. ... The lures were made out of pearl shell, and the color of the shell was very important to the Hawaiian fishermen.

What are pāhoa? What kinds of materials were used to make pāhoa?

Daggers Made of hardwoods (Koaiʻa, uhiuhi, kauila, olopua, naio, etc.) or marlin spikes

Hīna'i (Fish) traps were made of what material?

Eoff weaves hina'i at the water's edge because 'ie'ie is too stiff when it's dry. Once woven, Eoff dyes the traps with a stain made from kukui bark, which both camouflages and preserves them. The size of the trap depends of course on the fish it's designed to catch.

What are 'Aumakua Hulu Manu? What materials were they made of? Which major god do most of this type of ki'i depict?

Feathered gods (split 'ie'ie roots, 'olona cordage net for feathers ('i'iwi), eyes made of shell, human hair sometimes added, teeth usually of a 'ilio (dog) or shark. Depicted as Kū

What is a lūhe'e? What was it used for? What kind of materials would it be made of?

Fishing for he'e, or octopus, involved a dance between the he'e and a luhe'e (octopus lure). ... When the two matched in beauty, and they swayed in dance in the ocean, the he'e came to watch the joyful dance. An octopus lure was made of three things: A rock to sink the lure, a cowry as the bait, and a hook to catch the octopus.

What are the main types of hale and their uses?

Hale mua (men's house) Hale noa (sleeping house)- considerably a free house Hale pe'a (menstruation house) Hale'aina (eating house- separated by gender. Also a general purpose area- women and children doing hand work requiring their attention) Hale wa'a (canoe house)- canoes were completed and other woodworking took place

What is the word for a sail, what was it made of and what style of sail was found in Hawai'i?

Hepea The Hawaiian Pe'a or La, was made out of lauhala, the leaves of the Hala Tree. Strips of Lauhala were woven into a mat averaging 16 inches wide. These mat panels, called 'ie, were overlapped horizontally then sewn together to create the sail. "The landmark was built around 1970 in the shape of an old-fashioned canoe sail, representing the ocean and sky."

What do shark hooks look like? How are they distinct compared to other makau?

Hook Gap: Let us start out by defining what we mean as the hook gap. (The distance between the hook point and the shank of the hook.) Wire Gauge of Hook( Defined as the thickness of the hook) Bait Size Targeted Shark and Hook size. Even today, anglers hesitate to show their hooks and lures to competing fishermen. ... bone hook of a half- inch long to the large wooden shark hooks of eight inches. ... Another type of composite hooks held squid lure.

What types of feathers were the most prized for making capes and mahiole?

I'iwi, mamo, 'Ō'ō

What two plants were used as fish poisons in old Hawai'i?

In Old Hawai'i, fish trapped in tidal pools at low tide were sometimes caught with mild toxins obtained from the 'auhuhu bush, a legume known in many parts of the Pacific, and some 'akia, a group of endemic shrubs and trees.

Be able to recognize the main instruments discussed in the hula lecture.

Ipu - Hekeʻole (Single-Simple Ipu) Heke- Made of two gourds glued together 'Ūlili- unusual instruments in hula. A cord in the middle gourd is wrapped around a stick going that goes through two other gourds filled with seeds. When pulled it creates a "whirring" rain-like sound. ʻUlīʻulī (Gourd rattles)

What are the primary uses of the plants discussed in the lā'au lapa'au video with Kumu Levon 'Ohai? - Kaunaʻoa, Koali 'Awa, 'Alaʻalawai nui. Especially study those that are in the slides/in the video.

Kauna'oa or Kaunao'a (helps to strengthen the womb during childbirth) 'Ahu'awa (Bottom of stalk chewed for vitamins/thrush(ʻea), Mixed with other herbs for treating of STIs, Mixed with lama kuahiwi as powder and rubbed onto wounds, Runny nose - inhaling ʻahuʻawa powder) Ko'oko'olau (Leaves used to make juice or tea, Used to treat diabetes, general health) 'Ala'alawainui (Used to treat reproductive problems) Akoko (Used to treat problems with reproduction i.e. miscarriages, irregular ma'i, etc.) Hinahina kū mekokoikapali (This species used to treat paralysis and nerve damage) Koali 'Awa (Used to treat fractures, sprains, bruises, wounds tears, etc.) Pohe Kula (Used to treat mental illness/instability) Laukahi (Used to treat as poultice for wounds)

Anatomy of an Outrigger Canoe (PART 2)

Kaupo'i (median bow cover) Pepeiao (cleats/attachment points) Noho'ana wa'a (seats) Aha aho (lashing) Kahuna Kalai wa'a (canoe building expert)

What god was Kamehameha put in charge of that was represented by an 'Aumakua Hulu Manu?

Kūkaʻilimoku

What is lua? What is a lua master called? Who trained in lua?

Lua: "the pit," "two" 'Olohe - Graduated teacher of lua Taught only to Ali'i and warriors (koa)

What kinds of woods were used for larger ki'i?

Made of Ōhi'a

List each of the canoe plants that the first Hawaiians brought with them to Hawai'i. What are the primary uses of each?

Mai'a: rich in potassium and helps maintain fluid levels in the body and regulates the movement of nutrients and waste products in and out of cells and also helps muscles to contract and nerve cells to respond. Betel nut: Is chewed and is also wrapped in a betel leaf Betel pepper: The primary use of betel leaf is as a wrap for chewing of betel nut or tobacco where it is mainly used to add flavour, medicinal uses: The leaves, roots and seeds are all used for medicinal purposes in Asia. 'Ulu: a high carbohydrate vegetable and a good source of calcium and vitamins. The milky sap of this tree can be used medicinally to heal cuts, scratches, and other skin diseases. Applied to the skin, the sap can also be used as to soothe wind- cracked or scaly skin. Niu: Dried coconut flesh called copra, and the oil and milk derived from it are commonly used in cooking - frying in particular - as well as in soaps and cosmetics. The hard shells, fibrous husks and long pinnate leaves can be used as material to make a variety of products for furnishing and decoration. Ipu: commonly used for a wide variety of crafts, including jewelry, furniture, dishes, utensils and a wide variety of decorations using carving, burning and other techniques. Hau: very useful plant. Its bast fibers can be used for cordage, its light wood for the spars of outriggers and floats for fishnets Kamani: its strong timber, which boat builders of former times used for hulls and keels, and its nuts, which were used for lamp oil, skin problems, and massage. Kou: planted around houses and living areas to give shade in the hot coastal areas and provide wood for carving and flowers for leis. Kukui: The sap, which is found when the stem is broken off of the green flesh surrounding the nut, was used to treat chapped lips, cold sores, and other mouth sores and thrush in children. Roasted, mashed kukui nuts, and kukui leaves, were used as a topical cure for rheumatic joints or deep bruises as well. Milo: The bark was used for cordage and the fruit was used to make dyes. The bark was used for cordage and the fruit was used to make dyes. The leaves and flowers could even be eaten if tastier food was not available. Milo trees also provided deep shade on hot summer days. Noni: For many centuries they have used the roots, stems, bark, leaves, flowers and fruits of the noni plant to treat a number of conditions ranging from nausea and period pain to asthma and tuberculosis. Noni is also traditionally used as a "ghost medicine" based on the belief that ghosts are repelled by the fruit's odour. 'Ohia'a 'ai: used in traditional Hawaiian medicines. When mashed or chewed the bark of this tree was taken for sore throats. Bark liquid, combined with salt could be used to heal lacerations. Wood of the 'Ōhi'a ai was considered sacred in ancient Hawaii and was used to sculpt kii, religious images. 'Ohe: can be used for net spacers and net shuttles or hi'a ka 'upena Sago palm: Sago starch has a multitude of uses. Sago is widely used to produce sago pearls. Sago pearls can be boiled, either alone or mixed with other foods, and consumed directly as a carbohydrate source. Sago is also widely used, together with rice, corn, and potatoes, in the manufacture of noodles in Malaysia. Kō: alone as an emetic in large quantities; however, it is typically combined with other ingredients. The very young buds are a good medicine for pouring on deep cuts and wounds. Wauke: The chief use and the main purpose of its cultivation were the making of cloth. In Hawai'i, wauke made the softest, finest, and most durable kapa (tapa - bark cloth) for dress, bed sheets and for ceremonial purposes. Tahitian chestnut: The tree has uses in agroforestry in coastal and soil stabilisation, as an overstorey for crops needing shade, such as cocoa, and as a windbreak. The main products are the edible kernels and the timber. Trees over 25 years old can produce up to 75 kg of fruit a year. 'Ape: the corms and the frond bases or pith of a few species of ferns can be eaten, even the shoots Awapuhi: the shampoo ginger, as its sap, once squeezed from its blossom is used as a shampoo and body soap. 'Awapuhi could also be dried and pounded into a powder and used to perfume kapa. 'Awa: for physical healing and cleansing, medicinal purposes, and ritual offerings to the gods and ancestral spirits. It is an embedded cultural symbol that helps us to remember and practice one element of our Hawaiian identity. Kudzu: root, flower, and leaf are used to make medicine. It has been used in Chinese medicine since at least 200 BC. As early as 600 AD, it was used to treat alcoholism. Today, kudzu is used to treat alcoholism and to reduce symptoms of alcohol hangover, including headache, upset stomach, dizziness, and vomiting. Pia: famine food Pulach: The primary use of black haw today is to prevent menstrual cramps. The salicin in black haw may also be of use in pain relief. 'Ōlena: The rhizome is the plant organ that contains all the sought out qualities. 'Olena has been used to treat problems associated with problems of the skin and other organs due to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Kalo: Throughout the world, the kalo plant is grown for its starchy vegetable ​corm​, leaves and stem, all of which can be eaten after they are thoroughly cooked. Here in Hawaiʻi, kalo was primarily grown for its ​corm​or as most people call it, its 'root'. Tī: It is the most popular Cordyline species as an indoor potted plant and is used extensively by florists as cut green foliage for flower arrangements and decorative displays. It is also used as a food wrapping. Ti is an upright evergreen shrub with slender single or branched stems, growing up to 10 feet high. 'Uala: The leaves, stems and milky sap are used to treat ailments, and nursing mothers wore leis of 'uala with dripping sap to ensure good milk flow. 'Uala also is used to fatten pigs and as bait for catching 'opelu. The dried leaves can also be used as extra padding under lau hala or makaloa mats. Yams: any of several plant species of the genus Dioscorea (family Dioscoreaceae) grown for their edible tubers. Yams are native to warmer regions of both hemispheres, and several species are cultivated as staple food crops in the tropics. ... Yams are consumed as cooked starchy vegetables.

Anatomy of an Outrigger Canoe (PART 1)

Manu Hope and Manu Ihu (curved end pieces covering the fore and aft of the hull; to steer the canoe) 'Iako (spars, boom) Ama (float/outrigger) Noho (seat) Mo'o (gunwale)- Kua (canoe heel) Pali Kai (splash guard) Kino (body) Wae (spreaders)- wa'a (canoe spreaders), Kaula (rigging)

What are the kinolau of the goddesses Laka and Hi'iaka?

Many different plants, such as 'ohi'a 'ai, palapai fern

More examples of lā'au lapa'au plants

Nioi Hawaiian Chili Pepper (headaches, pain, cold tinctures) Laukahi (Used to treat as poultice for wounds, Tea for high blood pressure) 'Uhaloa (Used for various respiratory problems) 'Awa (Used for aches/pains, Helps relax muscles for lomi) 'Ōlena (Used commonly in tinctures/teas, Pounded then squeezed to extract juices) Pōpolo (Respiratory issues, Skin problems, Digestive tract problems) Noni (Young buds of leaves used for poultice, Mashed fruits sometimes used on various injuries, Leaves themselves used as bandages) Pohe Kula (Used to treat mental illness/instability) Koali 'Awa (Used to treat fractures, sprains, bruises, wounds tears, etc.) Hinahina kū mekokoikapali (Whole genus is commonly used in herbal medicine globally, This species used to treat paralysis and nerve damage) Akoko (Used to treat problems with reproduction i.e. miscarriages, irregular ma'i, etc.) 'Ala'alawainui (Used to treat reproductive problems) Ko'oko'olau (used to make juice or tea, Used to treat diabetes, general health)

What types of wood were used for housing?

Ohia Lehua, lama, naio, uhiuhi

What were some of the common types of cordage used for fishing line and nets? Which specific type was preferred?

Olona cordage (preferred), hau, 'aha, 'ahu'awa (temporary)

What kinds of wood and other materials were used to make makau?

Olona, mother of Pearl, bone, wood, pointed and barbed with small bones, or tortoise shell

What are 'ukēkē? What materials are they made of?

Only Hawaiian stringed instrument (Made of kauila, koaiʻa or ʻulei wood, Commonly related to romance, Niu or hau cordage, Played with mouth)

What are pahu? What materials were they often made of?

Pahu- drums (Almost always made of niu wood, Other materials - shark skin and 'aha, Pahu heiau - temple drum (largest drum)), Most pahu only a couple feet tall or less)

What is a hi'a? What kind of woods/materials would it be made of?

Pallets would be made of oak

What are pūniu? What materials are they made of?

Pūniu - Knee drum (Simple small drum tied to knee, Made from niu shells and cordage, Skin used was kala or shark skin)

What instruments were unique to Hawai'i compared to other parts of Polynesia?

Pūniu - Knee drum (knee drums made of coconut shells, kala or shark skin and various cordages (often 'aha). In Hawai'i a knotted piece of cordage is most often used to beat the drum, while in Tahiti, a wooden stick is used.) Ipu - Hekeʻole (Single-Simple Ipu)

Who would wear the ahu'ula and feathered mahiole?

Regalia (the ones of royal standards or one who is chiefly)

What are lei o manō? What materials were lei o manō usually made of? What type of shark tooth was typically used for lei o manō? How were they used?

Shark Tooth Weapons Made of dense/heavy woods, Niho Manō (Shark tooth), Mostly tiger shark, but rarely great-white, slicing weapon

What are kāhili?

Sign of an aliʻi/person of rank Tall kahili were part of royal processions Small kahili were held in the hand Made of wood, bone, turtle shell and/ivory Types of feathers varied greatly

What are maʻa? What kind of plant materials were used for maʻa?

Sling Braided from 'aha in some areas and/or hau

What are akua kāʻai?

Smaller images "Stick Images" Lit. means sash or girdle Portable ki'i usually with long stick base Generally smaller (3-24") Usually well polished "Slab" or "stick" form Used Sometimes used in more private ceremony Feathered gods are a form of Kā'ai

What are the main/unique characteristics found in Hawaiian ki'i?

Sometimes block of wood, i.e. Kalaipahoa Most often humanoid figure Could me minor god, major god, 'aumakua or unihipili Can be male or female Distinct from ki'i of other regions Size ranges from 1'to over 10' in height Wood type varied on purpose

What is the name for the canoe paddle and what kind of wood was it most often made of?

The Hawaiian name for the canoe paddle is called Hawaiian hoe and is specifically made of koa bark of the Koa tree

What is the difference between the pololū and 'ihe spears? What woods were preferred for Hawaiian spears?

Spears were favored weapon in Hawai'i Most other Polynesians clubs were more important Throw, thrust, parrying, used like a staff (various shapes/sizes) 'Ihe - Short Spear (thrusting and throwing, barbed or unbarbed, 6-8' in length, made of any hardwood (kauila preferred), butt-end rounded or pointed) Pololū - Long Spears (9-18 ft., 1.5-2" thick, usually bladed tips, kauila preferred, butt-end various shapes)

What are kalāʻau? What are they made of?

Sticks beat together (Usually two short sticks or one long and one short stick, Made of hardwoods i.e. kauila)

What are kaʻane? What kind of plant materials were often used to make kaʻane?

Strangling Cord 8-Ply 'Olona

What are the main types of thatching used?

Thatching poles: mamane, naio, etc. Thatching materials: pili, loulu, kī, hala

What types of woods were favored for the construction of a wa'a?

The favorite wood for making a paddle is koa, particularly the yellow-colored koa lāʻau maiʻa. The curly koa, or koaiʻe, is also highly valued. Other woods, such as ʻahakea, hau, kāwaʻu, naio, and ʻulu, are occasionally used for making paddles. But they are not as popular a wood as koa.

What do aku lures look like? What materials are they made of? What makes them unique compared to other Hawaiian makau?

The preferred method of catching this fish is by a traditional pole and line using live bait and barbless hooks. The Aku can often be found in large schools with young yellowfin and bigeye tuna. Pa, the aku lures of the Hawaiians, were trolled from a canoe and attracted a fish to bite. The lures were made out of pearl shell, and the color of the shell was very important to the Hawaiian fishermen.

What kinds of plants were used to make temporary nets?

The primary plant used to make cordage was olonā, touchardia latifolia. In fact, this plant was so important to the people, it is the only endemic non-food forest plant to be farmed and cultivated by the Hawaiian settlers.

Besides files and rasps, what was one of the most important tools to make a makau?

Traditionally carved from bone, wood, stone and coral, different makau were crafted to catch every single type of fish and sea creature; a craft which was often passed down through generations. Furthermore, materials like turtle shells were sought after for their strength and flexibility once crafted into a fish hook. Many fish hooks were made using two pieces lashed together, which created a stronger hook for securing bigger fish.

How does pule/spirituality relate to traditional Hawaiian medicine?

Traditionally, healing for the physical body cannot occur without setting right any problems within the mental or spiritual realm.

What are pīkoi? What were they made of? How were they used?

Tripping Clubs Weighted wood or stone club Thrown at arms,legs, etc to entangle enemy

What is a ko'i? Why was it important for wa'a and ki'i construction?

Type of adzes. The primary tool in building a canoe was the ko'i or adze. The ko'i was made from basalt and gathered from quarries.

What were the Kālaipāhoa type kiʻi used for?

Used for ʻanāʻanā sorcery (dark magic) Said to be able to kill with prayers

What woods were especially chosen for the ama?

While koa was the tree of choice for canoe hulls, lighter woods were preferred for the rest of the parts. Koa is a very stiff and dense wood and therefore very, very heavy.

What is the difference between hula Auana and hula Kahiko?

hula auana- modern hula, hula kahiko- ancient hula (