Final review: Quizz 6 and Quizz 7
Spinal nerves contain
- The cervical spinal nerves (in the neck) -> carry sensory and motor information between the spinal cord and the hands and arms. - The Lumbar spinal nerves (in the lower back) --> carry sensory and motor information between the spinal cord and the feet and legs. - Thoracic - Sacral
Example of cranial nerves:
- The optic nerve: carries sensory informations from the eye to the brain - The facial nerve: carries motor commands frim the brain to the facial muscles - The vagus nerve
The autonomic nervous system is divided into two branches:
- The sympathetic branch - The parasympathetic branch
The functions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- To take information from the body or from the environment into the central nervous system - To take motor commands from the central nervous system to appropriate muscles or glands.
The Peripheral nervous system consists of
- nerves - ganglia
Brainstem function
- responsible for automatic survival functions - Fixed action patterns and primordial emotional behaviors are likely organized by neural circuit located in the brainstem.
Structure of the brain evolutionary
1. The brainstem (the oldest) 2. The subcortical structures 3. The cortex
Cranial nerves
12 pairs of nerves which grow directly out the brainstem and primarily control sensory and motor functions of the head and the neck.
Spinal nerves:
31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord. The nerves leave the vertebral column and travel to the muscle for sensory receptors they innervate. Control sensory and motor functions of the body BELOW THE NECK.
Nerves:
A collection of axons and or dendrites, usually going to one part of the body or CNS
reflex arc
A relatively direct connection between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron that allows an extremely rapid response to a stimulus, often without conscious brain involvement.
A sagittal or mid-sagital section
A sagittal section which exactly divides the brain into its two hemispheres is a mid-sagittal section.
Direction in the brain
Anterior - the front Posterior - the back Superior - the top Inferior - the bottom Medial- center Lateral- slide
The central nervous system is made up of the
Brain and spinal cord
Corpus collosum function
Connect right and left hemispheres to allow communication
The three layers or levels into which your lecturer divides the mammalian brain are the
Cortex, subcortical and brainstem
Control of the muscles of the face would mainly occur through
Cranial nerves --> facial nerve
Bundles of axons and dendrites which grow out the brain and connect the brain to sense organs and muscles of the face, head, and neck are called
Cranial nerves.
Somatic connection to the spinal cord
Dendrites and axons travel from the spinal cord to the somatic receptor and to skeletal muscle to through the peripheral nerves. Message travel to and from the brain through axons in the white matter of the cord.
Mid-sagital (medial) section
Divide the brain into its two hemispheres as a mid-sagittal section
Dorsal root ganglia
Dorsal root ganglia is where the cell bodies of spinal sensory neurons are located.
Dorsal root:
Dorsal root: contain sensory information from the environment to the brain
Pheripheral ganglia are
Groups of somas or synapses outside the CNS.
Reciprocal connection
If module A sends output to brain B Module B also sends connections to module A. Reciprocal connection appears to allow for feedback: Each module will modify its activity, depending on the effect it has downstream.
Where are the cell bodies of spinal sensory neurons located?
In the dorsal root ganglia
Top-down view
In the top-down view, the more recently evolved parts of the brain (the cerebral cortex) think about the problem, collects information and makes a decision
Someone who had damage to his vagus nerve would suffer a loss of function of::
Internal organs
Ventral root
Is the exit of motors neuron from the grey matter to the ventral root.
The specie-Typical Behavior
It's the reflexion between the reflexive and mediated. It requires a stimulus and a response. This is the combinations of stimuli can elicit responses which rely on complex patterns of muscle contraction.
Touch sensations from the front of the legs and top of the feet are conducted into the CNS primarily through the
Lumbar spinal nerves: in the lower back, carry sensory and motor information between the spinal cord and the feet and legs.
The mediated behavior
Mediated behavior is the opposite. Mediated behavior is the product of many psychological processes. Multiple stimuli from the environment are interpreted through past experience and are influenced by perception, motivations, emotions and all of the other factors that constantly affect us.
Network of modules
More a loose network where each module influences and is influenced by many other modules, and the overall control of the organism as a result of all of these interactions.
The white matter of the spinal cord consists of
Myelinated axons that connect spinal cord and the brain It serves as a TheCommunication functions
According to your lecturer, the human infant learning to recognize its mother face is an example of
Perceptual learning
Your lecturer suggested that neurons becoming connected into cell assemblies might be the basis of:
Perceptual learning
Carrying messages to and from the central nervous system is the primary function of:
Peripheral Nervous System
After a damage to the DORSAL ROOT of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer the loss of:
Sensation from the affected body area.
Horizontal section, A mid-sagittal section A frontal or coronal section
Slicing the brain parallel to each of these planes produces a corresponding cross-sectional view.
Which division of the nervous system brings messages from the OUTSIDE WORLD to the central nervous system?
Somatic nervous system
Major Brainstem structures
Thalamus Hypothalamus Midbrain Brainstem reticular formation Pons Medulla Cerebellum
Hierarchies vs. networks of module
The brain has the hierarchical organization/ every module has its place in the order.
Which statement describe brain development
The brain overproduces neurons during development
Somatic nervous system
The first branch of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), that control the movement of the skeletal muscle or transmit informations to the central nervous system.
The Grey matter
The function of the grey matter of the spinal cord is where the integration and coordination of spinal reflexes happen.
Sympathetic chain ganglia
The motor in the sympathetic branch of the ANS terminates in the sympathetic chain ganglion. This chain serves as unify sympathetic nervous system activity.
Holistic brain function
The opposite point of view, the idea that the brain works as a whole. "all part of the brain do everything"
Autonomic nervous system
The other branch of the PNS is the autonomic nervous system. His jobs is to regulate the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
Autonomic sensory neurons
The sensory neuron of the autonomic nervous system (ex: carrying information from the stomach) enters in the spinal cord by passing throught the dorsal root ganglion where their soma are located in the dorsal root ganglia.
The reflexive behavior
The simplest kind of adaptive behavior is reflexive behavior. Ex: Jerking your hand back from the hot stove is a good example of reflexive behavior because the stimulus directly causes the response.
Peripheral motor ganglia in the autonomic nervous system:
The soma of Autonomic motor are located in the grey matter. Their axons exit via the ventral root and terminate via the peripheral ganglia.
Which of the following structures is NOT in the peripheral nervous system?
The spinal cord
The spinal cord
The spinal cord connects directly to the brain stem and grows through the center of the spine
The ventricular zone
The ventricular zone gives rise to the cells of the central nervous system.
The yips - communication between the body schemas and response maps
The yips is described as a situation where professional golfers are unable to putt. The details of how each movement is made vary with the position and condition of the body part making the movement.
Peripheral ganglia
There a second motor neuron connect to the visceral muscle and gland.
Levels of Adaptive Behavior
There are 3 levels of relationship between animals and their environments. - The reflexive behavior - The Mediated behavior - The species-typical behavior
Summary of the Spinal cord connection
These all information summarize all the sensory and motor connections of the SOMATIC and AUTONOMIC branches of the spinal cord.
Bottom-up view
This is the opposing view. In this view, the power flows from the bottom of an organization up toward the top. The bottom-up view of brain organization emphasized the fact that at our core, we are animals who must meet the same basic challenges that all aminal must meet. Survival, safety, and reproduction.
Localization of function
This term refers to the idea that different parts of the brain do different things
Which of the following terms describes the basic shape of the human brain during early embryonic development, according to Carlson?
Tube-like
Ganglion:
a collection of neuron cell bodies in the Peripheral nervous system.
The parasympathetic nervous system
a set of nerves that helps the body return to a normal resting state
The sympathetic nervous system
a set of nerves that prepares the body for action in challenging or threatening situations
According to your lecture, a seagull chick pecking at the red spot on its parent's bill to receive food is an example of
a species-typical behavior
Classification of nerves
a) CRANIAL nerves (12 pairs of nerves) which grow out of the brainstem and primarily control sensory and motor functions of the HEAD and NECK. b) SPINAL nerves: (31 pairs of nerves) which grow out from the spinal cord and primarily control sensory and motor functions of the body BELOW the NECK. Cervical spinal nerves and Lumbar spinal nerves.
The division of the nervous system that is made up of neurons that control the heart, intestines, and other organs is the __________.
autonomic
According to your lecturer, the order in which the major divisions of the brain evolved, from earliest to most recent, is _____, _____ and _____.
brainstem; subcortical structures; cortex
The limbic system appears to be involved primarily in processes of ..
emotion
A plane that shows brain structures as they would be seen from above is the __________.
horizontal plane
Where are the cell bodies of the spinal motor neurons located?
in the gray matter of the spinal cord
Nerves can be efferent
info from the brain to the environment
Nerves can be afferent:
info from the environment to the brain
People's noses are located ... to their ears
medial = center
For the mother gull feeding her chick, the chick's peck on her beak is a _____ and her response of regurgitation is a _____.
releasing stimulus; fixed-action pattern
The vagus nerve carries:
sensory and motor neuron information between the brain and the internal organs.
Which division of the nervous system is most directly concerned with sensing and regulating the body's INTERNAL STATE
the autonomic
The function of the gray matter of the spinal cord is mostly
the integration and coordination of spinal reflexes.
Cerebral cortex
the outermost layer of gray matter of the cerebral hemispheres
Meninges is
the protective sheaths around the brain and spinal cord.
The major exception to the generalization that the cranial nerves serve the head and neck region is
the vagus nerve.