Final review: Quizz 6 and Quizz 7

Spinal nerves contain

- The cervical spinal nerves (in the neck) -> carry sensory and motor information between the spinal cord and the hands and arms. - The Lumbar spinal nerves (in the lower back) --> carry sensory and motor information between the spinal cord and the feet and legs. - Thoracic - Sacral

Example of cranial nerves:

- The optic nerve: carries sensory informations from the eye to the brain - The facial nerve: carries motor commands frim the brain to the facial muscles - The vagus nerve

The autonomic nervous system is divided into two branches:

- The sympathetic branch - The parasympathetic branch

The functions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

- To take information from the body or from the environment into the central nervous system - To take motor commands from the central nervous system to appropriate muscles or glands.

The Peripheral nervous system consists of

- nerves - ganglia

Brainstem function

- responsible for automatic survival functions - Fixed action patterns and primordial emotional behaviors are likely organized by neural circuit located in the brainstem.

Structure of the brain evolutionary

1. The brainstem (the oldest) 2. The subcortical structures 3. The cortex

Cranial nerves

12 pairs of nerves which grow directly out the brainstem and primarily control sensory and motor functions of the head and the neck.

Spinal nerves:

31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord. The nerves leave the vertebral column and travel to the muscle for sensory receptors they innervate. Control sensory and motor functions of the body BELOW THE NECK.

Nerves:

A collection of axons and or dendrites, usually going to one part of the body or CNS

reflex arc

A relatively direct connection between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron that allows an extremely rapid response to a stimulus, often without conscious brain involvement.

A sagittal or mid-sagital section

A sagittal section which exactly divides the brain into its two hemispheres is a mid-sagittal section.

Direction in the brain

Anterior - the front Posterior - the back Superior - the top Inferior - the bottom Medial- center Lateral- slide

The central nervous system is made up of the

Brain and spinal cord

Corpus collosum function

Connect right and left hemispheres to allow communication

The three layers or levels into which your lecturer divides the mammalian brain are the

Cortex, subcortical and brainstem

Control of the muscles of the face would mainly occur through

Cranial nerves --> facial nerve

Bundles of axons and dendrites which grow out the brain and connect the brain to sense organs and muscles of the face, head, and neck are called

Cranial nerves.

Somatic connection to the spinal cord

Dendrites and axons travel from the spinal cord to the somatic receptor and to skeletal muscle to through the peripheral nerves. Message travel to and from the brain through axons in the white matter of the cord.

Mid-sagital (medial) section

Divide the brain into its two hemispheres as a mid-sagittal section

Dorsal root ganglia

Dorsal root ganglia is where the cell bodies of spinal sensory neurons are located.

Dorsal root:

Dorsal root: contain sensory information from the environment to the brain

Pheripheral ganglia are

Groups of somas or synapses outside the CNS.

Reciprocal connection

If module A sends output to brain B Module B also sends connections to module A. Reciprocal connection appears to allow for feedback: Each module will modify its activity, depending on the effect it has downstream.

Where are the cell bodies of spinal sensory neurons located?

In the dorsal root ganglia

Top-down view

In the top-down view, the more recently evolved parts of the brain (the cerebral cortex) think about the problem, collects information and makes a decision

Someone who had damage to his vagus nerve would suffer a loss of function of::

Internal organs

Ventral root

Is the exit of motors neuron from the grey matter to the ventral root.

The specie-Typical Behavior

It's the reflexion between the reflexive and mediated. It requires a stimulus and a response. This is the combinations of stimuli can elicit responses which rely on complex patterns of muscle contraction.

Touch sensations from the front of the legs and top of the feet are conducted into the CNS primarily through the

Lumbar spinal nerves: in the lower back, carry sensory and motor information between the spinal cord and the feet and legs.

The mediated behavior

Mediated behavior is the opposite. Mediated behavior is the product of many psychological processes. Multiple stimuli from the environment are interpreted through past experience and are influenced by perception, motivations, emotions and all of the other factors that constantly affect us.

Network of modules

More a loose network where each module influences and is influenced by many other modules, and the overall control of the organism as a result of all of these interactions.

The white matter of the spinal cord consists of

Myelinated axons that connect spinal cord and the brain It serves as a TheCommunication functions

According to your lecturer, the human infant learning to recognize its mother face is an example of

Perceptual learning

Your lecturer suggested that neurons becoming connected into cell assemblies might be the basis of:

Perceptual learning

Carrying messages to and from the central nervous system is the primary function of:

Peripheral Nervous System

After a damage to the DORSAL ROOT of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer the loss of:

Sensation from the affected body area.

Horizontal section, A mid-sagittal section A frontal or coronal section

Slicing the brain parallel to each of these planes produces a corresponding cross-sectional view.

Which division of the nervous system brings messages from the OUTSIDE WORLD to the central nervous system?

Somatic nervous system

Major Brainstem structures

Thalamus Hypothalamus Midbrain Brainstem reticular formation Pons Medulla Cerebellum

Hierarchies vs. networks of module

The brain has the hierarchical organization/ every module has its place in the order.

Which statement describe brain development

The brain overproduces neurons during development

Somatic nervous system

The first branch of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), that control the movement of the skeletal muscle or transmit informations to the central nervous system.

The Grey matter

The function of the grey matter of the spinal cord is where the integration and coordination of spinal reflexes happen.

Sympathetic chain ganglia

The motor in the sympathetic branch of the ANS terminates in the sympathetic chain ganglion. This chain serves as unify sympathetic nervous system activity.

Holistic brain function

The opposite point of view, the idea that the brain works as a whole. "all part of the brain do everything"

Autonomic nervous system

The other branch of the PNS is the autonomic nervous system. His jobs is to regulate the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

Autonomic sensory neurons

The sensory neuron of the autonomic nervous system (ex: carrying information from the stomach) enters in the spinal cord by passing throught the dorsal root ganglion where their soma are located in the dorsal root ganglia.

The reflexive behavior

The simplest kind of adaptive behavior is reflexive behavior. Ex: Jerking your hand back from the hot stove is a good example of reflexive behavior because the stimulus directly causes the response.

Peripheral motor ganglia in the autonomic nervous system:

The soma of Autonomic motor are located in the grey matter. Their axons exit via the ventral root and terminate via the peripheral ganglia.

Which of the following structures is NOT in the peripheral nervous system?

The spinal cord

The spinal cord

The spinal cord connects directly to the brain stem and grows through the center of the spine

The ventricular zone

The ventricular zone gives rise to the cells of the central nervous system.

The yips - communication between the body schemas and response maps

The yips is described as a situation where professional golfers are unable to putt. The details of how each movement is made vary with the position and condition of the body part making the movement.

Peripheral ganglia

There a second motor neuron connect to the visceral muscle and gland.

Levels of Adaptive Behavior

There are 3 levels of relationship between animals and their environments. - The reflexive behavior - The Mediated behavior - The species-typical behavior

Summary of the Spinal cord connection

These all information summarize all the sensory and motor connections of the SOMATIC and AUTONOMIC branches of the spinal cord.

Bottom-up view

This is the opposing view. In this view, the power flows from the bottom of an organization up toward the top. The bottom-up view of brain organization emphasized the fact that at our core, we are animals who must meet the same basic challenges that all aminal must meet. Survival, safety, and reproduction.

Localization of function

This term refers to the idea that different parts of the brain do different things

Which of the following terms describes the basic shape of the human brain during early embryonic development, according to Carlson?

Tube-like

Ganglion:

a collection of neuron cell bodies in the Peripheral nervous system.

The parasympathetic nervous system

a set of nerves that helps the body return to a normal resting state

The sympathetic nervous system

a set of nerves that prepares the body for action in challenging or threatening situations

According to your lecture, a seagull chick pecking at the red spot on its parent's bill to receive food is an example of

a species-typical behavior

Classification of nerves

a) CRANIAL nerves (12 pairs of nerves) which grow out of the brainstem and primarily control sensory and motor functions of the HEAD and NECK. b) SPINAL nerves: (31 pairs of nerves) which grow out from the spinal cord and primarily control sensory and motor functions of the body BELOW the NECK. Cervical spinal nerves and Lumbar spinal nerves.

The division of the nervous system that is made up of neurons that control the heart, intestines, and other organs is the __________.

autonomic

According to your lecturer, the order in which the major divisions of the brain evolved, from earliest to most recent, is _____, _____ and _____.

brainstem; subcortical structures; cortex

The limbic system appears to be involved primarily in processes of ..

emotion

A plane that shows brain structures as they would be seen from above is the __________.

horizontal plane

Where are the cell bodies of the spinal motor neurons located?

in the gray matter of the spinal cord

Nerves can be efferent

info from the brain to the environment

Nerves can be afferent:

info from the environment to the brain

People's noses are located ... to their ears

medial = center

For the mother gull feeding her chick, the chick's peck on her beak is a _____ and her response of regurgitation is a _____.

releasing stimulus; fixed-action pattern

The vagus nerve carries:

sensory and motor neuron information between the brain and the internal organs.

Which division of the nervous system is most directly concerned with sensing and regulating the body's INTERNAL STATE

the autonomic

The function of the gray matter of the spinal cord is mostly

the integration and coordination of spinal reflexes.

Cerebral cortex

the outermost layer of gray matter of the cerebral hemispheres

Meninges is

the protective sheaths around the brain and spinal cord.

The major exception to the generalization that the cranial nerves serve the head and neck region is

the vagus nerve.