final review psych
object permanence
"out of sight, out of mind" describe a behavior of a child who has not mastered the concept of:
behavioral
A __ therapist believes that why people act abnormally is due to learning inappropriate skills.
behavioral
A _____ therapist believes that people who act in abnormal ways do so because they either learned inappropriate skills or never learned appropriate skills.
An individual will go to any length to avoid the situation that he fears
A fear becomes a phobia when _____.
Sociocultural
A professional who believes in the _____ approach to psychological disorders is most likely to consider a person's ethnicity when diagnosing a disorder.
psychoanalytic
A therapist interprets a client's symptoms as behaviors that are guided by unconscious impulses. This diagnosis reflects the _____ perspective.
catatonic schizophrenia
A type of schizophrenia marked by striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity.
Henry feels the way they do
A very attractive woman walks by Henry and his friends while they are playing basketball. His friends begin to whistle at her, but Henry feels that it is demeaning for the woman and does not participate. According to the false consensus effect, Henry's friends are most likely to think that:
Bringing unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness
According to Freud's psychodynamic perspective, what is the best way to gain insight into a person's core problems?
When the person has a vested interest in the issue
According to studies over the past half-century, which of the following is a condition under which a person's attitude will guide his or her actions?
lithium.
After a period of several weeks during which Ted experienced heightened excitability, acceleration of thought and speech, and feelings of grandiosity, he became deeply depressed. The drug that would probably be most effective in treating Ted's mood disorder is
Eliminating irrational and self-defeating thoughts
All cognitive therapies focus on
generalized anxiety disorder
An individual experiencing sudden onsets of terror, without warning & with no cause likely has
attractive
An individual will be more persuasive if he is __________.
it is disproportionate to the situation and interferes with functioning
An individual's anxiety becomes a disorder when _________.
the symptoms reappear when medication is suspended.
Antipsychotic medications do not "cure" schizophrenia because
aversive conditioning
Bart, a man experiencing alcoholism, was given an alcoholic drink that contained a substance that made him very nauseous and induced vomiting. What therapeutic technique was used to reduce Bart's probability of drinking alcohol again?
Bring unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness.
Based on Freud's psychodynamic perspective, how can you gain insight into a person's problems?
electroconvulsive therapy
Carlos is very depressed, and the danger of suicide is imminent. He is not responding to the drugs normally employed with depression. Which of the following treatments is most likely to prove helpful in reducing Carlos' depression and suicidal behavior?
sociocultural
Chronic problems of alcohol abuse are more severe among Native Americans than among other ethnic groups. This fact is especially of interest from the viewpoint of the _____ perspective.
Polarization
Division into two opposite positions
Biological
Dr. Byer is a neuroscientist and a psychologist. What approach do you think Dr. Byer uses?
Social loafing
Dr. McCall found that student performance was poor when students worked in groups compared to when each student worked on an individual project. In the context of group influence, this difference in performance can be best explained with the concept of:
Problems of the individual are often preceded by family problems
Dr. Mitchell is a family therapist who believes that in order to understand psychological problems in an adequate manner, she must understand the role of the client's family. She feels this is absolutely necessary because:
Trichotillomania
Each time Harry feels anxious, he compulsively pulls hair from his scalp or eyebrows. This compulsive urge to pull his hair has made him partially bald. Harry is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following OCD-related disorders?
Depression
Elizabeth visited a psychiatrist who, after interviewing her, recommended her the drug Paxil. This drug is generally used to treat _____.
External
Felicia tells her mother that she failed the biology test because her professor made the test too difficult. Felicia is attributing her performance to _____ factors.
Cognitive dissonance
Gary's mother tells him that he must complete his homework before he goes out to play. Gary does not like to disobey his mother but he really wants to go out and play. He convinces himself that his mother has been mean to him lately so he can disobey her just this one time without feeling guilty. Gary is trying to change his attitude to fit his behavior most likely to reduce the _____ he is experiencing.
have similar symptoms or issues.
Group therapy will be most helpful when clients
Stereotyping
Hiroko's fifth-grade teacher was disappointed when he performed poorly in math. She believes that Asian students are academically excellent and never perform poorly. In this scenario, the teacher's beliefs best illustrate:
Aversive conditioning
If a therapist gives Henry, who is suffering from alcoholism, a drink laced with a nausea-inducing drug so that he feels like throwing up after drinking the alcohol, it can be concluded that the therapist is implementing the technique of _____.
The experimenter told him he was required to continue.
In Milgram's classic study on obedience, when a participant showed resistance to the idea of harming someone, how did the experimenter make him continue?
Compulsions
In cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), _____ frequently accompany obsessions and appear to serve the function of reducing the anxiety created by such disturbing thoughts.
All of these
In the context of bipolar disorder, a person experiencing a manic episode may _____.
Conformity
In the context of social influence, Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrates _____.
diffusion of responsibility
In the famous case of murder victim Kitty Genovese, psychologists speculate that no one came to her aid because of __________.
serotonin and nerophinine
Individuals with depressive disorder appear to have too few receptors for _____.
Serotonin and norepinephrine
Individuals with depressive disorder appear to have too few receptors for the neurotransmitters _____.
psychoanalytic theory
Interpreting a client's symptoms as behaviors guided by unconscious impulses reflect the ___.
Electroconvulsive therapy
Ivan is suffering from a severe episode of major depressive disorder. According to the biological methods, which of the following treatment approaches will be useful in reducing his symptoms in the short-run and provide rapid relief to the person's mood?
conformity
Jackie buys pink and green shoes because everyone in her school is wearing them. Jackie's behavior is an example of __________.
dissociative identity disorder
Jan has at least 3 distinct "personalities", each of whom has her own behaviors.This is likely:
altered state of consciousness
Jared has consumed excessive alcohol at a party. Therefore, he is exhibiting:
Resistance
Jen canceled her next psychoanalyst appointment after a disturbing session. An example of:
Biological approach
Jenna constantly experiences feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness. Jenna's doctor, Jacob, advises her to start taking anti-depressant drugs that contain serotonin and dopamine. According to Dr. Jacob's diagnosis, Jenna's depression is a result of the imbalance and improper functioning of the neurotransmitters in her brain. In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, this diagnosis conforms to the _____.
normative
Joanie goes to a wild fraternity party even though she doesn't really want to go, because she wants the other college students to think highly of her. Joanie's behavior reflects ____________ social influence.
situational
Johanna watches Bob slip on the stairs outside their apartment building and concludes that the steps are steep and dangerous. She has made a __________ attribution.
a compulsion
Jon must knock seven times on every doorway he enters or exits. He also must stir his coffee seven times before he drinks it. Jon is exhibiting _________.
His hard work
Joseph does exceptionally well in his math exam. Which of the following represents internal attribution as an explanation for Joseph's good performance?
Hallucinogens
LSD, PCP, and marijuana are considered to be what form of psychoactive substance?
personal discomfort
Landon is a chronic drug user who enjoys the feelings he experiences while using marijuana. From the perspective of abnormality defined by _____, it would be difficult to categorize Landon's behavior as disordered
Has a volatile personality
Lauren is watching a live golf tournament on television and sees a golfer frown after he makes his shot. Lauren would make the fundamental attribution error if she assumed that the golfer:
a specific phobia
Li Chen has always been deathly afraid of spiders. Her fear is so pronounced that once after she saw a spider in her bedroom and would not go back into the room for a month. This fear is unreasonable, because she has never had a bad experience with spiders. Li Chen would most likely be diagnosed with which of the following?
Panic Disorder
Lola often experiences abrupt, brief episodes of overwhelming fear. She does not know what triggers them, but she has these attacks in the grocery store, in busy restaurants, and even while driving. During these attacks, Lola's heart pounds and she has difficulty breathing. She fears that she may go crazy or have a heart attack. In the context of psychological disorders, it can be inferred that Lola may have _____.
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Luz has chronic, pervasive anxiety. She worries about everything, and cannot pinpoint the exact source or beginning of feeling this way. Luz likely has a common anxiety disorder known as _________.
catatonic
Martha has been sitting in a hunched-over position on her hospital bed for several hours. When you speak to her, her position remains unchanged, and she doesn't answer. When you lift her arm, she remains sitting motionless, with her arm in a raised position. Martha is most likely suffering from which type of schizophrenia?
Humanistic
Mary has been working with a therapist because she was confused and unsure about herself for the past few years. Mary's therapist tends to be nondirective and facilitates her to explore her own identity and intentions related to her present. According to this scenario, it can be inferred that Mary's therapist adopts the _____ perspective of psychotherapy.
Systematic desensitization
Megan has a fear of public speaking and therefore visits a behavioral therapist to help her overcome this fear. Which of the following techniques should be implemented by the therapist to resolve Megan's fear?
social loafing
Mica is part of a large group picking up trash by the side of the road. Since there are so many of them working, they are taking it easy and working more slowly than they would if there were fewer people working. This best illustrates the phenomenon of:
Social facilitation
Mickey is a pop star. His fans observe that his live stage performances are better than his studio recorded songs. Mickey explains that he performs better on a live stage because the presence of the audience increases his enthusiasm to perform. Mickey's improved performance in the presence of an audience best illustrates the concept of:
The self-fulfilling prophecy
Mr. and Mrs. Lee warn their new babysitter that their son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous and must be strictly disciplined. As a result, Alison is over-strict with Dennis and does not let him out of her sight. This facilitates Dennis' aggressive and mischievous behavior. This scenario best illustrates:
free association
Omar is undergoing psychotherapy and during one of his sessions the therapist asks that Omar spend some time saying aloud whatever thoughts come to his mind—no matter how illogical or irrelevant they may seem. The therapist is using _____ to reveal components of Omar's unconscious.
dopamine
Parker is schizophrenic, therefore he likely has high levels of what neurotransmitter?
overt aggression
Paul, a ten-year old, loses his temper and pushes a classmate. Paul's behavior illustrate:
a delusion
Paula believes she is Marilyn Monroe, and frequently dresses the way Ms. Monroe dressed and signs "autographs" for people in public places. Paula is experiencing _________.
bipolar
People with ______________ disorder experience periods of excessive elation and excitability alternating with periods of extreme sadness and feelings of hopelessness.
narcissistic
Peter thinks he is heaven's gift to humanity. He is extremely arrogant and most of his time is spent talking about his own accomplishments and importance. However, his attitude has driven most friends and associates away. Peter likely has _____________ personality disorder.
sleep deprivation
Poorer performance and risk of accidents are associated with which sleep-related condition
an unfair attitude about someone based solely on his or her group membership
Prejudice is __________.
Making a fundamental attribution error
Rachel's new roommate, Berta, has not done laundry for an entire week. Her clothes are lying all over their room. This leads Rachel to assume that Berta is an untidy and undisciplined person. What Rachel does not know is that Berta is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week. In the context of social cognition, Rachel is primarily _____ to explain Berta's behavior.
genetics
Research suggests that schizophrenia is due mostly to:
a self-serving bias
Roscoe says he got an A on the psychology test because he is smart, but he got a D on the English test because the professor is mean and gave an unfair exam. Roscoe is most likely committing __________.
inhibiting, serotonin, synapse
SSRIs work by ___ the re-uptake of ___ keeping more of this critical neurotransmitter in the __
Uncontrollable causes
Samantha studied all night for her history exam and felt well-prepared. However, she did not get to give the exam because the power went out in the school and the exam was rescheduled for a later date. In the context of the attribution theory, which of the following best describes why Samantha did not give her exam on the original date?
Foot-in-the-door
Samuel walks up to Katie and asks if she would be willing to wear a ribbon to show support for his cause. Though the ribbon is unattractive, it is small, so Katie agrees to wear it. Once Katie has agreed to this request, Samuel asks her if she would be willing to make a donation of $15 to his cause. Katie cannot refuse because she feels that Samuel is relying on her. In the context of persuasion, this scenario best demonstrates the _____ technique.
depressive
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) target which type of disorder
the majority of people went along with group answers that were clearly wrong
Solomon Asch's classic study on conformity pressure showed that
Socialcultural
Someone who believes the __ approach is most likely going to consider ethnicity for diagnosis.
Obedience
Stanley Milgram's experiment demonstrated the effect of _____.
visualizing increasingly anxiety-provoking situations while relaxing.
Systematic desensitization is the process of
major tool psychologists use to diagnose psychological disorders
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fifth edition (DSM-V) is a _________.
implicit biases
The Implicit Associations Test (IAT) was designed to measure __________.
Psychodynamic
The ___ approach to therapy seeks to resolve past conflicts & desires that have been suppressed
corpus callosum
The ____ is a thick band of nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain.
psychodynamic
The _____ approach to therapy seeks to resolve past conflicts and unacceptable desires that have been suppressed into the unconscious.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
The _____ is the name of the manual that was published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association for the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States.
cognitive dissonance
The feeling caused by holding 2 contrary attitudes and acknowledging the validity of both is:
cognitive dissonance
The feeling of discomfort caused by holding two contrary attitudes and acknowledging the validity of both arguments is called __________.
Serotonin
The group of drugs known as SSRIs work primarily by interfering with the reabsorption of ____.
hearing
The main function of the temporal lobe is _____
Provide clients with insight into their unconscious conflicts
The main goal of psychoanalysis is to
provide clients with insight into their unconscious conflicts
The main goal of psychoanalysis is to:
control group
The participants in a(n) _____ do not receive the independent variable or treatment.
the presence of abnormality; the absence of normality
The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are _____________; the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are ___________.
parietal lobe
The somatosensory (sensory strip) is located in which area of the brain?
compliance with an authority figure's demands
The term obedience refers to
borderline personality disorder
Those with ___ personality disorder have out of control emotions & afraid of being abandoned.
antisocial
Those with _____________ personality disorder are extremely impulsive, deceptive, violent, ruthless, and callous.
65 percent
What percentage of participants completed Milgram's famous obedience experiment—following orders and believing they were delivering a deadly shock to another person?
aversive conditioning
What technique is being used when giving an alcoholic a drink that induces vomiting?
Self-serving bias
When Karen does poorly on a weekly test, she blames it on the distractions she had at school that week. In this scenario, Karen is using the _____ to justify her performance on the test.
social loafing
When there are many people working, each person is taking it easy & working slowly because of:
humanistic psychologist
Which kind of psychologist would be most likely to believe that people can control their own behavior and make their own choices about how they wish to live their lives?
Nadia says that Claude gets bad grades because he is not intelligent enough to be in college.
Which of the following individuals is committing the fundamental attribution error?
Nathan, who washes the dishes and takes out the trash because his mother tells him to
Which of the following individuals is demonstrating obedience?
Ted's girlfriend is late meeting his friends and him for dinner, and he tells the group that she is probably stuck in traffic.
Which of the following individuals is making an external or situational attribution?
Jordan, who has a habit of overeating
Which of the following individuals would be benefitted from aversive conditioning?
Behavior that is statistically atypical in nature
Which of the following is NOT one of the three criteria that is used to distinguish normal from abnormal behavior?
Flat affect
Which of the following is a common negative symptom of schizophrenia?
vested interest
Which of the following is a condition under which a person's attitude will guide their actions?
The DSM-V compartmentalizes people into inflexible all-or-none categories.
Which of the following is a weakness of the DSM-V for classifying mental disorders?
They are found on Axis II of the DSM-V.
Which of the following is true of personality disorders?
Katia, who doesn't let men into her club
Which of the following people is discriminating?
A person who experiences stereotype threat is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of a group
Which of the following statements is true of stereotype threat?
The central route works by engaging the audience thoughtfully with a sound, logical argument.
Which of the following statements is true of the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion?
dendrites
Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving information from other neurons
The cognitive approach
Which psychological approach would attribute a person's depression to escalating negative and self-defeating thoughts?
cognitive
Which psychological approach would attribute a person's depression to negative thoughts?
money
___ is considered a secondary reinforcer
long term
___ memory enables you to remember the name of your first grade teacher.
stage 2
___ of non-REM sleep is characterized by sharply pointed, spiky waves called "sleep spindles"
gender
____ refers to the social and psychological aspects of being male or female.
Dissociative amnesia
_____ is a psychological disorder that is characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress.
Antisocial personality disorder
_____ is a psychological disorder that is characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit.
Schizophrenia
_____ is a severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought processes; individuals suffering from this disorder may be referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality.
Panic disorder
_____ is an anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
_____ is an anxiety disorder that is marked by persistent anxiety for at least 6 months and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for this state.
Generalized anxiety disorder
_____ is an anxiety disorder that is marked by persistent anxiety for at least 6 months and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for this state.
electroconvulsive therapy
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
sleep apnea
a disorder in which a person stops breathing while asleep is called ____
flat affect
a lack of emotional responsiveness
Openness
a person who is incapable of being clam and satisfied with oneself or others is likely high on
Catharsis
a release of emotional tension
sample
a subset of the population is called a _____
aversive conditioning
a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
Personal discomfort model
abnormal behavior is whatever causes emotional discomfort and distress to the individual
human sex drive
according to Freud, the ___ was the main determinant of personality development
unconscious wish
according to Sigmund Freud, dreams represent ____
try to adhere to stereotypical behavior
according to the social cognitive theory, girls engage in relational aggression because
delay of gratification
act of putting off pleasurable experience in the interest a larger but later reward is known as
Generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
self-fulfilling prophecy
an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true.
door-in-the-face technique
asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller commitment
key word method
associate familiar word with new word by generating an image
association
classical and operant conditioning involves learning through ____
Dopamine
cocaine appears to produce its pleasurable effects by acting on the brain's level of ___
flat affect
common effect of schizophrenia
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
delusions and hallucinations
preoperational stage
egocentric thought in children characterizes which of Piaget's cognitive developmental stages?
2 different eggs fertilized by 2 different sperm
fraternal twins develop from:
nothing, certain threshold has to be reached
if a neuron is not sufficiently stimulated, what will occur?
recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape.
if children cannot grasp the concept of conversion, they are unable to
Social contagion
imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas
attached to artificial mothers who are more warm and soft
in Harry Harlow's classic attachment study, they found that monkeys:
sound of the bell
in Pavlov's classical conditioning study, the neutral stimulus presented to the dog was:
free association
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
tends to harm the social standing, more harsh than physical
in the context of the psychology of gender differences, relational aggression
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Neurotransmitters
information is transmitted between neurons by means of chemicals called _____
episodic memory
juno remembers vividly the first time she met her boyfriend. This is an example of ___ memory
Hippocampus
memories are stored in:
sensory adaptation
our sensitivity diminishes when an object constantly stimulates our senses, this process is ___
stage 3
sleepers are least responsive to outside stimulation during ___ sleep.
variable-ratio schedule
slot machines reward an avg number of times on an unpredictable basis. This is an example of:
Social facilitation
stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
Depressants
students who consume large amounts of alcohol on weekends are abusing which types of drugs?
Hypothalamus
the ___ regulates almost all of our major drives and motives:hunger/thirst/temp/sexual behavior
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies)
sexual orientation
the direction of an individual's erotic interests refer to the individuals
Serotonin
the group of drugs known as SSRIs work primarily by interfering with the reabsorption of _____ in the brain.
Hind brain (brain stem)
the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum are three main parts of the:
right hemisphere
the process of facial recognition primarily by ____
display rules
the sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed
sensorimotor stage
the stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory a child coordinate sensation with movements
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
Social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
Foot-in-the-door
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
The false-consensus effect
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
Self-objectification
the tendency to see oneself primarily as an object in the eyes of others
Endorphins
this neurotransmitter works similar to painkillers and produces happy euphoric feelings
Altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
shallow
using rote rehearsal to remember information for an exam, utilizes ____ processing.
clinical or private
what area of psychology does a psychiatrist belong to
action potential
what mechanism temporarily converts a negative neuron to a positive neuron as it fires?
any agent that causes a birth defect
which of the following best definitions teratogen?
organisms learn from the
which of the following best describes what happens in classical conditioning?
organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior
which of the following best describes what happens in operant conditioning?
attachment of zygote to the uterus wall
which of the following developments occurs during the germinal prenatal development
expensive and time consuming
which of the following is not a disadvantage to surveys:
assigning meaning
which of the following is not a part of sensation?
six year old boy braids a dolls hair
which of the following scenarios exemplifies gender-nonconforming behavior?
feelings, believing, and memory are all
which of the options below is not an example of a mental process?
