final exam study guide from exam 4
earths average overall albedo is
31 percent
the percent of organic matter in an average soil is
5.0
water covers _____ of earths surface
71%
An areas defined by characteristics, long term weather pattern is called
A climatic region
Which of the following traits is the same for both Cw and Aw climates?
A distinct dry season
A biome is
A large, stable group of similar terrestrial ecosystems
on a weather map showing air pressure, what can you infer from a closer spacing of isobars
A steep pressure gradient creating a faster flow of air
which of the following is an example of a system?
A) A human body B) A mid latitude cyclonic storm c) leaf D) all of these are examples Correct answer: D
which of the following results from insolation imbalances between different latitudes
A) Ocean Currents B)Trade Winds C) Hurricanes D) All of these
In order to preserve their beaches, cities located along a coast will often build groins that protrude into the sea. What is the result of this process?
A) Sediment is located on the side of the groin facing into the current, resulting in deposition in the desired location. C) Less sediment is available to areas down shore so their beaches egin to erode
Which of these statements are true?
A) Subarctic climate regions with seasonally snow free ground are periglacial regions. B) Periglacial regions can sometimes feature polygonal ground patterns C) Permanently frozen subsurface ground is called permafrost D) Periglacial regions occupy about 20% of Earths land area E) All of these statements are correct Correct answer E
which of the following has been influenced by human activities?
A) atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide B) changes of surface albedo
what causes earths climate to change?
A) changes in earths orbit around sun B) changes in the strength of the sun C) human activities D) All of above Correct answer: D
an indicator of warming is
A) expansion of deserts B) the sift of vegetation zones to higher elevations and latitudes C) The changes in rainfall distribution D) All of these Correct Answer: D
The term biomass in an ecosystem refers to the mass of
A) plants B) animals C) fungi D) all of the above correct answer; D
Sediment grains are moved by wind through which process
A) saltation B) suspension C) surface creep D) all of these All of above
Which of the following is not true of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
A) the amount of carbon dioxide has increased as a result of human activities B) It is critically important in regulating the temperature of the planet C) A natural product of life processes D) It occurs in only small amounts E) All are true Correct answer: E
The Pacific Northwest region of the u.s is a moist environment because of
A) the predominant direction the winds blow at the latitude B) the effect of maritime air masses C) the presence of mountains D All of above Correct answer: D
which of the following is true of high pressure areas?
Air descends and diverges within high pressures systems
Significant loess deposits are found in the
All of the above
which of the following can initiate hillslope failure?
All of these
The record heat and drought of 2016 are proof of...
All of these.
An Iso-line of equal pressure plotted on a weather map is known as
An isobar
Horns and cirques are typical features of...
Answer: A mountain range that was sculpted by alpine glaciers
A valley glacier that extends beyond the confines of its valley and coalesces with other valley glaciers along the base of a mountain range is termed
Answer: A piedmont glacier
Glacial polish results from:
Answer: Abrasion
The two continental ice sheets that exist in the world today are...
Answer: Antarctica and greenland
Bridal Veil Falls in Yosemite National Park is an example of a ________.
Answer: Arete
Which of the following is not true of the Pleistocene ice sheets in North America
Answer: At their maximum, they extended to the present day Canadian border
Given present global warming trends and predicted climate change for the next century, sea level is estimated to rise
Answer: Between 11cm and 88cm (4.3 in to 34.6 in)
An alpine glacier that is confined in a relatively small bowl shaped recess is called a...
Answer: Cirque glacier
The most important climatic factor for beginning of the accumulation of glacial ice is..
Answer: Cold summer temperatures
Which of the following is not generally true of the basal layer of a glacier?
Answer: Crevasses form in this region of the glacier
A winding hill of sorted sand and gravel deposits of an englacial "river" is known as an....and is deposited by a receding...glacier
Answer: Esker; continental
A beach acts to stabilize a shoreline by absorbing wave energy therefore it is a great place to build a house.
Answer: False
The Mississippi river has always flowed along the western edge of Illinois
Answer: False
The barrier islands off the Louisiana shore have been growing at rapid rates in recent decades..
Answer: False
Tsunami is the Japanese word for tidal wave?
Answer: False
The Great Lakes of North America were formed as:
Answer: Glacier carved deep troughs that filled with meltwater
The greatest area of earths cryosphere is currently in
Answer: Greenland and Antarctica
Today, we are living in a(n) ___________ period of climate.
Answer: Interglacial
The phenomenon that explains the depression and rebound of continental crust due to adding or removing weight called..
Answer: Isostatic adjustment
Why specifically, is glacial ice analogous to a metamorphic rock?
Answer: It forms as result of recrystallization caused by pressure
The height of an ocean wave increases as is approaches a coastline primarily because:
Answer: Its wavelength decreases
Thoreau walden pond is an example of which of the following?
Answer: Kettle
When people go swimming along a coast they often find after spending time in the water that they are no longer in the spot where they first entered the water. They moved down shore even though they did not ove in that direction...
Answer: Long shore drift
_______developed the theory that small variations in Earth-Sun relationships are responsible for short term climatic oscillations
Answer: M. Milankovitch
When the Sun, Moon, and Earth are in alignment
Answer: Maximum tidal range occurs
As Deltas are depositional features of fluvial processes, so are depositional features of glacial processes...
Answer: Moraines
Desertification is not accelerated by
Answer: Overgrazing
The distinctive geometric shapes of rock and soil debris within the periglacial zone are known as
Answer: Patterned ground
If input for a glacier system occurs in the accumulation zone, the output occurs in the...
Answer: Regelation zone
The north American pacific coast can be characterized as...
Answer: Tectonically active and emerging
Abrasion and plucking generally involve what part of a glacier?
Answer: The basal, sliding zone
Which of the following is false regarding tides?
Answer: They are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the moon
Which of the following is not true of tides
Answer: They are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the sun
Human intervention along a coastline intended to interrupt beach drift is almost always futile, because long-shore drift, storm energy, and wave action eventually exceed human engineering capabilities.
Answer: True
More than 50% of Illinois has been covered by glaciers at least once.
Answer: True
The thickness of the active layer in a permafrost region decreases toward the poles.
Answer: True
When two glaciers with lateral moraines join, a medial moraine may be formed.
Answer: True
Worldwide, most alpine glaciers are presently decreasing in size and thickness.
Answer: True
Till plains, common here in the Midwest, refers to...
Answer: Unsorted deposits characterized by low, rolling relief
Extensive pluvial lakes formed in the....as a result of....
Answer: Western U.S. a wetter climate and/or lower evaporation rates
Which of the following prominent landforms, located in now arid areas from the Wasatch range westward to the Sierra Nevada during the Pleistocene glacial episodes.
Answer; Old shorelines of large pluvial lakes
A water bearing rock stratum is called what?
Aquifer
A savanna climate is denoted on Koppen classification as?
Aw
Desertification has been particularly well documented over the past 50 years in
B) The Sahel along the southern margin of the Sahara Desert
If the earth did not experience endogenic processes, the landscape would:
Be of very low relief as a result of weathering and erosion in the absence of uplift.
which of the following is not true of biomes?
Biomes are delimited mainly by temperature and precipitation patterns
concrete buried below ground will usually weather faster than concrete above ground. this is because
Carbonic acid solution attacks the concrete and water is more abundant in the soil
Which of the following is not one of the geologic cycles
Circadian cycle
As a stream's carrying capacity decreases, which of the following sizes of sediments will be deposited last?
Clay
In the tropical rain forests of south America, a species of frog lives its life cycle in small ponds of water caught in large leaves in the tops of trees. the frogs plus plants and animals they interact with, constitute a ______ and the rain forest itself- with all its interacting biotic and abiotic components - constitutes a ____?
Community; ecosystem
The volcanoes scattered from Alaska to southernmost South America formed as a result of:
Continental-oceanic plate collisions
which of the following is not a factor that supports eolian processes?
Continuous vegetation cover
Mediterranean climates are associated with which Koppen climate type?
Cs
The Falkland Islands in the S. Atlantic rarely warm above 10°C but remain above freezing. The Koppen Classification for these islands is:
Cs
If the surface of Earth were to suddenly turn white, the temperature of the planet would ________ because ________ insolation would be absorbed.
Decrease; less
deserts, by definition, are
Dry
The physical characteristics of plants in the chaparral (scrubland) biome are adaptions to?
Dryness and fire
Which of the following is not a erosional landform produced by winds?
Dune
As deltas are depositional features of fluvial processes, so ______ are depositional features of eolian processes
Dunes
waves hitting the beaches are normally stronger
During the winter
The Greenland icecap and the Antarctic plateau would be classified as ____ climates
EF
in 1973 part of the nearly flat ground on which a subdivision was located became saturated and began to move toward the saint Lawrence river at speeds up to 26 kmph.
Earth flow
The Milankovitch cycle explains long term natural climate variations based on
Earths orbital cycles
The uneven distribution of insolation by latitude is primarily a result of
Earths sphericity, which presents varied angles to incoming solar rays
A self regulating association of living plants and animals and their non living physical environment is termed
Ecosystem
The lowest average annual temperatures on Earth would be found in ___ climates
Ef
a decrease in air pressure will cause the fluid in a borrow meter
Fall
A climograph is an electronic instrument used for measuring climates
False
Antarctica is buried under thousands of feet of ice because heavy snowfalls occur there each year
False
Clouds moderate temperatures producing lower daily maximums and higher nightly minimums.
False
Mediterranean climate zone is only located around the Mediterranean sea
False
The fact that nature produces more pollution than humans do means that anthropogenic pollution is insignificant, and we need not worry about it.
False
The itcz migrates with high sun position and influences the micro thermal climates
False
The sediment in a high elevation dust cloud consists primarily of wind blown sand
False
savannas of Africa, south America, and elsewhere are tropical because of very high, uniformly distributed rainfall?
False
Mediterranean climates occur in all of these except?
Florida
the highest frequency of thunderstorm days in the U.S occurs in
Florida
generally the annual temperature range of places located in the interior of a continent is ______ those located along the coast at the same latitude
Greater than
The largest portion of surface fresh water on earth is located in
Ice caps and glaciers
damming a river that supplies sediment to coastal areas will result
In erosion of the coastline
B climates can be found in what?
In the subtropics
The low latitude hot desert climates occur?
In the tropics and subtropics
Based on principles discussed earlier in this course, you know that the other things being equal as distance from the equator increases, seasonal variation in temperature tends to
Increase
The ability of wind to move materials
Increase with decreased wind speed
which of the following describes the Coriolis effect
It causes the apparent deflection of winds from a straight path
Which of the is incorrect relative to the Pleistocene epoch?
It represents a single continuous cold spell
Microthermal [D] climates are characterized by a(n) ___ annual temperature range
Large
microthermal climates are characterized by an _____annual temperature range
Large
Which of the following is easily determined using the position of the sun or the stars?
Latitude
The effect of concentration of wave energies on headlines is to
Make the coastlines straighter.
Which of the following is not a sedimentary rock?
Marble
the most inclusive term for unit movements of materials propelled and controlled by gravity is
Mass Movement
A scale used to classify and describe earthquake damage on structures is the:
Mercalli scale
A batholith forms from:
Metamorphic rocks during mountain building
all of the following are erosional features of alpine glaciers except
Moraines
What are H climates
Mountain climates
In which region does the mid latitude grassland not occur
North Africa
in which region does the mid latitude grassland not occur?
North Africa
The names taiga and boreal forest apply to the biome also designated
Northern needle leaf forest
Evidence of climatic variation prior to instrumented data is called____
Proxy data
Warm and wet temperatures and prediction patterns (Af) are characteristics of what?
Rain forests in the equatorial tropics
An assemblage of minerals bound together is called
Rock
Subgroups of C climates are mainly based on:
Seasonal precipitation patterns
Limestone is an example of which type of rock forming process
Sedimentary
alpine tundra, as compared to arctic tundra is?
Similar in many ways and occur at lower latitudes due to high elevation
Tornado ally is located in____ of the U.S
Southern plain states
The rocks of earths crust are classified into three principle types based on what?
Specific rock forming processes the manner in which they formed
When geologist or archaeologist dog downward through units of rock or sediment, they are digging back in time. This fact is based in the principle of what?
Superposition
Which of the following surface conditions limit the effectiveness of wind as an erosional agent?
Surface materials consisting of pebble sized particles only
Heat energy and mineral matter are brought to the crust from earths interior by the
Tectonic plate
The Koppen climate classification system is based on
Temperature and precipitation
Deposits composed of pulverized rock ejected violently during a volcanic eruption are called:
Tephra
Which factor determines whether a volcano will have an explosive, violent eruption
The amount of silica
Why do polar ice caps not melt in the long summer daylight?
The high reflection of solar insolation
At which of the following areas is new ocean crust being formed?
The mid-Atlantic rift zone
in a Hadley cell, cooled air sinks
The subtropic 25-35 degrees N or S
which of the following is not true of Hadley Cells
They dominate the polar circulation
which of the following is not true of Hadley cells?
They dominate the polar circulation
Crust is neither created nor destroyed at which types of plate boundaries?
Transform boundary
The attic and alpine tundra are approximately described by which of the following?
Treeless with dwarf shrubs
Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust
True
In india, monsoon winds bring extensive rains in the summer season
True
Pumice is an extrusive igneous Rick, granite is an intrusive igneous Rock?
True
a globe is the only map that accurately portrays all spatial relationships characteristics of earth surface without distortion
True
photo chemical smog results from interaction of sunlight with combustion products of automobiles
True
Unlike a young stream cut valley that assumes a characteristic shape
V; U
Which of the following is powered by endogenic forces?
Volcanism
the dynamic equilibrium model refers to
a balancing act between tectonic uplift and rates of reduction in a given landscape.
The water table is
a boundary between saturated rock below and unsaturated rock above
When a river reaches a base level, its forward velocity rapidly decelerates as it enters a larger body of standing water and ______ is formed
a delta
the term cone depression refers to
a depression in the earths surface formed by ground water withdrawl
A fjord is...
a u shaped stream valley, deepened by glacial erosion, that floods as sea level rises
light, temperature, water, and climate are examples of
abiotic system components
the ozonosphere is critical to life because it
absorbs most ultraviolet wavelengths
After a geomorphic threshold is crossed, the landscape:
adjusts to a new equilibrium condition
Excess surface water percolates through the zone of ________ to reach the zone of ________ and the water table.
aeration; saturation
the uplift of mountains is caused by?
aggradation
the reflective quality of a surface is known as
albedo
The rate at which rocks weather depends upon
all of the above
the eruption of mount Pinatubo in june 1991
all of the effects occur
if you want to build a nice fishing cabin along a river especially a graded stream you should locate your cabin _____ to minimize its lifetime
along the point bar
if you wanted to build a nice fishing cabinalong a river, especially a graded stream, you should locate your cabin _____ to maximize its lifetime
along the point bar
which factor determines weather a volcano will have an explosive, violent eruption
amount silica
the steepness of a slope of loose material at rest is the
angle of response
which of the following best describes the dust bowl
areas of severe wind erosion on the great plains, 1930s
areas located poleward of which imaginary lines experience a minimum of 24 hours of daylight and 24 hours of darkness at sometime during the year
artic and Antarctic circle
according to classical hypothesis for the evolution of a fluvial landscape, the stage of maturity is reached when a stream has
begun to cut laterally into banks shaping a floodplain
an erosional feature created by deflation is known as
blowout depression
The taiga vegetation [in Df climate] includes
boreal forests
the winds that flow down off the ice sheets of antartica and Greenland are
called katabatic winds
karst topography and caves are formed primarily by
carbonic acid solution
as a stream carrying capacity decreases, which of the following sediment will be deposited last
clay
climate differs from weather in that
climate is the composite of weather conditions over time
almost all tornadoes in the northern hemisphere exhibit ___ rotation because they originate within ______ pressure systems
clockwise;low
thunderstorms and heavy rains often occur when a passes in mid latitude cyclone
cold front
an interacting group of living animals, plants, and other organisms in an area from a what?
community
the condensation process requires
condensation nuclei and saturated air
if you were afraid of earthquakes, which of the following areas would be the safest in which to live?
continental craton
O3 in the lower troposphere
contributes to air pollution
what type of lifting is caused as air moves over a blacktop parking lot on a sunny day
convective
If human activities had not begun to impact climate some 2000 years ago, our climate would be ___ than what we are experiencing now.
cooler
during summer, mid latitude cities located near the coast are often _____ than those in the interior at the same latitude while in the winter they are often ____
cooler; warmer
clouds that have significant vertical development and produce precipitation are called
cumulonimbus
summer thunderstorms in Illinois are often characterized by towering _____ clouds that from by _____
cumulonimbus; low pressure convergence
in many temperate climates, the soil A horizon _______ underlying layers because ________
darker than; it contains humus
the affect urbanization recorded on a typically stream hydrograph is to
decrease lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge
surface roughness such as that associated with vegetation will
decrease wind erosion
as temperature increases during the day, relative humidity usually
decreases
as the temperature of liquid water approaches within several degrees of the freezing point, its density
decreases
if a rivers base level is lowered it will respond by
decreasing erosion
When a river reaches a base level, its forward velocity rapidly decelerates as it enters a larger body of standing water and ______ is formed
delta
straight line, high speed, damaging winds produced by mid latitude storms are
derechos
Areas between 25 degrees to 35 degrees latitude usually become ________ because this area is dominated by air that is sinking and being ________.
deserts; heated by compression
on a cloudy day, earths surface receives more _____ than on a clear day
diffuse radiation
accreted terranes refer to
displaced pieces of crust that do not match geologically
accreted terranes refer to:
displaced pieces of crust that do not match geologically
which of the following is not considered a main type of uplift for precipitation
divergent
the basis for defining the length of a day is the fact that
earth rotates once around its axis in approx. 24 hours
The surface point marking the origin of an earthquake is the
epicenter
the term eolian refers to...
erosion, transportation, and deposition by the wind
on cool spring mornings, vells of fog can often be seen rising above warm lakes and ponds. this is an example of ______ fog.
evaporation
Stalactites and stalagmites formation in caves develop while the caves are full of groundwater
false
karst topography involves the chemical weathering of granite landscapes
false
most karst features develop above ground
false
rivers make excellent political boundaries since they are permanent landform features
false
teleconnection in the context of atmospheric circulation suggest that an event in the southern hemisphere trade winds cannot affect locations under the northern hemisphere westerlies
false
the total quantity of water on earth is constantly fluctuating as evidence by changes in sea level
false
tornado are mini hurricanes
false
natural levees develop during
floods
which of the following is incorrect
fog= a stratus cloud that is high in elevation off the ground
the fact that water expands as much s 9% by volume as it freezes is the weathering force of
frost wedging
confliction forces interact to establish an optimum incline angle on a slope. when any of these conditions are disturbed or altered the materials on the slope may pass a
geomorphic threshold
Sediments of various sizes are carried at the base of glaciers and deposited as poorly sorted _____.
glacial till
the insolation received at earths surface is
greatest over low-latitude deserts with their cloudless skies
D climates generally have:
harsh winters and mild summers
water is a good solvent because it
has a asymmetrical charged distribution
water is a good solvent because it...
has asymmetrical charge distribution
what two factors speed up rates of chemical reaction and weathering in rocks and soils
high temperature, very moist
which of the following has the highest albedo
ice and snow
john Wesley powell developed the idea base level, which refers to
imagines surface that extends inland from sea level and is clinches gently upward and a level below which a stream cannot erode its valley
in which of the following areas will thunderstorms probably not develop
in areas of strong high pressure
natural levees develop during
in floods
in most computer climate models, the greatest warming is predicted to occur
in the article latitudes
the principle natural soil forming factors
include climate, parent material, topography, biotic processes, and time
The effect of urbanization recorded on a typical stream hydrograph
increase lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge
an increase in water turbulence
increases the rivers erosive power
natural sources of potential air pollutants include all of the following except
industrial activity
if the earth did not rotate upper air winds would flow parallel to the
isobars
water is a good solvent because
it has an asymmetrical charge distribution (one end is positive and the other negative).
microthermal climates are characterized a _____ blank annual temperature range
large
the more important control on global average temperature is
latitude
karst landforms most commonly form in these rock types
limestones and dolostones
the geographic center of Illinois is best placed in which of the fundamental themes of geography
location
An angular distance measured north or south of the equator is termed
longitude
in the 1800s mariners needed two accurate clocks to precisely determine which of the following
longitude
in summer, a ____ air mass often brings warm, humid weather to our region
maritime tropical
which of the following is not a feature fluvial transport
meander load
the worlds breadbaskets refer to which biome?
midlatitude grassland
Tundra vegetation [in E climates] includes:
mosses, lichen, and stunted trees
the gulf stream
moves northward in the western Atlantic, moderating temperatures in iceland
niagra falls is an example of
nickpoint
The two most abundant gases in the atmosphere are
nitrogen and oxygen
the three most common gases in the atmosphere, in order of abundance from most to least are
nitrogen, oxygen and argon
which of the following is true regarding location at high elevations
none are true
in which region does the mid latitude grassland not occur
north africa
which location experiences the greatest continentality
north central asia
which of the following is not correctly matched?
one community = one biome
The three most abundant elements in Earth's crust are
oxygen, silicon, aluminum
When rock is broken and disintegrated without dissolving, the process in operation is
physical weathering
the Celsius scale
places freezing at 0 degrees and is sometimes cales centigrade
Coal is a fossil fuel formed from
plants
coal is fossil formed from
plants
which of the following is incorrectly matched
point bar: area of substantial erosion
"Cold and dry" temperature and precipitation patterns are characteristics of
polar climates
if a system responds to a change in input by moving even further away from its equilibrium condition, what type of feedback has occurred?
positive
if increase levels of methane in the atmosphere lead to further increasing temperature thus promoting the release of even more methane as permafrost melts this means that _____feedback had occurred and that the planet is probaby_______
positive; out of equilibrium
Air flow is initiated by
pressure gradient force
the dramtic domes and arch shaped features found in granitic mountain masses, such as half dome in Yosemite national park, result from
pressure release jointing, exfoliation and sheeting
a central peal or a dome of a volcanic mountain generally produces drainage patterns
radial
Our planet and our lives are powered by
radiant energy from the sun
The lower case f, as in Af, Cf and Df in the Köppen climate classification represents:
rainfall throughout the year
what are the five principles themes of modern geographic education
region, location, earth-human relations, place and movement
As reported by the National Weather Service, the heat index
relates temperature and relative humidity
in increase of airpressure will cause the fluid in a borrow meter to
rise
of these weathering types which one is biological
root action
which type of weathering is limited mostly to arid environments
salt crystal growth
The ___ biome is like a very large ecotone between tropical forests and deserts
savanna
which one of the following statements concerning soil erosion is not true
sheet erosion, rills, and gullies develop mainly during prolonged droughts
which is the correct sequence of water flowing cross earths surface after raindrops hit the ground
sheetflow, ephemeral gully, permanent channel
because of the processes responsible for the formation of the Himalayan mountains, the crust in this region of the world has been;
shortened and folded
What size material composes the sediment in a dust cloud thousands of meters above the ground
silts and clay
The weathering of limestone can create circular depressions known as
sinkholes
as a result of the specific heat characteristics of water, cities located near a coast usually experience a daily temperature range that is ____ those of cities located in the interior at the same latitude
smaller than
generally temperate karst features will form more rapidly in an area with
steep relief
moat damage and fatalities associated with hurricanes are due to
storm sage
drowned river mouths characterize
submerged coasts
for monsoon climates in india most precipitation occurs in the
summer
for monsoon climates in india, most precipitation occurs in the?
summer
the wind chill index
takes into account wind speed
Lush forest of middle and high latitudes occurring along narrow margins of the pacific northwest, southern china, japan, and areas of northern Australia fall within the climate zone
temperate rain forest
lush forests of middle and high latitudes occurring along narrow margins of the pacific northwest, southern china, japan, and areas of northern Australia fall within the climate zone named
temperate rain forest
land surfaces cool off more rapidly at night than do water surfaces because
the amount of energy stored in the land is less than that stored in the water column
talus slopes form at
the base of cliffs
which statement is true with regard to the Atlantic ocean?
the deepest part of the Atlantic ocean is found right at the center
which of the following is an accurate definition of stream gradient
the drop in elevation of a stream divided by the distance the water travels
which of the following sequence about earth is correct
the equatorial diameter is 42 km greater than the polar diameter
An example of chemical weathering is
the limestone features in cave of the mounds, wisconsin
Drumlins are smooth, elliptical shaped mounds of till. How do they help us determine the directional flow of continental ice sheets?
the long axis of the elliptical shaped drumlin is parallel to the directional flow
conduction refers to
the molecule-to-molecule transfer of heat energy that diffuses through the material
weather is
the short-term condition of the atmosphere.
which of the following is likely to occur if the gradient of a stream increases
the stream will more rapidly erode its channel and/or its banks
In a Hadley cell, cooled air sinks at:
the subtropics
in Hadley cell, cooled air sinks
the subtropics
in a Hadley cell, cooled air sinks at
the subtropics
An isoline that connects all points of highest mean temperature on a world map is called
the thermal equator
solar constant
the total solar energy reaching the top of the atmosphere
the solar constant is
the total solar energy reaching the top of the atmosphere
hurricanes often tend to dissipate when
they cross land and cooler water
which of the following is true of chlorofluorocarbons
they have been used in refrigeration systems and they have been used as propellants in spray cans
which of the following is not a condition that can lead to karst topography
thick layer of granite
which of the following is easily determined using the position of the sun or stars
time
which of the following landforms is incorrectly matched with a drainage pattern
topographically disrupted areas-parallel
most of the big game mammals of Africa are well adapted to this biome because they migrate following the ITCZ?
tropical savanna
the most extreme northern and southern parallels to experience perpendicular rays of the sun at noon on the local summer solstice are located at the
tropics of cancer and capicorn
Abundant moisture and warm temperatures result in high rates of chemical weathering.
true
a line on a weather map marked with half circles designates a warm front
true
a valley wall consisting of shales will likely exhibit gentler slopes than one composed of limestone
true
air pressure is produced by motion, size, and number of air molecules in a given volume
true
atmospheric/oceanic circulation may teleconnect all places on earth to one another
true
cyclones, typhoon, and hurricanes are similar in physical structure and properties, although they occur in different parts of the world
true
iron oxidation often imparts red and yellow stains to rock and soil
true
mass wasting occurs when gravity overcomes friction
true
physical and chemical weathering processes are not necessarily sperate they often operate in concert to decompose and dissolve rock
true
the amount of solar energy received at earths surface at most location is not exactly constant it varies depending upon the season
true
the construction of artificial levees can increase the risk of a catastrophic flood
true
denudation by weathering, erosion, and transportation tends to reduce the landscape toward
ultimate base level namely sea level
the surface temperature on a cloudy night is likely to be ____ than on a clear night
warmer than
which of these cannot be considered a C climate?
warmest month average is 9 degrees
Tectonic forces
warp, fold, and uplift rock.
in winter, freezing water can break pipes and even crack engine blocks. why does this happen?
water expands in volume as it freezes, controlled by hydrogen bonding
which two gaseous compounds are primarily responsible for the greenhouse effect because of their ability to absorb infrared energy
water vapor and carbon dioxide
which of the following are principle active agents involved in chemical weathering
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide
which of the following is an exogenic process
weathering
which list of exogenic processes is in the correct sequence
weathering, erosion, transport, deposition
A mT air mass is likely to be ________ than a cT air mass because the mT air mass ________.
wetter; is warmer than the cT air mass
the horizontal motion of air relative to earths surface is
wind
in the northern hemisphere the wetter, intercepting slope of a mountain is termed the _____ slope; whereas the rain shadow side is termed the ______ slope
windward; leeward
