Final
What is true about the size of the bureaucracy?
It is growing, but so is the economy.
What is framing?
It is influencing how events are interpreted.
What is meant by "deregulation?"
It is reducing the number of rules issued by federal regulatory agencies.
What happens in the process of privatization?
It is the act of moving all or part of a program to the public or private sector, and reduces the cost of the government.
What is Condorcet's Paradox?
It is the event in which there is no true majority winner.
What is the goal of political parties?
It is to have their candidate elected into office.
What is public opinion?
It is views prevalent among the general public.
When are interest groups most influential?
It is when the majority of people are not paying attention.
What is the content of the 1996 Telecommunications Act?
It lowered restrictions of media ownership, leading to consolidation.
What is meant by "cutting out the fat?"
It means to reduce the number of federal employees to cut back on bureaucracy.
How is the executive branch organized?
It oversees independent agencies/commissions, 15 cabinet departments / 160 agencies (the bulk of the bureaucracy), and government corporations.
What is the 1946 APA?
It requires agencies to give public notice of proposed rules, to invite public comment, and to hold public hearings.
What public opinion trends can be observed when it comes to partisan positions, trust in government, and the media?
It shows growing polarization and a decrease in trust in government and the media.
WOTUS illustrates what?
It shows the expansion of the federal government's power over water pollution.
Why was the Federalist Society founded?
It was based on the perception that law schools and the Courts had a liberal bias.
What happened to the 9th Circuit Court?
It was originally dominated by Democratic judges, but that "circuit flipped" to conservatives when Trump nominated 10 judges (over 1/3 of active judges).
What was George Washington's view of political parties?
It was seen as a threat to social order.
What was the purpose of adopting primaries?
It was to make the system more democratic.
What is WOTUS' relationship to the 1972 Clean Waters Act?
It was written under the Clean Waters Act by the EPA but was not officially a bill.
According to lecture, which founder argued that good government encourages a multiple of factions?
James Madison
What is judicial activism?
Judges should decide cases based on the ongoing changes in society.
What is judicial restraint?
Judges should decide cases on the basis of the original intent of the law.
According to lecture, the view that the Constitution needs to be interpreted flexibly is part of which philosophy?
Judicial activism
According to lecture, the view that the justices should infer what was meant by the Constitution is part of which philosophy?
Judicial restraint
According to the documentary RBG (2018), what inspired RBG to study law?
Lawyers representing defendants' liberties during Red Scare in the 1950s
In American politics, persons who seek to expand liberty above all other principles, as well as to minimize government intervention in the economy and society are called:
Libertarians.
United States v. Nixon (1974)
Limited the scope of a President's use of executive privilege
Compared to other democracies, how actively is the U.S. government regulating the media?
Lower/least control
According to Professor Jhacova Williams' research, as presented in The Economist (2019) video "How Lynching Still Affects American Politics" what is the connection between the legacy of lynching and voting?
Lynching was a message of voter suppression and in areas where lynching took place, there has been lower voter participation.
What is the origin of the power of judicial review?
Marbury vs. Madison (1803)
The framers of the U.S. Constitution had originally intended which of the following offices to be subject to direct popular election?
Members of the House of Representatives
Which member of Congress introduced a bill in 2015 that would block new EPA regulation on carbon emissions from going into effect unless reviewed by the Labor Department?
Mitch McConnell
What are examples of Independent Agencies?
NASA, CIA, EPA
Are political parties mentioned in the constitution?
No
The fact that the U.S. has only two (strong) political parties has to do with which institutional feature?
Plurality system
Who appoints heads of Cabinet Departments?
President of the United States
Who is given the right to make appointments to the executive branch?
President of the United States
What is different about how Maine and Nebraska allocate their electoral college votes?
Proportional representation
Which term do political scientists use to describe vote choices that focus on expectations of future behavior—ones tied, for example, to promises of economic and policy change?
Prospective voting
According to lecture, what is the problem with the simplistic model of representing public opinion to create public policy?
Public opinion is often ambiguous, not based on information, and can be biased. And Condorcet's paradox.
If the federal government allowed issues, including controversial ones such as gun control measures, to be decided by the public in national referendums, inconsistencies between public opinion and public policy could well be reduced. What does the congressional lawmaking process allow, however, that legislating through direct democracy would not?
Reflection and compromise
What was the 3rd party system?
Republicans and Democrats (Democrats dominate the south)
What was the 4th party system?
Republicans and Democrats (Republicans dominate overall)
What was the 6th party system?
Republicans and Democrats (Southern whites and religious whites become Republican)
What was the 5th party system?
Republicans and Democrats (The New Deal era, expanded federal government power)
Who was the first EPA Administrator of the Trump Administration?
Scott Pruitt
What are examples of the 15 Departments?
Secretaries of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, Housing and Urban Development, Interior, Labor, State, Transportation, Treasury, and Veterans Affairs, and the Attorney General.
What is the title of the heads of Cabinet Departments?
Secretary
Which voting restrictions existed in the past?
Segregation laws against blacks and women
Once the president has formally nominated an individual for the courts, the appointee must be approved by the ___________ and then confirmed by __________.
Senate Judiciary Committee; full Senate
Which informal Senate practice allows a single senator to reject candidates for the federal bench in their own states?
Senatorial courtesy
U.S. v. Lopez (1995)
Supreme Court declared Gun Free School Zones Act exceeded Congress's Interstate Commerce Clause power and was therefore unconstitutional. First federal law declared to exceed commerce clause since the 1930s.
According to the Vox video "How the Republican Party Went from Lincoln to Trump" (2016), which Act is was passed 1866 and which amendments followed?
The Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the 14th and 15th amendments
Which internal security agency did Congress create in 2002 in order to coordinate the nation's defense against the threat of terrorism?
The Department of Homeland Security
Which Act and which agency was created in 1970?
The EPA (Clean Waters Act)
What is the FCC?
The Federal Communications Commission, which is a federal agency charged with regulating the media in the public interest.
What is senatorial courtesy?
The Senate will only approve an official appointed by the President if the senator/s from the state of the official also approve of him/her.
Why, at the federal level, are the U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeal the courts of last resort for most cases, whether civil or criminal?
The U.S. Supreme Court can choose what cases it wants to hear, among those appealed from lower courts.
According to the Vox video "How the Republican Party Went from Lincoln to Trump" (2016): which party collapses over a debate on slavery?
The Whigs
As discussed in the documentary RBG (2018), what is the lasting legacy of a president with respect to the judicial branch?
The ability to shape the Supreme Court through the power to appoint judges.
The term "deep state" refers to what?
The bureaucracy
What is a bureaucracy?
The complex structure of offices, tasks, rules, and principles of organization that are employed by all large-scale institutions to coordinate the work of their personnel.
The Attorney General is the name for who?
The head of the Justice Department
According to lecture, on a scale of public opinion quality, we consider an individual's opinion on an issue to be of the highest quality when
The individual knows his/her preferences and the reasons why, and why others disagree.
Who is Merrick Garland?
The judge nominated by Obama who was refused to be considered by the Senate Judiciary Committee.
Who is Brett Kavanaugh?
The judge nominated by Trump, who is deeply conservative.
What explains why the Supreme Court has been more secure in its ability to strike down acts of Congress?
The limited use of judicial review during its infancy has helped reinforce greater acceptance of the Court's power to strike down laws.
Many cases that come before the Supreme Court are what?
They are ambiguous and causes on which reasonable people may disagree.
What are the powers of the Vice President?
They break tie votes in Senate, can be an important advisor, and step in if the president dies. They have very few constitutional powers.
In the clip from HBO's "John Adams" "Jefferson and Hamilton argue...," Jefferson said he was surprised by what when returning from France to Philadelphia?
To a discussion of banks, money and authority
The court that initially hears a criminal or civil case is the __________ court.
Trial
True or False: According to The Daily (2018) podcast, Brett Kavanaugh's nomination for (and appointment to) illustrates the Federalist Society's successful strategy.
True
True or False: According to lecture, the Republican Party is comparatively far right on the ideological spectrum (when compared to right wing parties in other democracies)
True
True or False: According to lecture, the emergence of right-wing populism is both a symptom and a cause of polarization
True
True or False: African Americans and whites hold dramatically different views about what government should do for, or what policies should be adopted to help, people in need.
True
True or False: Americans have a consensus around the idea that, whenever possible, elected public officials should be chosen by majority vote.
True
True or False: Closed primaries prohibit anyone who is not a registered party member from participating.
True
True or False: Hispanics are increasing in importance and policy relevance in the United States.
True
True or False: In the 2016 election, Hillary Clinton received 54 percent of women's votes, but only 41 percent of men's votes.
True
True or False: Most electoral contests in the United States are decided on the basis of plurality rules.
True
True or False: Opponents of existing policies and agencies face high hurdles when trying to end them, but supporters of existing policies or agencies find maintaining the status quo easier.
True
True or False: The Republican brand name includes reducing government spending and lowering taxes.
True
True or False: The Supreme Court heard and handed down its ruling in Roe v. Wade, despite the fact the plaintiff's pregnancy had already come to term, leading a lower court to argue that the case had become moot.
True
True or False: The most dependable way an individual justice can exercise a direct and clear influence on the Supreme Court is to write a dissent.
True
True or False: The single strongest predictor of how a person will vote is that individual's attachment to a political party.
True
True or False: Voter registration research has shown that almost 90 percent of registered voters do vote, but that only about 80 percent of the eligible electorate is registered.
True
What are examples of government corporations?
US Postal Service, Amtrak
The way the Electoral College works creates a population inequity in presidential elections because:
Under the Constitution large states are entitled to fewer electors per resident than smaller states.
One thing all parts of the United States have, despite differences in the party in power, is overlapping political boundaries. People can live in the same congressional districts but vote in vastly differing city council districts, for instance, and also in school districts at variance with either, even while voting in the same polling place. These boundaries create which practical problem, one that voter registration helps solve?
Varying combinations of elected offices, with each combination requiring a different ballot.
According to lecture, how were parties' presidential candidates chosen in the time period between 1780 and the 1830s?
Via a caucus method involving professional politicians
If a state prisoner alleged that corrections officials there had violated his rights under the Constitution by opening his mail without his permission, could a federal court hear the case?
Yes, it could be heard by the Supreme Court if appealed from a state court with appellate jurisdiction, given that it would involve constitutional issues
According to The Daily (2018) podcast "A 30 Year Plan...,"which conclusion did the Federalist Society members draw from the failed nomination of Robert Bork?
You cannot get too aggressive when putting forward conservative nominees
According to lecture, current challenges to the U.S. democratic system include
a decline in trust, influence of money in politics, polarization of public opinion, Congress, the media
A type of electoral process in which a candidate must receive more than 50 percent of all votes cast in a jurisdiction to win a seat in a legislative body is:
a majority system.
According to Herington and Ladd (2020), as discussed in the article, "Destroying trust..." distrust toward government, science and the media are not just part of Trump unorthodox political style, but
are the theme of a larger conservative movement
According to the PBS Newshour interview with David Brooks and Mark Shields (2020), why does David Brooks think the 2020 election is "unlike any other?"
because a number of crises are coinciding, which makes it an intense political era
According to Herington and Ladd (2020), as discussed in the article, "Destroying trust ...., " what event has highlighted the costs associated with undermining trust in media, science, and government?
coronavirus pandemic
The trial courts of general jurisdiction at the federal level are called __________ courts.
district
A political party is an organized group seeking to:
gain or maintain control over government by electing its members to office.
In the 2010 decision Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, the Supreme Court held that a federal campaign finance reform law had wrongly imposed restrictions on ________________ by corporations.
independent expenditures (i.e., spending not going to campaigns or political parties)
According to lecture, what is the "institutions principle?"
institutions shape outcomes
According to lecture, the COVID-19 crisis has had the following effect on U.S. politics:
it has highlighted societal divisions, it has forced us talk about acceptable compromises, it will continue to post a challenge economically
According to the PBS Newshour interview with David Brooks and Mark Shields (2020), Shields points that President Trump, in contrast to President Nixon, demands ________ of Republican Senators?
loyalty
In international affairs, conservatism has come to mean support for:
maintaining American military power.
Although presidents cannot introduce legislation, they can usually rely on ____________ in Congress to introduce legislation that they favor, and help shepherd the legislation through.
members of their own party
Americans are less likely to vote for minor-party candidates, and more concerned in close elections with wasting their votes, than voters in many other democratic countries because ______________.
minor party candidates are at a disadvantage in the single-member district, plurality-winner systems that dominate American electoral politics
The type of electoral system in which victory goes to the individual who gets more votes than any other candidate is called a:
plurality system.
In modern American politics, most party nominees for elected public offices are chosen through:
primary elections.
The chief vehicle through which liberals have advanced their policy ideas in recent times has been:
public interest groups
The federal broadcast regulation requiring that radio and television stations give individuals the opportunity to respond to the airing of personal attacks against them is the:
right of rebuttal.
When recruiting candidates, parties consider that, at the very least, a serious candidate for a U.S. Senate seat must be able to raise _______________.
several million dollars
Even though Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton won the popular vote in the 2016 presidential election, Republican nominee Donald Trump won the Electoral College vote. While every race has its nuances or quirks as well as multiple reasons for their ultimate results, similar outcomes occurred in four previous American presidential races, ones tied to:
the need for candidates to campaign for Electoral College votes by winning individual states, rather than votes in a direct, popular election.
According to lecture, why is politics arguably like football?
the rule of the game determine the players' behavior and the outcome
According to lecture, civic mindedness involves
the willingness to make a sacrifice for the greater good of society
Which institutional features characterize the U.S. judiciary?
1. Autonomy 2. Hierarchy 3. Judicial review 4. Lifetime appointment
How have presidential candidates been selected?
1. Caucus method (1780s-1830s) 2. Progressive Era (National Convention Method) (1830s) 3. Primaries (1968-Current)
What are explanations for public opinion trends?
1. Events 2. Polarizing political movements 3. Changes to the media market
What are the origins of public opinion?
1. Foundational factors (Self-interest, values, socialization) 2. Political Ideology 3. Identity Politics
What are the unintentional results of primaries?
1. Increases role of money in running 2. Reduce voter turnout 3. Media gained more influence 4. Gives candidates incentive to change positions overtime
Who are interest groups comprised of?
1. Individuals 2. Groups 3. Professionals
What roles do the media play in democracy?
1. Instrument of citizen control of government 2. Instrument of government power and control 3. Private, for profit business
What are the roles of interest groups?
1. Lobbying 2. Monitoring government activity 3. Participating in policy making 4. Donating and funding campaigns
What is unusual about U.S. elections?
1. Low election turnout 2. Few political parties 3. Electoral college 4. Primary elections 5. Partisanship is critisized
What types of media are there?
1. Print 2. Broadcast 3. Digital
What roles do political parties play?
1. Recruiting candidates 2. Nominating candidates 3. Getting out the vote
What influence does the media have in politics?
1. Selection Bias and Agenda Setting 2. Framing 3. Priming
What types of courts exist?
1. State Courts 2. Federal District Courts 3. Circuit Court of Appeals (Federal Appellate Court) 4. Supreme Court
To ensure that their populations are equal, U.S. House and state legislative districts must be redrawn every:
10 years, after another federal census of the American population is completed.
How many attacks targeted presidents?
11
How many regional circuits are there?
12
According to an interview with Hedrick Smith, presented in lecture, there were _____ registered business lobbyists, compared to _____ labor lobbyists lobbying Congress in 2012.
12,500, 400
According a Gallup public opinion survey (2019) presented in lecture, the percent of respondents who stated, in that they "a great deal in the media" was
13
How many people work closely with the president?
1500
How many agencies are associated with the 15 Departments?
160
Who has the legal right to vote in the U.S.?
18 year old citizens
The EPA was created in which year?
1970
According to the documentary RBG (2018), what was the percentage of women enrolled in Harvard Law school in the 1950s?
2
How many presidents have been injured in assassination attempts?
2
How many agencies make up the bureaucracy?
200
How many presidents have been assassinated?
4
The Economist (2019) video "How Lynching Still Affects American Politics" how many African-Americans were lynched in the U.S. between 1877 and 1950?
4,000
According to the documentary RBG (2018), what was the approximate percentage of women recently graduating Harvard Law School, according to RBG's granddaughter?
50
According to data presented in lecture, what was the voter turnout in the U.S. in the 2016 election?
55.7
How many party systems in the US are there?
6
According a Pew Public Opinion survey (2019) presented in lecture, the percent of respondents who stated, in 1964, that they "trust the federal government always or most of the time has decreased over time" was
77
According to data presented in lecture, what was the voter turnout in Belgium in 2014?
87.5
California is part of which circuit?
9
How many judges are on the Supreme Court?
9
How strong is partisan loyalties predictor of who they vote for?
90
How many judicial districts are there?
94
Citizens United v. FEC (2010)
A 2010 decision by the United States Supreme Court holding that independent expenditures are free speech protected by the 1st Amendment and so cannot be limited by federal law. Leads to creation of Super PACs & massive rise in amount of third party electioneering (Citizens for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow)
An individual suing an attorney or doctor for malpractice would, in most cases, file a civil claim against the professional in what court?
A court in the state in which the alleged malpractice took place.
Who was Harriet Miers?
A nominee during the George W. Bush administration who was a conservative, but not a member of the Federalist Society, and thus not acceptable to the Federalist Society.
What is meant by issue voting?
A voter's tendency to vote for candidates based on their position on issues.
According to lecture, who said that, "our government rest in public opinion?"
Abraham Lincoln
What describes the arena of public law that involves disputes over the jurisdiction, procedures, or authority of government agencies?
Administrative law
Which characteristics are associated with the likelihood of an eligible voter exercising his/her right to vote?
Age, education, and residential mobility
As of mid-2018, a dozen states and the District of Columbia had either already implemented or passed voter registration reforms that would allow people to register when renewing their driver's licenses or state identification cards, or when interacting with any state agency that collects documents with the information required for determining voting eligibility. What is likely to be a result of such laws?
An increase in total turnout for most elections
According to the Vox video "How the Republican Party Went from Lincoln to Trump" (2016), by the 1920, the Republican party became the party of _____________?
Big business
According to the Vox video "How the Republican Party Went from Lincoln to Trump" (2016), what electoral realignment (switches) take place in the 1960s and following decades?
Black voters move to Democratic Party and White voters in the South switch to the Republican Party
According to lecture, who emphasized that he lost the presidential election to his opponent, not his enemy?
Bob Dole
What type of media does the FCC regulate?
Broadcast Media
What term refers to the offices, tasks, and principles that large organizations, including governments, employ to coordinate their work?
Bureaucracy
What is criminal law?
Cases from actions that allegedly violate laws protecting the health, safety, or morals of the community.
What is civil law?
Cases involving disputes among individuals or between individuals and the government that do not involve criminal penalties.
What is public law?
Cases involving the powers of government or the rights of citizens.
What types of cases are heard in the federal courts?
Cases involving violations of the Constitution or federal law, crimes on federal land, bankruptcy cases, and cases involving multiple states.
The number of justices who sit on the United States Supreme Court is determined by:
Congress.
What was the 2nd party system?
Democrat-Republicans and Whigs (Whigs later collapsed due to controversies on slavery)
What is the most recent Department created?
Department of Homeland Security (2002, in response to 9/11)
According to the Vox video "How the Republican Party Went from Lincoln to Trump" (2016) what action did the Democratic Party take during Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency?
Dramatically expand the size and role of the federal government in effort to combat the Great Depression
The presidential electors from each state who meet after the popular election to cast ballots for president and vice president are collectively called the:
Electoral College.
As discussed in the documentary RBG (2018), what is the philosophy behind RBG's strategy of 'one step at a time'?
Enduring change does not happen overnight but rather piece by piece.
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Established judicial review
During the 2016 election, national media gave Donald Trump extensive attention for a press conference in which he promoted his own branded steaks and bottled water, as well as one of his golf courses. This is an example of how:
Even political coverage is now often "soft news," or news with more entertainment value than substance.
True or False: According to lecture, bureaucracies are undemocratic.
False
True or False: According to lecture, the polarization of the Democratic and Republican parties' policy positions is a result of both parties moving away equally from the ideological center
False
True or False: After the death of Justice Antonin Scalia in 2016, when the Republican-controlled Senate refused to act on President Obama's appointment of a moderate justice, the eight-member Court could not accept or hear new cases, nor issue rulings, for several months.
False
True or False: Basically, the mass media are neutral messengers for ideas developed by others.
False
True or False: Citizens in the United States have only a narrow set of means to express their opinions.
False
True or False: Defendants found guilty of civil wrongs can be fined or sent to prison.
False
True or False: Despite attempts to control the growth of bureaucracy, the number of federal employees in the civil service has grown exponentially over the past 30 years.
False
True or False: In recent years, voter turnout in the United States has been high relative to that in other Western democracies.
False
True or False: In the United States today, there are more independents than party identifiers.
False
True or False: No democratic country makes voting compulsory or legally required.
False
True or False: People tend to change their partisan identities as they age, mainly because individuals tend to be more liberal when they are younger, and more conservative when they are older
False
True or False: The Supreme Court only hears cases involving public law.
False
The most sweeping change in campaign finance regulations came with passage of the _____________ in 1971.
Federal Election Campaign Act
What was the 1st party system?
Federalist and Democratic-Republicans (Federalists supported the English and the latter the French)
The U.S. Postal Service and Amtrak are what?
Government corporations
According to Herington and Ladd (2020), as discussed in the article, "Destroying trust ...," what actions has Trump taken regarding science experts in the executive branch, and what statements has he made about government agencies?
He left positions in in the Centers for Disease Control open, disagreed with scientific experts, and expressed distrust toward government agencies, using the label "deep state"
What is the role of the Chief Justice?
Head of Supreme Court, presides over court and presidential impeachment, sets court hearing agenda, and administers presidential oath.
What has been the role of the 1st Lady traditionally?
Hostess
In 2018, Supreme Court Justice Neil Gorsuch, who was appointed by President Donald Trump, sided against the Trump administration in a major immigrant deportation case. His ruling came as a surprise to some observers, since an immigration crackdown had been the Trump campaign and the presidency's signature policy issue. Historically, however, it was not unusual, reflecting a tradition of judicial:
Independence, since justices are more free than leaders of other branches to pursue their own ideas about what is right.
What are the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) examples of?
Independent agencies, ones that do not fall under the control of any cabinet department.
What is the relationship between Congress and the administrative agencies?
It allows Congress to make broad statutory guidance to an agency and delegate authority to the agency to propose rules that further the statutory purposes.
How does bureaucracy make modern government possible?
It allows a means of efficiently delivering or providing public goods and services, as well as a way for officials to make credible, long-term policy commitments.
Why can media changes be considered a modern threat to democracy?
It allows for misinformation to be spread, and structure changes result in a threat to free press.
Why do we arguably need political parties in a representative government?
It allows people to make decisions without dedicating much of their time to learning about policies.
What does Article III, Section II state?
It describes the jurisdiction of the federal courts.
What jurisdiction does Article III grant the Supreme Court?
It establishes the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
What is often thought about the size of the bureaucracy?
It has grown to be much too big compared to the size of the economy and it is commonly perceived to be too big
How much has employment in the federal government grown during the last 35 years?
It has not grown much.
What is the influence of the Trump Administration on the Supreme Court?
It has shifted power to the rights as a result of vacancies and the judges selected.
What are the important roles of bureaucracy?
It implements laws, makes and enforces rules, and settles disputes.
Who is a member of the cabinet?
It includes Vice President, Secretary of State, and other heads of Federal Executive Departments.
What is a PAC?
It is a Political Action Committee formed by employees and stockholders to lobby government.
What are interest groups?
It is a group of people that seeks to influence public policy on the basis of a particular common interest or concern.
According to The Daily (2018) podcast "A 30 Year Plan...,"what has characterized the relationship between the Federalist Society and Donald Trump?
It is a mutually beneficial relationship. The relationship is a recent one, starting only during Trump's presidential campaign. Donald Trump asked the Federalist Society for a list of appointees to the Courts.
Why is the bureaucracy called "one of humanity's most significant inventions?"
It is an institutional arrangement that allows for division and specialization of labor, makes use of expertise, and coordinates action for social, political, and economic purposes. It enables governments to exist and perform.
Who is the Federalist Society?
It is an organization of conservatives and libertarians that advocates for a textualist and originalist interpretation of the United States Constitution.
Why is it hard to reduce the size of the bureaucracy by eliminating programs ("termination")?
It is because Americans grow attached to the services programs provide. It is a reflection of the love/hate relationship with the national government.
What is a common perception of a bureaucracy?
It is because it is commonly thought of as undemocratic.
Why is the bureaucracy "revolutionary?"
It is because the power of the office holder rests with the office, rather the power being associated with societal status or birthright.
According to the PBS Newshour interview with David Brooks and Mark Shields (2020), why are Republicans worried about the November election?
It is because their electoral fate seems tied to that of Donald Trump, and it is difficult to win a seat when the President appears to be losing.
How is the role of the 1st Lady changing?
It is becoming more powerful through delegation of public policy power.
What is agenda-setting?
It is calling public attention to certain issues.
What is priming?
It is calling selective attention to certain facts.
In the clip from HBO's "John Adams" "Jefferson and Hamilton argue...," Hamilton says what about the Treasury Department?
It is critical is for the country to have a national bank, because both trade and establishing international credit are important
What is meant by "devolution?"
It is downsizing the federal bureaucracy by delegating program implementation to state and local governments.