Flashcards for Volume 2

sources of measurement error for internal consistency reliability coefficients

"content sampling" - item homogeneity these tests are good for assessing reliability of tests that measure unstable traits or are affected by repeated administration inappropriate for assesing the reliability of speed tests

Fee Arrangements

"forensic practitioners avoid undue influence that might result from financial compensation or other gains"...(i.e. accepting contingent fees that depend on the outcome of the case)

Interaction between selection and treatment

"interaction"- variable has one effect under some circumstances and another effect under another set of circumstances sometimes effects of a givene treatment would not generalize to other members of the population of interest (or target population)

Adolescent Identity Crisis

"storm and stress" disengage from families, adult sex drive, need to construct adult identity 20% rates of psychological disturbance, similar to children and adults

offering inducements for research participation

(a) Psychologists make reasonable efforts to avoid offering excessive or inappropriate financial or other inducements for research participation when such inducements are likely to coerce participation. (b) clarify nature, risks, obligations, and limitations of services

Gilligan's relational crisis

- 11-12 years - a response to increasing pressures to fit cultural stereotypes of the "perfect good woman" - disconnect from themselves in order to maintain relationships with others and experience drop in academic achievement, loss of self-esteem, and vulnerability to psychopathology - give up own strengths and interests - try to help girls maintain a "healthy resistance to disconnection" "loss of voice"

critical incidents

- descriptions of specific job behaviors that lead to either successful or unsuccessful job performance - observe employee while they work and keep a tally of good and bad work behaviors of each employee - subsequently tallies became likert type rating scales

Physical maturation in adolescence

- growth spurt begins around 11 to 12 for girls and 13 to 14 for boys - lasts for about 3-4 years and signals the beginning of puberty, during which he primary sex organs enlarge and become functional and the secondary sex characteristics appear - late maturation for boys has problems (attention seeking, lower confidence, poor academics) - early maturation for girls has problems (poor self-concept, lower academics, higher risk for depression, eating disorders, and substance use) - problems depend on how different kids perceive themselves to be from their peers

theories of color vision

-Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory: the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors-one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue-which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color -Herings' opponent-process theory: the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision; for example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green

reliability coefficient

0-1 + .90= 90% of observed variability in obtained test scores is due to true score differences among examinees and the remaining 10% of observed variability represents measurement error directly indicates the proportion of variability that is true score variability 1 is never achieved on psychological tests personality test- usually .70 and above selection tests in industrial settings should have reliability coefficients of about .90

Chronic illness in childhood and adolescence

1) Brain conditions= more behavior problems and lower social functioning 2) Family functioning positively correlated with positive adjustment for these kids 3) Parental adjustment predicts child adjustment (maternal depression=poorer adjustment) 4) Chronically ill boys more at risk for behavior problems while chronically ill girls are more at risk for distress 5) Teens at risk for not adhering to treatment...concern about being different from peers And tell the kids the truth about it in a way that is appropriate for their age

Formative stages of group therapy

1) Orientation, hesitant participation, search for meaning, and dependency 2) Conflict, dominance, rebellion- hierarchy, hostile talk especially to therapist 3) Development of cohesiveness

personal problems and conflicts

1) don't do things things where you know personal problems/conflicts will likely get in the way 2) obtaining professional consultation or assistance, and determine if you should limit, suspend or terminate work when personal problems come up

factors affecting reliability

1) longer tests have more reliability 2) the more homogeneous the group taking the test the more the reliability coefficient decreases 3) If test items are too easy or too hard then score variability decreases & decreases reliability coefficient 4) a test that people can guess the correct answer (e.g. a true/false test) the lower the reliability coefficient 5) inter-item consistency as measured by the Kuder-Richardson or coefficient alpha methods, reliability is increased as the items become more homogenous

post hoc tests

1) of all post hoc tests, the Scheffe is the most conservative, provides greatest protection against the inflation in the Type I error rate that occurs when multiple comparisons are made...but increases probability of type 2 error 2) if you are conducting pairwise comparisons, the Tukey is the appropriate post hoc test...provide enough protection against type I errors when only pairwise comparisons are made

competency to stand trial

1) understand the proceeding's against him or her 2) assist the attorney in his/her defense if defendant is incompetent the trial is suspended...receive treatment until they are restored to competence

Perpetrator characteristics (child maltreatment)

1. Bio parents, non-bio parents, parent partners, other relatives, other unrelated adults (in that order of prevalence) 2. More likely to be women than men 3. Men that are not bio parents are most likely in sexual abuse

Suicide risk factors

1. History of attempts 2. Warning signs: ideation, intent, plan 3. Age- 50-59= higher suicide 4. Gender- males 5. Race/ethnicity- Whites, American Indians, Native Alaskans 6. Marital status- divorced, widowed, single...may be only for men 7. Psychiatric diagnosis0 MDD, schizophrenis, substance abuse....comorbid MDD with substance, ADHD, and conduct disorder in adolescents 8. Hopelessness 9. Physical health

Solution focused therapy (3 basic rules)

1. If it aint broke dont fix it, 2. Once you know what works, do more of it, 3. If it doesn't work, don't do it again, do something different

Equifinality v Equipotentiality

1. Occurs when different processes have the same outcome (different but effective parenting styles)...2. Same process can have different outcomes (punishing a rebellious child)

differences between standard errors of estimate and measurement

1. SEM related to reliability coefficient, SEE related to validity coefficient 2. SEM used to measure where an examinee's true test score is likely to fall given their score on the same test, SEE determines examinee's actual criterion score given the criterion score that was predicted by another measure 3. memorize the formula for the standard error of estimate for the test

Risk factors for intimate partner violence

1. Victim vulnerability (age, low resources, history of maltreatment) 2. Male perpetrators (antisocial, low self-esteem, history of violence, heavy substance, possessivness and sexual jealousy, unemployment, history of maltreatment) 3. Relationship factors- cohabitation over marriage, marital instability, and presence of step-children 4. Community/societal factors- weak community sanctions against IPV, high-poverty, acceptance of traditional gender norms

other language guidelines

1. avoid using nouns that imply gender exclusivity 2. use male and female as adjectives rather than nouns 3. avoid generic use of masculine pronoun 4. avoid the terms homosexual and sexual preference 5. capitalize but do not hyphenate the names of racial and ethnic groups 6. when describing people with disabilities, use people-first language, "person with a disability" 7. age- boy and girl (0-12), young men and young women (13-17), and men and women (18+)

shared parametric and nonparametric assumptions

1. both assume data comes from an unbiased sample sample that is representative of the population....and there is a random selection of cases

studies on goal setting

1. combining goals setting with feedback has a significant positive effect on performance (Pritchard et al., 1988) 2. people with high self-esteem are more likely to accept difficult goals 3. employees work harder when they participate in in goal setting, rather than just have them assigned 4. difficult individual goals less productive than group goals in group settings 5. similar benefits for males and females on goals that are assigned

psychological service unit

1. composed of one or more psychologists and staff 2. can be big or small 3. can be multidisciplinary 4. can be private practice or consulting

four possible outcome of statistical tests

1. correct in concluding difference between means exist in population 2. correct in concluding that a difference does not exist 3/4. we can be incorrect in either of these conclusions

methods of item discrimination

1. correlate item response with total test scores 2. calculating item discrimination index (D= Percentage of high scorers- percentage of low scorers, can range from 100- -100 3. each individual item item can be correlated with criterion variable items difficulty level places ceiling on its discrimination index

responding to subpoena

1. determine if subpoena is a legally valid demand for the disclosure of client information 2. if subpoena is valid, contact the client and discuss the implications of providing the requested information 3. if the client consents and there are no other reasons for withholding the information, provide the information as requested...if the client does not consent, attempt to negotiate with the requester 4. if the requesting party continues to demand that the information be provided, seek guidance from the court informally through the letter or have an attorney file a motion to quash the subpeona or a motion for a protective order

sanctioners

1. direct users or recipients of service 2. private or public institutions and facilities 3. anyone else interacting with psychologist acting in professional capacity

deception in research

1. don't do it unless justified 2. do not deceive about research that will cause physical pain or emotional distress 3. psychologists explain any deception that is an integral feature of the design to participants as early as possible and permit participants to withdraw their data

Phases of organizational development

1. entry- id need for organizational change 2. contracting- consultant specifies terms and conditions of participation 3. diagnosis- assess problems and collect data 4. feedback- present diagnostic info 5. planning- develop corecctive plan 6. intervention- action 7. evaluation- assess progess characteristics 1. holistic systems approach 2. involve everyone 3. commitment and support of top management 4. view change as long-term and planned 5. use internal and external change agents who initiate change

classical conditioning steps

1. food producers salivation 2. ringing bell and food 3. ringing bell alone produces stimulation

factors that affect conformity to a majority

1. group size- conformity incr with size, but beyond 3 or four there are diminishing returns 2. Unanimity- everyone says the same thing, if one person doesn't conform, it makes it less likely the subject will conform 3. ambiguity- conformity greatest when the task is ambiguous 4. cohesiveness- the greater the cohesiveness, the greater conformity to group norms 5. Personality characteristics- people with low self-esteem, low intelligence, high need for approval, and authoritarianism are more likely to conform

Super's 5 developmental stages of career development

1. growth- capacities, attitudes, interests, needs, fantasy play 2. exploration 15-24- career choices narrowed but not finalized, self-examination, role tryouts, occupational awareness 3. Establishment 25-44- establish a permanent place in chosen occupational field 4. Maintenance 45-64- maintaining position and status attained in previous stage 5. decline 65+- decline in work output and eventual retirement, find non-vocational sources of satisfaction

factors affecting the validity coefficient

1. heterogeneity of examinees- restricted range of scores either on predictor or criterion...the more homogenous the validation group, the lower the validity coefficient 2. reliability of predictor and criterion- for a predictor to be valid, both the predictor and the criterion must be reliable 3. Moderator variables- the criterion-related validity of a test may vary among subgroups within a population (differential validity) 4. Cross-validation- after test is validated, it is typically re-validated with a sample of individuals different from the original validation sample (the reduction that occurs in a criterion related validity coefficient upon cross-validation is termed "shrinkage", high correlations between items and criterion occur becuase of the unique characteristics of the original validation sample) 5. Criterion contamination- occurs when in the process of validating a test, the predictor scores themselves influence any individual's criterion status (artificially inflates validity coefficient)

scientific method

1. hypothesis of relationship between two variables 2. hypothesis operationally defined...what we should observe if hypothesis is true 3. collect and analyze data to test hypothesis

discussing the limits of confidentiality

1. inform clients of relevant laws 2. discuss limits of confidentiality with group member in group therapy 3. always explain limits of confidentiality to military client (i.e. department of defense rules) 4. address the issue of secrets in marital and family therapy (discuss policy regarding secrets with all interested parties at the beginning of therapy)

Acculturation

1. integration orientation- retain own culture and adopt dominant culture 2. Assimilation orientation- reject own, adopt dominant 3. separation orientation- retain own, reject dominant 4. marginalization- reject own, reject dominant (lost)

causes of conduct disorder

1. life persistent pathway (neuro, temperamental, and social environment deficits) 2. adolescent limited pathway (maturity gap, inconsistent, declines with age)

assumptions about test items in item response theory

1. performance on an item is related to estimated amount of a latent trait being measured by the item 2. results of testing are sample free, as assumption which is known as "invariance of item parameters"0 (i.e. item should have same parameters across all random samples of a population)

dispensing with informed consent for research

1. research will not resonably create distress or harm (study of education in educational setting, anonymous questionnaires, archival research naturalistic observation that would not put people at risk, studying job or organizational effectiveness in a professional setting 2. where otherwise permitted by law or federal or institutional regulations

state and provincial psychology licensing boards

1. set the standards and administer procedures and examinations for psychology licensure 2. conduct disciplinary proceedings for violations of standards of professional conduct

Stages of strategic family therapy (1st session)

1. social stage (observe client patterns), 2. Problem stage (ask qs about presenting problem), 3. interaction stage (collect info on interactions), 4. goal setting, 5. task setting (a directive to complete at home

client/patient, student, and subordinate research participants

1. take steps to protect the prospective participants from adverse consequences of declining or withdrawing from participation 2. when it is an assignment or extra credit, the participant is given an equitable alternative

reliabiity

1. test yields repeatable consistent results 2. score reflects true score on the test rather than error

using statistical tests

1. the null and alternative hypotheses are stated 2. data are collected 3. the data are analyzed through the use of the appropriate statistical test 4. the obtained statistical value is compared to a tabled critical value (value you use depends on...a. pre-set alpha level (.01 or .05), b. the degrees of freedom for the statistical test) if obtained value exceeds the critical value, the null hypothesis is rejected

five sleep stages

1. transition between awake and asleep (fast alpha waves, slow theta waves) 2. few minutes later (theta waves, sleep spindles, k complexes) 3. transitional stage (high amplitude, slow delta waves) 4. large slow delta waves, breathing deep, slow HR, difficult to wake 5. REM- rapid eye movements, eeg patterns similar to stages 1 and 2, but stil hard to wake, paradoxical sleep, vivid dreams (bizarre, emotionally laden) we go through all five stages every 90 minutes

users

1. users or recipients of psychological services 2. institutions or facilities receiving psychological services

Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory

10 broad cognitive abilities 70 narrow cognitive abilities framework for KABC-II and Woodcock-Johnson test

Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery

11 functional scales motor rhythm tactile visual receptive speech expressive speech writing reading arithmetic memory intellectual processes Scales used to help localize brain dysfunction, 0= normal functioning...2= brain injury Better and shorter than the Halstead-Reitan

Mini Mental State Exam

11 questions to assess... orientation registration attention and calculation recall language visual construction 30 max score, 24 or lower suggests cognitive impairment

MDD prevalence/course

12 month prevalence: 7%, rate three times higher for persons 18-29 female prevalence goes up after puberty...almost three times as high usually occur because of stressful life event...following episodes are predicited by previous episodes better than stressor

Guilford's structure of intellect theory

120 intellectual abilities later expanded to 180 convergent thinking- rational, logical, one answer divergent thinking- flexibility, non-logical processes, multiple solutions to problem

course/prognosis

15% of children continue to meet criteria into adulthood....60% still have symptoms without meeting full criteria (inattention most prominent symptoms for adults)

DSM- cultural formulation interview (cfi)

16 questions about cultural impact on presenting problems and treatment 4 domains 1 cultural defintion of problem 2 cultural perceptions of cause, context, and support 3. cultural factors affecting self coping and past help seeking 4 cultural factors affecting current help seeking

Lewin's Field Theory

1936- person's behavior is a function of the interactions between the person and his/her perception of the physical environment and that these interactions occur within the person's "life-space"

behavioral contrast (operant conditioning)

2 behaviors have been reinforced separately and then reinforcer is removed from 1 behavior...other behavior then temporarily increases

Worldview (Sue and Sue, 2013)

2 dimensions- Locus of control and locus of responsibility 1. internal/internal 2. internal/external---totally incoherent 3. external/internal 4. external/external

Overcorrection

2 phase positive punishment restitution-correct consequences of undesirable behavior positive practice- practice more desirable behavior

Helm's White Racial Identity Development Model

2 phases- abandonment of racism, defining non-racist white identity: Contact Status (lack of awareness), Disintegration Status (awareness of inequalties of treatment), Reintegration Status (whites are superior), Pseudoindependence Status (dissatisfied with racism, unintentionally perpetuate racist views), Immersion/Emersion Status (what it means to be white without being racist), Autonomy Status (realistic understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the culture, seek cross-racial interaction)

Preoperational Stage

2-7 years development of symbolic function increasing use of language symbolic/pretend play ability to solve problems mentally limited by transductive reasoning (two events that occur at the same time are causally related) limited by egocentrism These errors underlie magical thinking (thinking about something can control it) and animism (objects have thoughts, feelings, and other lifelike qualities) lack of conservation- maintained by centration (tendency to focus on one detail of a situation to the neglect of other important features) and irreversibility (inability to undertsand that actions cna be reversed)

Specific learning disorder associated features

20-30% adhd ODD Conduct disorder MDD

Child Maltreatment

2005-2006 study- 1.25 million children had "maltreatment" which caused harm (neglect, physical, emotional, sexual abuse...prevalence in that order)...rates of maltreatment higher for girls than boys (sexual)....Child characteristics linked to abuse are low birth weight, prematurity, difficult temperament, serious illness, physical and mental disabilities

shift work

25% of the labor force less productive on night shift....errors, accidents rotating shifts....low production, high accident rates, physical and mental health problems younger workers adapt better...workers who choose night shift indicate fewer problems than workers assigned to it

emotions

3 components- autonomic arousal, feelings, behavior

Brain

3 divisions Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain

tolmans latent learning

3 groups of food deprived rats complex maze once a day for 17 days 1. got food after reaching goal box each day, speed gradually Improved 2. never got food, behavior in maze never really changed 3. did not get food till day 11 on, speed for better once they received reinforcement, speed surpassed group 1 rates group 3 rats learned, formed cognitive maps not demonstrated until reinforced

Spinal cord

31 segments divided into five groups top to bottom: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal damage: depends on location and severity, damage to cervical results in qudriplegia (tetreplegia- loss of sensory and motor functions in trunk, upper limbs ans lower limbs) damage to thoracic, lumbar, or sacral results in paraplegia (loss of sensory and motor function in lower limbs) complete injury involves total loss of sensation and voluntary movement...incomplete injury may involve loss of sensation but no loss of movement or vice versa (or the losses can be limited)

Troiden's model of gay/lesbian identity development

4 stages: Sensitization- pre-puberty feelng different from others, Identity confusion- attracted but what to do?, Identity assumption- tolerant identity, may start to come out, Identity commitment- acceptance as "way of life"

cost analysis

4 types cost benefit analysis, cost effectiveness analysis, cost utility analysis cost minimization analysis

Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test

4-85 years old Copy and recall of geometric designs Good for school readiness, id'ing learning disabilities, predicting school performance Bad for psychiatric diagnoses Ok for brain damage if coupled with other instruments

obstructive sleep apnea

5 disturbances in an hour and nocturnal breathing disturbances and daytime sleepy/fatigue or 15 or more obstructive apneas without other symptoms

ADHD prevalence

5% for kids, 2.5% for adults 2:1 male to female

Intellectual disability etiology

5% of all case due to heredity 30% chromosomal abnormalities 10% pregnancy and perinatal complications 5% general medical conditions during infancy and childhood 15-20% environmental factors and other mental disorders 30-40% unknown....low birth weight is the strongest predictor in these case

MMPI-2

567 t/f questions 10 clinical scales 9 validity scales Numerous content and validity scales (18+ age) MMPI-A- for ages 14-18

genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

6 months duration relaxation dialation manual stimulation

WISC-V

6-16 and 11 months age range full scale IQ, five primary index scales (verbal comprhension, visual-spatial, fluid reasoning, working memory, and processing speed) optional ancillary and complementary index scores, and subtest scores Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence, 4th- for ages 2 years 6 months to 7 years 7 months

Alzheimer's disease

60 to 90 percent of dementia slow progression- early, middle and late stages

stress

64% of survey respondents said their jobs involved stress (gustman et al., 1995) 5/6 workers filing illness claims connected to stress quantitative overload- too much work in time available qualitative overload- work too difficult work underload- too little work, work is too easy violence, harassment, threatened, attacked- increasing source of stress at work...as well as downsizing

standard deviation curve

68% fall within 1 SD 95% fall within 2 SDs 99.7% fall within 3 SDs

therapists and sex with clients

9.4% of male therapists and 2.5% of female therapists have had sex with clients typical exploitative therapist was in 40s or 50s, had an unstable marriage, was professionally burned out, depressed, sleep disturbances, and/or alcohol or drug abuse average age of therapist 42-44, client 30-33 leading cause of disciplinary action for licensing boards

percentile ranks

90th percentile- scored higher than 90% of the rest 90 percent score- answered 90%of items correctly ranks that can't tell you anything about differences between scores (i.e. 80-70 diff not necessarily the same as 70-60 diff)

Validity scales

? (cannot say)- unanswered or double marked items- reading difficulties, overcautious response styles, indecisiveness L (Lie)- lack of insight, present self in favorable light, low score =exaggeration of negative characteristics F(Infrequency)- High score=fake bad, Low score=social conformity, fake good K (Correction)- High score=defensiveness, fake good, low score=frankness, fake bad VRIN and TRIN- Response inconsistency, high score=invalid profile Fp- Fake bad=even in psychiatric patients Fb- random responding or fake bad toward the end of the test S- superlative presentation= defensiveness or attempt to look good

Individuals with Disabilities education Act (IDEA)

A free and appropriate public education must be provided for individual between ages of 3 and 21, regardless of ability IEP- provide services in least restrictive environment, approved by the child's parents Larry P. vs. Riles- on behalf of African American children who were overrepresented in special education programs in San Francisco..."IQ tests are culturally biased", banned SF schools from using them to place African American children in special ed classes

insanity

A legal term, not a psychological or psychiatric one, referring to a person who is unable, because of a mental disorder or defect, to "appreciate the criminality of his conduct to the requirements of the law" not guilty by reason of insanity guilty but mentally ill

Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. 3 nights a week 3 months loss of muscle tone 15 minute rem latency hypnagogic hallucinations treatment: antidepressants...emotional control

REM sleep behavior disorder

A sleep disturbance in which the mechanism responsible for paralyzing the body during REM sleep is not functioning, resulting in the acting out of dreams....vocalizations

t scores

A test score that is converted to a normal distribution that has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.

MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator)

A widely used personality test based on Jungian types. introversion-extraversion sensing-intuitive thinking-feeling judging-perceiving

Vroom and Yelton's Normative (decision-making model)

AI (autocratic)- make decision on own AII- obtian info from subordinates to make decisions CI (consultive)- discuss problems individually bu make decisions on own CII- discuss problems as group, make final decision on own GII- discus problems with group and make group decision decision tree to figure out which if these styles is best when making a decision

discipline

APA may impose sanctions, including termination of membership sanctions can be imposed on non-members as well

Beck hopelessness scale

Accurate predictor of suicide, 17-80 years old

Multicultural Counseling guidelines (Black americans)

African American- Explore racial identity, discrimination, their perspective on contributing factors, extended relationships, religious/spiritual beliefs----problem solving/multisystems approach is best

theory of planned behavior

Ajzen (1991)- behavior is precede by a behavioral intention which is affected by three factors 1. persons attitude toward the bx (outcomes) 2. persons subjected norms to bx (approved of?) 3. persons perceived behavioral control

ordinal data item difficulty

Anastasi (1982)- p level (percentage of persons passing an item) expresses item difficulty in terms of an ordinal scale cannot determine relative changes in difficulty between each item

Brain development

Areas that control breathing, Heart rate, etc. are most developed at birth cerebral and prefrontal cortex continue to develop (PFC into late teens and 20s) Most neurons present at birth (development consists in new dendrites, synapses, and myelination) brain weight decreases around 30 after pruning, this accelerates after 60

Treatment for intimate partner violence

Arrest, mandated treatment, and support for the victim is better than arrest alone

Glasgow Coma Scale

Assess consciousness following acute brain injury eyes, verbal, motor Max- 15 pts, below 7= coma, 3= deep coma

DSM- Cross cutting symptom measures

Assessment of Symptom domains that are important across diagnoses Level 1- 13 domains for adults, 12 for kids...areas that need additional evaluation Level 2- information to assist with diagnosis, treatment planning, and follow-up

Gene-environment correlation

Associations found between genetic makeup and the the environmental circumstances they are exposed to ....people seek out/impact environments in ways that are consistent with their genetic makeup

REBT

Base on ABC model of bx- antecedent, bx, consequence

Multimodal therapy

Based on assumption that psych problems are multilayered (bx, affect, sensation, imagery, cognition, rxs, and drugs, diet, and exercise) BASIC ID Use Basic to conceptualize problem, Track "firing order" of BASIC, Bridging=attend to most preferred modality and bridge to others

Developmental scales for infants and preschoolers

Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler development (five subtests: cognitive, motor, language, social-emotional, adaptive behavior)... id developmental delays and plan appropriate interventions Denver Developmental Screening Test II- birth to 6 years, observe child's response in four domains (personal-social, fine motor adaptive, language, and gross motor) Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence- 3-12 months, assess memory and amount of time infant looks at novel versus familiar pictures

MCC guidelines (Hispanic)

Be aware of somatic complaints, expectations of shorter treatment, offer a tentative solution, religious and spiritual beliefs, importance of fmaily welfare over individual welfare.....machismo and marianismo....move from a formal style to personal style in therapy relationship.....active, goal-directed, time-limited, CBT, family, and cuento therapy are the best approaches

Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration

Beery-VMI- screen for visual motor impairments that can lead to learning and behavioral problems...ages 2 and up

Object Relations Theory

Behavior motivated by human connection and focuses on impact of early relationships between child and significant others (objects)

Extended family systems therapy

Bowen- multigenerational dynamics considered, transmission of emotional processes across generations---concepts: differentiation of self, Triangles (lead to instability), nuclear family emo system (methods to deal with stress), family projection process (projection of parental problems onto child), multigenerational transmission process, emotional cutoff, sibling position, societal regression (impact of societal stress)

Goal of Psychoanalysis

Bring unconscious unresolved conflicts into conscious awareness

Adler's Individual Psychology

Broke with freud, placed social interest above sexual desire, emphasized the conscious, teleological approach (impact of future goals on current behavior)

Azaspirones

Buspirone (BuSpar)- effects dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin levels uses: anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder side effects: dizzt, light headed, nausea, head ache, not sedative and not subject to abuse

Cognitive Assessment System

CAS2 5-17y 11m based on pass model of intelligence (planning, attention, simultaneous processing, sequential processing) full scale score and score for each cognitive functioning

Cost-benefit analysis

CBA compare costs and benefits of a single intervention or two or more interventions when costs and benefits are both expressed in monetary terms

Stress innoculation training

CBT intervention for exposure to mild-moderate levels of stress (conceptualization (psychoed), Skills acquistion (coping), and Application (try it in imagination then in vivo))

blocking in classical conditioning

CS blocks paired neutral stimulus when presented before us

Classical extinction

CS presented without us...response disappears

Psychotherapy

Can reduce medical costs

Mental Health Consultation

Caplan (1964) types 1. Client-cented case: Helps consultee with problem person is having with particular client 2. Consultee-centered case- Helps consultee with problems in delivering effective service 3. Program centered admin- work with admin to figure out why program isn't having desired outcom 4. Consultee centered admin- Help them design, implement, and evaluate future programs

Prevention

Caplan's (1964) levels of prevention 1. Primary- Before problem, entire group 2. Secondary- Keeps problem from becoming full disorder, screening tests, people using early signs 3. Tertiary- Prevent recurrence of disorder, Reduce its debilitating effects, persons already have the disorder (AA, rehab programs)

DSM-V

Categorical approach to diagnosing mental illness "provisional"- believe full criteria will eventually be met "other specified"- does not meet full criteria, clinician indicates why "Unspecified"- does not meet full criteria, clinician does not want to indicate why 19 diagnostic categories Principal diagnoses listed first

DSM- Outline for cultural formulation

Categories 1. Cultural identity of the individual 2. cultural conceptualization of distress 3. stressors and cultural features that affect person's vulnerability and resilience 4. cultural features that affect relationship between client and therapist

Feelings of inferiority

Childhood, real or imagined inadequcies, compensation in response

Group Intelligence Tests

Cognitive Abilities test- reasoning in three areas (verbal, quantitative, and non-verbal), k-grade 12 Wonderlic Personnel test- 12 minute measure of cognitive ability for adults...50 items that asses verbal, numerical, and spatial ability

Archetypes

Collective unconscious, universal mental structures that predispose people to react to external circumstances in specific ways, represented in cultural myths and symbols, appear in dreams

Procedures of analysis

Confrontation (Statements), clarification (Questions), Interpretation (connect conscious behavior to unconscious processes), Working through

Superego

Conscience, seeks to block id's unacceptable impulses, all three levels of conscious, internalization of parental values, prohibitions, standards

Jung's Structure of the Psyche

Conscious, Personal Unconscious, Collective Unconscious

Topographical Model

Conscious, Preconscious (just below), Unconscious (Largest part of psyche_

Advocacy Consultation

Consultant advocates consultee- law, procedures, media, publicity, negotiate with adversaries

Somatic nervous system

Controls skeletal muscles (voluntary movement), relays signals from senses (sight, taste, hearing, smell, touch) Autonomic nervous system- nerve fibers that innervate the smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands (regulates activity that is primarily involuntary)...sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Feminist Therapy

Core Priciples 1. The personal is political- Problems are rooted in societal/political factors 2. A commitment to social change 3. Need to value and honor perspective of women and girls 4. A view of the therapeutic relationship as egalitarian 5. A reformulation of traditional views of psychological distress 6. Recognition of all forms of oppression- gender, race, physical abilities, sexual orientation, religion, class Goals- Empower individuals and transform society Techniques- Gender-role analysis and intervention, power analysis, consciousness raising, assertiveness training, therapist self-disclosure, social action

Horn-Catell's Gc-Gf Theory

Crystallized Intelligence- facts, rules, and ability to apply to situations Fluid intelligence- relatively unaffected by experience, ability to reason and adapt to new situations Gc increases into 20s and 30s Gf peaks in 20s and declines with time

friendships in childhood

Damon (1988) 1. 4-7, friendships based on similarities and shared activities 2. 8-10, based on mutual trust and assistance 3. 11+, intimacy and loyalty Maccoby (1990) girls enabling style- increases intimacy and equality by expressing agreement, making suggestions, and providing support boys restrictive style- bragging, contradicting, interrupting function of friendships- girls: emotional, intimate, boys: more interested in sharing activities and interests

concrete operational stage

Decentration Reversibility Conservation (example of horizontal decalage: sequential mastery of concepts within a single stage of development) Transitivity- Ability to mentally sort objects Hierarchical classification

Bronfenner's Ecological Theory

Describes environmental influences on development in terms of five systems Microsystem- is the child's immediate family environment (family, peers, school) Mesosystem- consists of interconnections between components of the microsystem Exosystem- not in direct contact with but affected by (parent's workplace, neighbors, community services) Macrosystem- sociocultural context, aspects of society that affect the child's development (i.e. racism, socioeconomic conditions, cultural standards of childbearing) Chronosystem- represents time and includes the child's life stages and historical facts that impact his/her development

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

Developed the fundamental principles and techniques of operant conditioning and devised ways to apply them in the real world popularized thorndike law of effect

Ego-analysts

Distinguished ego-defensive and ego-autonomous functions

Jung's Analytical Psychology

Divided unconscious (personal and collective)

Frued's Structural Theory

Divides psyche into three components, Id, Ego, Superego

Dream Analysis

Dreams contain symbols that provide important information about unconscious impulses

person-machine systems (engineering psychology)

EP- concerned with the fit between workers and their work procedures, environment, and equipment both components must work together to accomplish the job people are flexible but don't perform consistently, machines are inflexible but perform consistently humans- better at recognizing variable patterns, detecting unusual/unexpected phenomena, generalizing, setting priorities machines better at sensing stimuli outside of human perception (really???!!! no shit???!!!), repetition, info storage, rapid and consistent responses, sustainign performance over long period of time

universal emotions

Ekman (1992) 1. happiness 2. sadness 3. fear 4. anger 5. disgust 6. surprise

Defense Mechanisms

Emerge when ego can't solve conflict through realistic means (repression, reaction formation, projection, sublimation)

Adjustment disorder

Emotional Symptoms (anxiety, depression) causing impairment following an identifiable psychosocial stressor (Divorce, illness) and lasting less than 6 months.....symptoms occur within three months of the onset of stressor

Neo-Freudians

Emphasize social and cultural determinants of personality, Henry Stack Sullivan's Parataxic distortions- arrested development in perceiving and evaluating others in the present based on early interpersonal experiences (similar to relational template)

Erich Fromm

Emphasized how society prevents people from realizing their essential human nature (creative, loving, productive)

Piaget's Constructivist Theory

Equilibration- drive toward a state of cognitive equilibrium...provides the underlying motivation for cognitive devlopment Disequilibrium resolved through adaptation- Assimilation and Accommodation

Psychotherapy outcomes

Eysenck (1952) 44%-66% of people who had psychodynamic or eclectic therapy improved...72% of people who did not receive therapy improved....not great methods, more of a review than a controlled study

The F-ratio and the Significance Level

F=MSB/MSW the final step is to compare this value to the appropriate tabled critical value

MCC Gay, lesbian, bisexual clients

Families may be those not biologically related to them...recognize impact on sexuality

Self-in-relation theory

Feminist roots- use object relations theory-development happens through "relationship elaboration" rather than "separation and disengagment"---that is for boys

Cross Black Identity Development Model

Five stages of positive black identity- pre-encounter (prefer white culture), encounter (important event challenges WV), immersion/emersion (denigrate white culture and glorify black culture), Internalization (develop security in black identity), and Internalization-commitment (committed to social activism to improve equality for oppressed groups)

Karen Horney

Focused on early relationships, Basic anxiety rooted in parental indifference, overprotection, and rejection (feeling of helplessness and isolation in hostile world)

lens

Focuses light onto retina

program evaluation

Formative evaluations- assess variables internal to the program, including trainees assessments of program effectiveness, satisfaction with the program, degree of learning summative evals- assess effectiveness of program, done after the program is completed cost effectiveness

Targets of Analysis

Free associations, dreams, resistance, and transference

Attachment

Freud- attachment is the result of feeding Harlow and Zimmerman- contact comfort more important than feeding for establishing attachment Bowlby's ethological theory- infants and mothers biologically predisposed for attachment (sucking, cooing, smiling, and crying are attachment behaviors)- 4 stages: pre-attachment, attachment in the making, clearcut attachment, and the formation of reciprocal relationships (internal working models of the self and others that influence future relationships)

causes of alzheimers

Gene's neurotransmitter structural brain abnormalities plaques tangles low achetylcholine

Occupational Ability Tests

General Aptitude Test Battery- work related aptitudes: vocational counseling and job placement for adults (general learning ability, verbal aptitude, numerical aptitude) Specific occupational abilities- Purdue pegboard, Crawford small parts dexterity test...assess speed, strength, coordination, motor responses...low validity due to practice effects and relative independence of psychomotor abilities

Boundary disturbances

Gestalt therapy...persistent disturbance between self and environment because of unsatisfied needs...leading to introjection, Projection, Retroflection, Deflection, Confluence

Individuation

Goal of Analytical Therapy, integration of conscious and unconscious aspects of self into unified whole, happens through dream interpretation, active imagination, and analysis of transference

18-24 month milestones

Gross: Run clumsily, walk up stairs with hand held (18 months), walks up stairs alone (24 months), kicks and throws ball, uses toilet during day Fine: uses apoon, turns doorknobs, builds a 6-7 block tower

7 month milestones

Gross: Sits, leaning forward on both hands, stands with help Fine: Transfers objects from one hand to the other

11-15 month milestones

Gross: Walks holding onto furniture, stands alone, walks alone (12-14 months) Fine: removes object from tight enclosure, turns pages in book, uses a cup, builds a 3-4 block tower

9-10 months milestones

Gross: crawls, pulls self to standing when holding on to furniture Fine: Uses thumb and index finger to grasp

3 month milestones

Gross: head held up when sitting but bobs forward, regards own hand Fine: Holds rattle, pulls at clothes, brings object from hand to mouth

5 month milestones

Gross: holds head up, reaches and grasps, puts foot in mouth when supine Fine: plays with toes, puts objects to mouth, grasps objects voluntarily

1 month milestones

Gross: turn head side to side when prone Fine: strong grasp reflex

Selection and Preparation of Group members

Group composition (homo/hetero), Entry into group (open or closed), Group size (7 to 10 most effective), Inclusion and exclusion criteria (brain damaged, paranoid, addicted, psychotic, sociopathic?? get out), premature termination (30-40% drop out early, prescreen), concurrent participation in group and individual (pros and cons, cons especially if you see the same therapist)

Kohlberg's theory of moral development

Heinz dilemma..should you steal a drug to save a person's life stages emerge in invariant order but some people never go beyond stage four Preconventional Stage 1- Punishment and Obedience Stage 2- Instrumentla hedonistic orientation Conventional Stage 3- "Good-boy, Good-girl" orientation Stage 4- Law and Order orientation Post-conventional Stage 5- Social contract and individual rights orientation Stage 6- Universal ethical principles orientation progression depends on level of cognitive development and social perspective taking relationship between moral reasoning and moral action strongest for folks at the highest level of moral development (Kohlberg, 1975)

MMPI malingering

High F High F-K index L and K around 50

Strong interest Inventory

High school, college and adults (scored on computer) General Occupational Themes (GOT)- RIASEC Basic Interest Scales-Subject matter (research, math, science) Occupational scales- compare to persons of same gender working in different occupations Personal styles scales- work style, learning environment, leadership style, risk taking, team orientation Administrative indices Empirical criterion keying- Compare responses of people in particular professional with responses from all employed adults

Kuder Occupational Interest survey

High school, college, adults....100 question, choose most preferred of 3 activities Occupational Scales College Major Scales Vocational Interest estimates- 10 interest areas Dependability indices- validity checks

Cultural differences in communication style

High-context communication- relies heavily on culturally defined meanings, nonverbal messages, and context (characteristic of several ethnic/cultural minority groups)...Low-context communication- relies on the verbal message, characteristic of European Americans (Hall, 1976)

Inpatient utilization rates

Highest for american indian/alaskan natives....then african american, hispanic american, white, and asian american

Theories of career choice

Holland's personality and environmental typology (personality theories) Super's Career and Life Development Theory (Stage theories)

The Neo-Freudians

Horney, Stack Sullivan, Fromm

Phase model

Howard and colleagues (1986, 1996)- two models of change Dose-effect model- 50% improve by 6-8 sessions, 75% improve by 26th session, 85% after a year Phase model- (1) Remoralization, decreased hopelessness, (2) Remediation is characterized by symptom relief and, depending on severity, requires up to 16 additional sessions, (3) Rehabilitation: gradual improvement of long standing behavior patterns

Gene-linked abnormalities

Huntington's disease- Degenerative central nervous system disorder (cognitive, motor, and psychiatric symptoms)...dominant gene disorder, child with Huntington's parent has a 50/50 shot of inheriting it themselves Phenylketonuria (PKU)- recessive gene disorder linked with lack of enzyme needed to digest an amino acid, causes severe mental retardation Tay-Sachs disease, sickle-cell anemia, cystic fibrosis

Damnation of oneself, others, world

I am a worthless person...and so is everyone else

I can't stand it itis

I can't put up with this shit

Age and intelligence

IQ scores stabilize after age seven later adulthood- changes in intellectual abilities occur Seattle Longitudinal study- used a cross sectional design, at any point in time younger people are better educated than than older people and are more likely to have had experiences that contribute to intelligence Only perceptual speed declines substantially before 60 numeric ability does not show substantial decline until after 60 other abilities stable til about 70-75 declines due to speed and efficiency with which older adults process information some differences explained by differences in circadian rhythms

Academic Achievement tests

Illinois test of psycholinguistic abilities, 3rd edition: verbal and non verbal language for examinees age 5-12.9, can diagnose dyslexia The Wide-range Achievement Test, Revision 4- ages 5-94, assesses reading, spelling, and math computation skills, diagnosing learning disabilities, determining instructional needs, tracking academic progress

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Impairments in social communication and interaction in multiple settings restricted. repetitive behavior patterns, interests, and activities onset of symptoms during early developmental period impaired social, occupational, or other area of functioning as the result of symptoms Level 1- requiring support Level 2- requiring substantial support Level 3- requiring very substantial support

wernicke's area

In the left temporal lobe; involved in language comprehension and expression damage=wernicke's aphasia (trouble undertsaning language and producing fluent speech) usually unaware of deficits lesions=conduction aphasia (understands and speaks fluently but problems repeating and anomia)

Systems theory (family therapy)

Interrelatedness of elements of a system, infl. by cybernetics--- feedback controls functioning of systems

Jung Personality attitudes

Introversion (direct energy inward) and extraversion (direct energy outward), we all have both, one dominates

Group therapy

Jacob Moreno, Wilfred Bion, Kurt Lewin, Carl Rogers, Fritz Perls, Irvin Yalom (pioneers)

groupthink

Janis (1982)- analyzed bay of pigs, vietnam, and watergate deciison making suspension of independent/critical thought antecedents- external stressors, group cohesion, problems related to group structure symptoms- sense of invulnerability, belief in the inherent morality of the group, self-appointed mindguards who discourage dissent, self-censorship, illusion or unanimity outcomes- failure to identify alernatives, failure to consider risks of decision, biases in information processing

work performance equation

Jewell (1985)- Performance= ability X motivation Dunnette (1973)- ability is more important than motivation in explaining differences in job performance

Kaufman tests

Kaufman Assessment Battery for children, 2nd edition 3-18 years old five scales- simultaneous, sequential, planning, learning, and knowledge test of crystallized and fluid ability

Hiskey-Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude

Kids 3-17 with hearing impairments. Can be administered verbally or in pantomime and consists of 12 nonverbal subtests. pic association, spatial reasoning, visual attention span, memory for color

Relationship between attitudes and behavior

LaPiere (1934)- took chinese couple to 250 restaurants, only refused service once, subsequently asked managers later if they would accept chinese customers, 90% said they would not weak associated with attitudes and behaviors strength of association affected by several factors (specificity, strong beliefs, personal experience, attitude is readily accessible to awareness)

Common factors

Lambert (1992) Extratherapeutic factors- severity of symptoms, motivation, psychological mindedness, resilience, and sources of support (40%) Relationship factors- alliance (30%) Expectancy- Placebo (15%) Techniques- (15%)

Helping

Latane and Darley (1968)- victim is most likely to receive help when there is only one bystander, the more bystanders the less likely that help is coming bystander apathy because of 1. diffusion of responsibility 2. social comparison- others aren't helping 3. evaluation apprehension- fear taking action will be embarrassing and lead to social disapproval bystander most likely to help when 1. victim is obviously in distress 2. bystander feels competent to provide help 3. another person already intervened 4. situation occurs in rural rather than urban environment (milgram (1970)- stimulus overload)

WOH disability assessment schedule

Level of disability in six domains understanding and community getting around self-care getting along with people life activities participation in society

multivariate analysis of variance

MANOVA- two or more dependent variables and one or more independent variables alternative to using mancova is to conduct separate one way anovas (or if there is more than one IV, separate factorial anovas) for each dependent variable advantage of mancova- reduces experimenter-wise error rate, reduces probability of making at least one Type I error (three anovas makes you more susceptible to type I error than one manova

Sex linked traits

Males have a greater chance of manifesting these traits (usually on the Y chromosome) red-green color blindness

sexuality in adulthood

Masters and Johnson (1966)- Older do not differ from younger in terms of sex drive, but have less intense orgasms, thinner vaginal walls, and reduced sexual lubrication as men age erections occur less spontaneously, require more time to develop, more difficult to maintain, older men have a longer refractory period 2010 survey of adults aged 25-85 men more likely than women to report being sexually active, to have a good sex life, and to be interested in sex. Gender gap increases with age. Best predictor of sexual activity in later life is sexual activity in previous decades... for older men, health status is significantly related to sexual activity, for older women marital status and health status are good predictors

Theory X v. Theory Y leaders

McGregor (1960) Theory X- consistent with scientific management, believe work is inherently distasteful, workers lack ambition and need to be directed, motivation dominated by lower level needs Theory Y- human relations approach, work is as natural as play, workers are self-directed, responsible and ambitious Theory Y more likely to lead to effective organization

median

Md exact middle of odd number of values mean of two middle values when there is an odd number of values less sensitive to extreme scores on the mean...useful when a distribution is skewed

MMPI T-scores

Mean=50 SD=10 65 and up=Clinically significant

NEO Personality Inventory 3

Measures Big five traits (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness)

Treatment

Meds- haloperidol and pimozide, clonidine fewer and less sever side effects stimulants can exacerbate tics comprehensive behavioral treatment for tics- habit reversal training, psychoed, relaxation exercises

Self-instructional training

Meichenbaum and Goodman (1971), modify bx through appropriate use of self talk (cognitive modeling, overt external guidance, overt self guidance (say instruction aloud while you do it), faded overt self-guidance (whispering to self), Covert self-instruction (say it internally))

Smith, Glass, and Miller (1977, 1980)

Meta-analysis, effect size .85, average therapy client better off than 80% of patients in no treatment control groups

obedience to authority

Milgram's controversial (1965, 1974) studies before study most of 40 psychiatrist questions believed less than 1% of persons would increase shock to the near fatal level...but 65% of subjects did so dropped to 48% when study was conducted in run down building (not Yale) dropped more when instructions were given by phone dropped when the learner was in close proximitiy to the subject dropped when another confederate playing the role of co-teacher refused to go along 84% of subjects said they were glad they participated, 1% said they regretted having done so

Goals of structural family therapy

Minuchin: Restructure for better adaptation through joining (mimic family language and show understanding), formulation (ID dysfunctional patterns), and restructuring (alter patterns through reframing, boundary making, unbalancing- taking side of scapegoat)

Prototaxic Mode

Mode of Cognitive experience that occurs before symbols re used and the ability to differentiate between self and external world

Fromm's Five Character Styles

Modes of dealing with demands of society... receptive, exploitative, hoarding, marketing, and productive (only one that allows people to reach their true nature)

Repression

Most basic defense mechanism that underlies all others, Keeps undesirable thoughts, impulses, and conflicts out of consciousness

Infant reflexes

Most disappear in the first six months of life Palmar grasp- grasp finger pressed against palm Babinski- fanning/stretching toes when sole of foot is touched Moro- Startle reflex, arches back and extends legs outward in response to dropped head or loud noise Rooting- turn head to source of stimulation when cheek is stroked

Cultural Perspectives in psych

Multicultural counseling, models of identity development, multicultural counseling with specific populations

Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery

Neuropsych test of... lateral dominance psychomotor functions sensory-perceptual functions speech and language visual-spatial skills abstract reasoning mental flexibility attention and concentration 0-1 scale 0-.2 normal functioning .3-.4 mild impairment .5-.7 moderate .8-1 severe

Gender differences in motor development

No significant differences in first few years of life Early childhood: boys- run faster and throw farther girls- better balance, flexibility, and fine motor Boys excel in most motor skills by adolescence

Predictive value of interest inventories

Not good at predicting job success

Tourette's associated features

OCD ADHD Comorbidity = more social and bx problems

Mahler

Object relations theorist: 3 stages in object formation normal autistic (no sense of environment), normal symbiotic (sense of environment but no separation), and separation-individuation stage (5-36 months)...move through differentiation, practicing, rapproahcment, and object constancy (problems begin with problems here)

Object constancy

Object relations: Infants develop mental representations of self in relation to object (introjects), ability to maintain predominantly positive emotional connection to another despites need state or felt gratification

Splitting

Object relations: reaction to inadequate care, separate contradictory aspects of external objects (good or bad)

MCC Counseling Asian American Clients

Often express psych problems as somatic complaints...positive dependent relationships should be supported...fear of losing face and shames are powerful motivators...postpone discuss problems until clients are ready....Have a formal style, silence/low eye contact are expressions of respect and politeness...disclose info about background/experience...credibility

Down Syndrome

One of the most common chromosomal abnormalities extra number 21 chromosome, one in every 800 live births, mental retardation, distinctive physical features...increased risk for several condition including congenital heart disease

Open/Closed systems (family therapy)

Open- permeable boundaries to interact with outside environment, closed- not so much

Postconcusional syndrome`

PCS- dizzy, head ache, memory impairment, fatigue, emotional instability

Milan Systemic Family Therapy

Palazzoli- Problem due to "games" (repetitive bx interactions) that maintain homeostasis, Goals- Discover, interrupt, and change the rules of the game

brain mechanisms of emotion

Papez (1937)- circuit that includes hippocampus, mammillary bodies, anterior thalamic nuclei, cingulate gyrus future research shows this is more involved in memory than emotion, especially formation of declarative memories

Synchrony effect

Peak arousal and task performance levels tend to occur early in the morning, younger adults have higher levels of both in the evening

Pearson r

Pearson Product Moment (PPM) used when caluclating the relationship between two variables that are measured on an interval or ratio scale

criterion related validity coefficient

Pearson r- between predictor and coefficient rxy -1 - 1 range "coefficient of determination"

Gestalt Therapy

People motivated by an innate striving to maintain homeostasis...maladjustment results from boundary disturbance...Awareness of self in the here and now cures

Reality Therapy

People motivated by five innate needs (love/belonging, power, fun, freedom, survival)...satisfied/unsatisfied needs lead to success/failure identity

Incongruence

Person centered therapy...discrepancy between experience and self (i.e. how we perceive ourselves)...maladjustment comes from distorting/denying experiences

Success/failure identity (reality therapy)

Person chooses to meet needs responsibly or irresponsibly

Person Centered Therapy

Persons have an innate tendency to self-actualize impede by incongruence...three core conditions: empathy, congruence, unconditional positive regard

Types of long term memory

Procedural v declarative- knowing how v. knowing what/that implicit v explicit- memories recalled automatically without conscious awareness v. memories that require deliberate and conscious effort to be recalled

Systemic family therapy (distinguishing characteristics)

Provided by a team, sessions divided into 5 sections, meet only once a month for about 10 session

Symptom Checklist 90

Psychological symptoms 13 years olds and up nine symptoms- somatization, depression, anxiety, hostility etc. distress, intensity of symptoms, number of symptoms

Holland's Personality and Environmental typology

Realistic- activies involving manipulation of machines and tools Investigative- analytical, curious, methodical, precise Artistic- expressive, non-conforming, original, introspective Social- enjoys working with others and avoids ordered systematic activities that involve tools or machinery Enterprising- manipulating others in order to attain organizational goals and economic gain Conventional- manipulation of data, filing records, or reproducing materials each has "congruence" with a particular vocational environment differentiation- High on one and low on others personality-environment match is a storng predictor of job outcomes when there is a high degree of differentiation

Ego

Reality Principles, Tries to gratify id in ways compatible with reality, operates on all levels of consciousness

Object Relations Therapy Goal

Replace maladaptive representations with adaptive ones...client/therapist relationship is essential

Alderian Technique

Replace unhealthy style of life, 1. Therapeutic relationship, 2. Exploring development of child's mistaken style of life, 3. developing social interest..... encouragement, modeling, prescribing the symptom, acting "as if"... adapted to train teacher and parent effectiveness

Benton Visual Retention Test

Reproduce geometric shapes from memory age 8 and up tests visual perception, visual memory, and visual-motor skills...used to id brain damage

Anxiety

Results when ego can't resolve conflicts between id/superego or id/reality

Risk and resilience

Rutter (1985) Six family characteristics that contribute to likelihood that a child will develop a psychiatric disorder...risk increasing dramatically when child is exposed to two or more factors 1. severe marital discord 2. low socioeconomic status 3. large family size or overcrowding 4. parental criminality 5. maternal psychiatric disorder 6. placement of the child outside the home Werner and Smith (1982)- Children at risk less likely to have developmental difficulties when they experience only a few stressors following birth, were temperamentally easy and socially responsive as infants, and had a parent or caregiver who provided them with consistent love and support

Academic Admissions Tests

SAT- reasoning and subject tests, used to predict college success of high school seniors for purposes of admission (critical reading, math, writing) (200-800)...sat writing, best predictor of first year college gpa, high school gpa and sat are best combined predictors of first year college gpa...coaching boosts average score about 25-35 points, best for those with marginal or average skills GRE- assesses readiness for graduate work, verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, analytical writing (subject tests- biology, chemistry, computer science, math, psychology)

MMPI-2 Clinical Scales

Scale 1- Hypochondriasis- exaggerated concern about physical symptoms Scale 2- Depression- dysphoria, hopelessness, worthlessness, pessimism Scale 3- Hysteria- tendency to express conflicts as physical symptoms, denial of psychological problems Scale 4- Psychopathic deviate- antisocial tendencies, poor impulse control Scale 5- Masculinity/Femininity- stereotypic masculine and feminine interests Scale 6- Paranoia- suspiciousness, hostility, interpersonal sensitivity Scale 7- Psychasthenia- irrational fears, obsessive-compulsive anxiety Scale 8- Schizophrenia- impaired reality testing, disorganized thinking, social alienation Scale 9- Hypomania- unstable mood, impulsivity, grandiosity Scale 10- Social Introversion- timidity, aloofness, discomfort in social situation

Jung Personality functions

Sensing, thinking, feeling, intuiting, present in all people but one is usually dominant

Id

Sexual and aggressive instincts, Governed "pleasure principle", unconscious

MCC guidelines (American Indian)

Sharing and cooperation important, collective over the individual, emphasize harmony of spirit/mid/body, nonverbal (direct eye contact and firm handshake disrespectful and aggressive), disclose lack of knowledge and indicate willingness to learn.....incoporate traditional values and healing methods, network therapy, start non-directive and move to problem solving

Little Albert Study

Shows that fears can be conditioned and unconditioned...baby learned to fear rat after pairing g rat with loud noise

open head injury

Skull is penetrated and typically does not lose consciousness. Very specific damage to the brain.

internal consistency reliability

Split-half reliability - Compute scores for two halves of the test - Compute correlation between scores on two halves of test cronbach's alpha Kuder Richardson Formula 20 all are known as "coefficient of internal consistency"

Super-based assessments

Super's career development inventory Crite's career maturity inventory

Strategic Family Therapy (Haley)

Symptom of dysfunction is the communicative act ... uses relabeling, reframing, directives, and paradoxical instruction (assign the symptom; allows family members to choose to resist entrenched patterns)

head injury severity

TBI classified as mild moderate or severe depending on ... Glasgow coma scale score post-traumatic amnesia duration of loss of consciousness mild- 13-15, pta less than hour, loc 30 mins or less mod- 9-12, pta 1-24 hrs, loc 30 min to 24 hours severe- 8 or less, pta more than 24 hrs, loc more than 24 hours biggest recovery in first three months, substantial additional improvement in a year...duration of anterograde amnesia is good predictor of outcome

client is a danger to other

Tarasoff vs regents of the university of california- established a duty to warn an intended victim, this was changed to a duty to protect by warning intended victim, notifying police, taking other steps only when a client poses a a clear and imminent danger to an identifiable victim or victims...however, in some jurisdictions this refers to an identifiable class of victims

Environmental influences on development

Teratogens-substances and conditions that interfere with prenatal development drugs toxins malnutrition maternal infections maternal stress

Matching Law

The allocations of responses to choices available on concurrent schedules of reinforcement Rates of responding across choices are distributed in proportions that match the rates of reinforcement received for each choice-alternative

theoretical sampling distribution

The frequency distribution of a sample statistic based on an infinite number of samples question: how close are the values of a particular sample to the general population can't really happen- that's why its theoretical

Persona

The social mask we present to others

Adler's "style of life"

The ways in which people strive for individual superiority, Healthy=guided by goals for personal accomplishment and the welfare of others, Unhealthy= Opposite

Countertransference (Freud)

Therapist's inappropriate reaction to client (transference), Impedes the therapeutic process

MCC counseling older clients

They are smart, not necessarily depressed, are adapative, have meaningful interpersonal and sexual relationships

Roe's Fields and Levels Theory

This is a theory of vocational choice. It posits parenting orientation affects children's needs and personality traits, which subsequently influences occupational outcomes. parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant, acceptant children of avoidant- science, tech, objects if they had to work hard to achieve needs they are likely to achieve a higher occupational level in their chosen field

Transformation vs. Transactional Leadership

Transformational- charisma, motivated, intellectually stimulating, individualized consideration Transactional- Stable, contingent reinforcement

Resistance

Unwilling or unable to address threatening, anxiety arousing issues

Parataxic mode

Use of private and autistic symbols, ability to differentiate between certain aspects of experience, involves seeing causal connections between events that occur about the same time

Cross-cultural research

Utilization of mental health services- asian-american and mexican-american individuals underrepresented....African American clients have less positive outcomes, more likely to end treatment prematurely

Rorschach response (page 87)

WHole responses= abstract thinking Popular= tendency to conform Low popular= rebelliousness Excessive focus on small details= Brian injury/distorted thinking

Cycle of violence

Walker (2009)- Three phases 1. Tension building 2. Acute-battering incident 3. Loving contrition: remorseful, apologetic, "never happen again"

Positive and Negative Transference

What the client projects onto the therapist

Cultural Encapsulation

When a counselor: 1. defines reality according to their own values 2. is insensitive to cultural variation among persons 3. disregards evidence that disproves their assumptions 4. relies on quick, simple, technique oriented solutions to problems 5. evaluates others based on his/her own perspective (Wrenn, 1962)

Reality therapy

William Glasser...based on choice theory (choices determine quality of life)...choices motivated by five basic needs (love/belonging, power, fun, freedom, survival)

mean

X or M sensitive to extreme values- misleading when data is highly skewed

Scattergram

X- on the horizontal axis Y- on the vertical axis

Klinefelter syndrome

XXY chromosome normal male identity but incomplete development of secondary sex characteristics and are often infertile

regression equation

Y= bX+a Y- predicted score on criterion variable X- score on predictor variable b- Regression weight (the slope of regression line, which is described below) a- Y intercept (value on Y axis when regression line crosses it) unless correlation is 1 or -1 there will always be some error involved in use of regression standard error of estimate- allows you to assess how much erro can be expected

Law of Effect (Thorndike)

a behavior followed by a reward is is strengthened and more likely repeated

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

a childhood disorder in which children are repeatedly argumentative and defiant, angry and irritable, and in some cases, vindictive lies, anti authority, blames others

reactive attachment disorder

a consistent pattern of inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers 2 of 3 symptoms: minimal social responsiveness, limited positive social emotion, unexplained irritability, sadness, fearfulness extreme deprivation in care, social neglect, changes in attachment figures symptoms must be present before age 5

Cronbach's alpha

a correlation-based statistic that measures average degree of inter-item consistency when test has multiple scores items (i.e. likert scale)

insomnia disorder

a dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality that involves difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, early waking 3 nights a week 3 months

post-hoc tests for analysis of variance

a post-hoc comparison making pairwise or complex comparisons between means

meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies sum "scores" of each study and average them....each study used is like a "subject" in the meta-analysis effect size that indicates the magnitiude of an independent variable's effect effect size computed for each dependent variable...these effect sizes are summed and divided by the total number of effects to arrive at an average effect size (if treatment is better than no treatment/control, the effect size is positive)

higher-order conditioning

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes Murray scoring system id's a hero, needs (internal determinants), press (external determinants), thema (interactions bewteen needs and press), and outcomes

robustness of a statistical test

a statistical test is robust when the rate of false rejections of the null hypothesis (or the Type I error scale) is not substantially increased by violations of the parametric test assumptions (normal distribution of data and homogeneity of variance) when sample size decreases- parametric tests are less robust

deviation IQ scores

a type of intelligence measure that assumes that IQ is normally distributed around a mean of 100 with a standard deviation of about 15

Nightmare Disorder

a type of sleep-wake disorder involving a pattern of frequent, disturbing nightmares

avoidance of false or deceptive statements

a) do not knowingly make statements that are false, deceptive, or misleading concerning research, practice, and other work to those who they are affiliated with b) don't lie about training, education, credentials, affiliations, services, supportive evidence, fees, publications, research findings c) only claim degrees from accredited institutions or institution was the basis for psychology licensure in state of practice

statements by others

a) retain professional responsibility for statements made by the people asked to speak for you b) do not pay anyone to give you publicity in a news item c) paid advertisement for psychologist activities must be identified or clearly recognizable as such

Disruptive mood regulation disorder

a) severe and recurrent temper outbursts that are more intense and longer than situation would warrant b) persistently irritable or angry mood between outbursts lasts for 12 months in at least two or three settings inconsistent with developmental level...occur on average at least three times per week diagnosed between 6 and 18 years old....onset must be prior to age 10

use of assessment

a. based professional opinions and conclusions on sufficient information b. use assessment techniques in appropriate ways c. consider purpose of assessment, relevant characteristics of person, and other factors when interpreting assessment results d. do not promote use of assessment by unqualified persons except for trainees under supervision e. don't make decisions based on obsolete tests or data f. if you provide automated or other scoring or interpretation services, provide psychpmetric justification and other qualifications required for use

reporting research results

a. do not fabricate data b.if there is an error in published data, publish a correction, erratum, retraction, or other appropriate means

sharing research data for verification

a. do not withhold data on which you conclusions are based from other competent professionals who seek to verify the substantive claims through re-analysis......provided confidentiality is protected b. if you request data, only use it for the declared purpose

debriefing

a. give participants an opportunity info about nature results and conclusions of the research, take reasonable steps to correct any misconceptions b. if there is reason to delay or withhold this info, make sure you take reasonable measure to reduc risk of harm c. when you are aware someone has been harmed, take reasonable steps to minimize the harm

publication credit

a. take responsibility and credit only for work you've actually performed or to which you have substantially contributed b. authorship reflects relative contributions of people involved.....minor contributions to writing are acknowledged appropriately (i.e. footnotes) c. except under exceptional circumstances, student is listed as principal author in any publication based on student's doctoral dissertation

human care and use of animals in research

a. treat them in accordance with local laws and with professional standards b. psychologists trained in research methods and supervising the care of lab animals are responsible for ensuring appropriate consideration or their comfort, health, and human treatment c. make sure the people around you are trained to the extent that is appropriate to their role d. reasonable steps to minimize discomfort, infection, illness, and pain e. use procedures subjecting animals to stress only when alternative is not available f. perform surgery with anesthesia and take steps to minimize infection and pain after surgery g. when animal needs to be terminated, do it as quickly and as pain free as possible

stimulus discrimination

ability to distinguish between conditioned stim and similar stim

Wisconsin Card sorting test

ability to form abstract concepts and shift cognitive strategies in response to feedback (6.5-80 years of age)...four stimulus cards, 64 response cards frontal lobe damage poor performance=autism, schizophrenia, depression, alcoholism, malingering

ADHD etiology

abnormalities in prefrontal cortex (cognitive) cerebellum (motor) caudate nucleus and putamen (motor, basal ganglia) genetic contribution Barkley (1990)- behavioral disinhibition hypothesis: inability to adjust activity levels to requirements of the situation

obtaining payment for services

acceptable to give client name to collection agency.....address and phone number but not confidential info

Parental influences on personality

acceptance/repsonsiveness and demandingness/control Authoritative- high on both, best outcomes self-confident, achievement oriented, friendly Authoritarian- low a/r, high on d/c, dependent and lacking motivation Permissive- high a/r and low d/c, trouble controlling impulses, ignore rules....not very involved Uninvolved- low in both, noncompliant, demanding, lack self-control, are prone to antisocial behavior

social judgments

accuracy may be affected by cognitive errors, biases, and reliance on heuristics

validity

accuracy of measurement

Descriptions of Workshops and Non-Degree-Granting Educational Programs

accurately describe audience for which they are intended, educational objectives, presenters, fees involved

prosocial behavior

actions intended to benefit 1 or more people other than onself...explanations? social norms- reciprocity norm, social responsibility norm social learning theory- observing others evolutionary theory- "social behaviors that contribute to the survival of the species are passed on via the genes from one generation to the next" Lefton, 2000

premotor cortex

active when in motin and when observing people in motion

Schizophrenia and culture

acute onset, shorter clinical course, complete remission of symptoms- more prevalent in developing countries factors that help- extended family, greater social support, greater tolerance and acceptance by family members

equity theory

adams (1965)- people always assesisng inputs and outcomes in work...compare their ratio to that of other workers when there is inequity...there is a motivation to create equity this can be good or bad, change unfair situation, tear others down, build yourself up focuses on how perceptions of outcome justice affect motivation

Types of group tasks

additive- people work on projects individually, product is the sum of the contributions of all group members complementary- members contribute different tabilities and knowledge, final product is more than one member could have produced alone conjunctive- group product or performance is determined by leas competent member disjunctive- performance determined by most skilled or knowledgeable, best idea wins compensatory- average input to derive final judgment/solution average of rating assigned to four raters

cooperating with ethics committees

address any confidentiality issues failure to cooperate is itself an ethical violation

Gottfredson's Theory of circumscription and compromise

addresses how gender and prestige influence and limit career choice four stages of cognitive development 1. orientation to size and power (3 to adolescence) 2. orientation to sex roles 3. influence of social class 4. introspection and perceptiveness circumscription- elimination of least preferred options and alternatives compromise- expansion of preferences based on awareness of and accomodation to external constraints (effort required, accessibility, cost)

alternate forms of reliability

administering two equivalent forms of a test to the same group of examinees, then obtaining the correlation between two sets of scores sometimes referred to as "coefficient of equivalence" tends to be lower than test-retest reliability because sources of measurement error (differences in content, passage of time) reduces problems of memory and practice effects

Adult-attachment patterns

adult attachment interviews intergenerational transmission of attachment patterns secure-autonomous- integrate positive and negative experiences of childhood, most of their children are securely attached dismissing- idealize parents but cannot support with concrete evidence, most of their children are avoidantly attached preoccupied- confused and incoherent when describing early attachment relationships and seem angry, fearful, and passive... childhood involves disappointment, frustrated attempts to please parents, role reversals...children have resistant/ambivalent attachment pattern Unresolved- experienced severe trauma and early losses, have not adequately reoslved the trauma or mourned the loss...tend to have negative and dysfunctional relationships with their own children and are often abusive and neglectful... children tend to have a disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern unresolved

noise at work

adverse effects on productivity tasks that are complex, perceptual, motor operations, and close attention intermittent noise more distracting...meaningful sounds more distracting perceived control of noise is critical factor some people are more noise sensitive

atypical antipsychotics

affect different dopamine receptors than trad drugs...also affect serotonin, norepinephrine, glutamate receptors clozapine (clozaril), riperidone (risperdal), olanzapine (zyprexa), ariprazole (abilify) uses: schizophrenia and other disorder with psychotic symptoms, alleviate positive and negative symptoms, less likely to cause extrpyramidal side effects, often effective for those who did not respond well to trad anti=psychotics side effects- anticholinergic effects, sedation, weight gian, neuroleptiv malignant syndrome, agranulocytosis (clozapine, not prescribed unless client did not respond well to other anti-psychotics)

pain sensitivity

affected by past experience, expectations of relief, anxiety, depression...more experience=more sensitivity

barbituates

affecting GABA receptors in reticular activiating system, medulla, and certain areas of the cortex thiopental (pentothal) amobarbital (amytal) secobarbital (seconal) uses: anesthetic, acute management of agitated patients, short term treatment for insomnia side effects: drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, ataxia, cognitive impairment, paradoxical excitement...dependence, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms when taken regularly often implicated in accidental deaths and suicides, suppresses respiration, combination with alcohol is particularly lethal

Turner syndrome

affects females when all or part of an X chromosome is missing, do not develop secondary sex characteristics, are infertile, have a short stature, stubby fingers and a webbed neck

Beck Depression Inventory

age 13-80, 21 items 0-13 minimal depression 14-19 mild 20-28 moderate 29-63 severe

Slosson tests

age 2- 7 years 11 months SIT-R3- revised version that measures crystalized intelligence

Piaget and Children's deception

age 6- children equate lies with things you aren't supposed to say like dirty words 6-10- any untrue statement is a lie 11- only an intentionally false statement is a lie children as young as 3 or 4 intentionally lie to avoid punishment

personal characteristics and job satisfaction

age significantly and positively correlated with satisfaction level in the organization hierarchy non-whites more dissatisfied satisfaction is stable over time across different jobs...attitudes have little to do with the work itself

Memory in Adulthood

age-related declines in memory greatest age-related declines in recent long-term memory remote long term and primary memory are relatively unaffected by increasing age increasing age has a greater negative effect on episodic memory than on semantic or procedural memory effects of age on metamemory depending on the task- negative beliefs, overestimation and underestimation declines likely explained by problems with effective coding strategies in old age older adults benefit from training in the use of memory strategies

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales

ages 2-85+: general cognitive ability, diagnosis of disabilities and exceptionalities (reliable for low IQs), forensic, career and neuropsych assessment Fluid reasoning Knowledge Working Memory Quantitative reasoning Visual-spatial processing 2 routing subtests- objects/matrices and vocab, determines starting point on remaining subtests subtest (M=10, sd=3) Composite scores (M= 100, SD= 15)

catharsis and aggression

aggression reinforces more aggression...the catharsis theory does not work

drug effects

agonists- produce effects similar to neurotransmitter inverse agonists- produce effects opposite to neurotransmitter antagonists- produce no activity on their own but reduce or block the effects of neurotransmitter or agonist

Patterns of attachment

ainsworth strange situation 1. secure 2. anxious/avoidant- detached 3. Anxious/resistant- ambivalent when mom returns 4. disorganized/disoriented- dazed, confused, and apprehensive

Common teratogens and their effects

alcohol- fetal alcohol syndrome, impairs growth, motor skills, behavior and cognition nicotine- low birth weight, respiratory problems, SIDS, hyperactivity, short attention span Cocaine- spontaneous abortion, retarded growth, many physical/organ malformations, language and social problems Rubella (german measles)- low birth weight, gastro, heart defects, mental retardation Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)- transmission to infant during delivery...elevated risk of death, brain damage, seizures, breathing difficulties, visual problems, skin lesions Cytomegalovirus (CMV)- type of herpes virus passed from pregnancy, delivery or breastfeeding, death and serious consequences in first trimester, consequences vary when infected at other times HIV- 15-30% risk of transmission without preventative treatment, under 8% with drug treatment, prematurity, 20% develop serious illness in first year of life, most of these babies die by age 4, 80% develop symptoms more slowly and survive to a mean age of 9-10 years Prenatal malnutrition- spontaneous abortion, neural tube defects, abnormalities to heart, kidneys and other organs, , low birth weight, low brain size, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, other diseases, delays in motor and intellectual development, behavioral problems Maternal stress- Spontaneous abortion, premature delivery, difficult labor, low birth weight, respiratory problems, irritability, hyperactivity, sleep and eating problems....greatly reduced when mothers have strong/supportive relationships

cautions in using chi square

all observations must be independent of each other...can't use chi square in before and after study each observation can be classifiable into only one category or cell- each person can only be in one category...important to have mutually exclusive categories percentages of observations within categories cannot be compared: frequency data is necessary

justice

all persons should have access to and benefit from the work of psychologists there should also be equal quality in the processes, procedures and services of psychologists

laissez-faire leadership

allow subordinates to make decisions on their own without much guidance or help

perfomance evaluation

also called performance appraisal or merit rating- raise?, promotion?, feedback, placement, dismissal criterion measures- objective or subjective

classical conditioning terms

also known as psychic secretion and conditioned reflex

Conversion disorder

alteration in voluntary motor or sensory function and is incompatible with known neurological/psychological conditions specifiers- weakness or paralysis, attacks or seizures, anesthesia or sensory loss

Rem deprivation

alters sleep patterns, can increase anxiety and irritability...disappear after allowed to sleep rem rebound...spend more time in rem sleep in subsequent nights...similar rebound effect for stage 4 deprivation

13 types of neurocognitive disorder

alzheimers frontotemporal lombar degenerative lewy body disease vascular disease traumatic brain injury substance/med use HIV prion disease parkinsons huntington's other med condition multiple etiology

psychological reactance

an attempt at social influence may produce the opposite of conformity or compliance when a person perceives that his or her freedom of choice is being threatened person will attempt to re-establish his or her freedom by acting in a way that is opposite to what has been requested (Brehm, 1966)

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to restrict or purge cold intolerance low white blood cells anemia- ab pain hypotension amenorrhea

binge eating disorder

an eating disorder in which people overeat compulsively...rapidly, uncomfortably full once a week for three months

close head injury

an injury that does not penetrate or fracture the skull more damage, lose consciousness emotional, behavioral, physical, cognitive symptoms

primary reinforcer

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

color blindness

anomaly on the X chromosome red and green= most common

correction for attenuation

answers the following question "what would the validity coefficient of my predictor be if both the predictor and the criterion were perfectly reliable?"

secondary reinforcer

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

self awareness in infants and toddlers

apparent during second year of life 3 stage process - 18 months, self-recognition - 19 and 30, self-description and evaluation, neutral terms and evaluative term - 30-40 months, most children exhibit emotional response to wrongdoing, they have adverse reactions to a caregiver's disapproval 3-9: description of physical self 9-12: description of active self 12-15: Description of social self 15+: description of psychological

computer adaptive assessment

application of item response theory involves administering a set of item's tailored to examinee's estimated level of ability preliminary test, follow-up test, customized test items (computerized)

ethics code

applies to scientific educational and professional roles as psychologists clinical counseling school research teaching supervision of trainees public service policy development social intervention development of assessment instruments conducting assessments educational counseling organizational counseling forensic activities program design and evaluation administration applies to these activities over a variety of contexts

reinforcement theories of motivation

apply principles of operant conditioning 1. keep doing things that have rewarding outcomes 2. avoid doing things that have negative outcomes 3. stop doing things that don't have rewarding outcomes focus on extrinsic rewards with the exception of Deci's (1972) model of intrinsic motivation (pride, accomplishment, satisfaction)...autonomy, competence, relatedness

planned pairwise or complex comparisons

appropriate if you specify in advance exactly what patterns of differences among means you expect to find

informed consent (d)

appropriately document written or oral consent, permission and assent

Cannon-Bard Theory

arousal and emotion occur together, thalamus stimulates sympathetic nervous system and cerebral cortex simultaneously all emotions identical in terms of physical arousal

split half reliability

artificially lowers the reliability coefficient sine the longer a test, the more reliable it will be can be overcome by use of Spearman Brown formula- estimates effect that shortening or lengthening a test will have on reliability problem- correlation will vary depending on how the items are divided so use of cronbachs alpha and kuder richardson formula is recommended over split half method

alpha and power

as preset alpha level increases, power increases the higher the alpha level, the easier it is to reject a null hypothesis

central limit theorem

as sample size increases, the shape of the sampling distribution of means approaches a normal shape true even if the population of scores is not normally distributed mean of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the mean of the population sampling distribution of means has less variability than the population distribution standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the population standard deviation divided by the square root of the size of the samples from which the means are obtained

central traits

asch (1946)- some traits have a greater impact than others on impression formation i.e. warm and cold

race/ethnicity and drugs

asians and african americans metabolize certain isoensymes more slowly than caucasians...greater sensitivity to both therapeutic and side effects of benzos, lithium, neuroleptics, some antidepressants so start them on a lower dose and gradually titrate if needed

Preamble and General Principles

aspirational goals to guide psychologists toward the highest ideals of psychology general guidelines for ethical decision making

General Principles

aspirational in nature

Organizational surveys

assess employee attitudes and opinions..usually anonymous improves job satisfaction and employee reports of job conditions

achievement tests

assess how well a person masters a particular domain ability defined as "capacity to perform particular task"

aptitude tests

assess potential for learning or performance special aptitude tests Purdue peg board O'Connor finger dexterity test Minnesota rate of manipulation test multiple aptitude batteries differential aptitude test (DAT)- both job related and general cognitive abilities (grades 8-12) General aptitude test battery (high school seniors and adults)- good for vocational counseling and job referral

factor analysis

assess the construct validity...reduce set of many variables to fewer variables

difference in effectiveness

assessed by statistically significant difference in groups' mean scores on dependent variable

biographical information blank

assesses a wider range of biographical and attitudinal issues than a weight application blank and presents items in a multiple choice format disadvantage- specific to the job and to the organization for which they were devised...may lack face validity

Utility analysis

assesses the cost-effectiveness of a selection procedure...dollar gain in performance when using this procedure? variable- numbers of years hires stay in target position, number of people selected for position, difference in validty coefficients to two approaches for selection, standrad deviation of the dollar value of job performance, selction ratio, difference in cost associated with the two procedures being considered

power test

assesses the level of difficulty a person can attain either no time limit or a time limit that permits most or all examinees to attempt all items information subtest of the WAIS-IV

informed consent (a)

assessment, therapy, counseling, or consulting get informed consent in understandable language, except when conducting activities without consent is mandated by law

central tendency

assign average ratings to all ratees

organizational culture

assumptions ,values, norms, tangible isgns of organization first level- behavior and observable artifacts second level- values third level- underlying assumptions, thoughts, beliefs, perceptions, emotions

Vision development in infancy

at birth they see at 20 feet what adults see at 400 ft preference for faces discriminate faces by 1 month detect colors by 2-3 months depth perception by six months 20/20 vision in a year

Acute stress disorder

at least nine symptoms in any of the following categories- intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance, and/or arousal....three days to one month after the diagnosis occured (PTSD after one month)

neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury

at least one characteristic symptom i.e. lost of consciousness amnesia disorientation confusion onset immediately after injury or recovery from consciousness

Bipolar II

at least one hypomanic episode (lasts at least four days, three or more symptoms of mania not severe enough to cause marked impairment in functioning or require hospitalization) and one major depressive episode (lasts at least two weeks and include 5 or more characteristic symptoms)

bipolar I

at least one manic episode (three or more symptoms: inflated self esteem grandiosity, flight of ideas, decreased need for sleep); lasts for at least a week...cause impairment in functioning, requires hospitaliztion, or involved psychotic features prevalence: 0.6%, 12 month...onset around 18, 90% of persons who have an episode have another etiology: family history, neurotransmitter/structual abnormalities, life stressors treatment: mood stabilizers, lithium, valproate, carbamazapine, antiseziure meds, cbt, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, family focused treatment (psychoed, communication enhancement training, problem-skills training)

Tourette's disorder

at least one vocal tic or multiple motor persistent for a year but may wax and wane in frequency onset before 18 tics- onset usually betwee 4-6 chronic but frequency of tics often declines in adolescence and adulthood

personalization

attributing external event to self when its out of your control

MDD specifiers

atypical features: increased appetite, weight gain, interpersonal sensitivity, hypersomnia peripartum onset seasonal pattern

temporal lobe

auditory processing (receptive language), long term memory contains auditory cortex and wernicke's area

Leadership styles

autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire consideration v. initiating structure Personality traits

sherif study on conformity

autokinetic effect- optical illusion that occurs when a stationary point of light appears to move is a darkened room (estimates varied in individual sessions, but converged toward similarity very quickly when shared in a group)

non rem sleep arousal disorder

awakening in stage 3 or 4 of sleep sleepwalking sleep terrors little or no recall...usually diminishes after childhood

Goals of Gestalt Therapy

awarenes of self in "here and now" i curative...help clients focus on current reality...i statements, dream work, empty chair technique

t scores

based on 10 point intervals with T=50 being the distributions mean and every 10 points above and below is an SD from the mean

structural equation modeling

based on correlations between multiple variables, assumes linear relationships test causal models based on multiple variables steps 1. specifying a causal model involving many different variables (path diagram) 2. conducting a statistical analysis 3. interpreting results of analysis (path analysis: verify one way causal models, observed variables only, LISREL- verify one or two way causal models, can be used with latent as well as observed variables)

Zeigarnik effect

based on field theory, people tend to remember uncompleted tasks better than completed ones...

function based interventions

based on the results of a functional behavior assessment

Goals of Bowenian therapy

become differentiated while connecting to family members (genograms (structure, dynamics, significant life events), process questions (how do I contribute, respond directly to therapist), Relationship experiments (try a more differentiated approach)

boundaries of competence (f)

become familiar with judicial and administrative rules governing their roles when working in forensic settings

Premature birth

before 37 weeks small for gestational age- birth weight below 10th percentile, asphyxia during birth, developmental delays, respiratory disese, impaired vision and hearing fetal distress- abnormal condition of fetus immediately before or during birth, detected by abnormal slowing of labor, abnormal substances in amniotic fluid, irregular heart rate...caused by anoxia (lack of oxygen), twisted umbilical cord, or sedatives given to mom

short term memory

begins to fade in 30 seconds without rehearsal primary- storage/capacity component working- processing component, mentally manip up late information 5 7 9 chunking

operant conditioning

behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Behavioral family therapy

behavior learned and maintained by antecedents and consequences, Goals- eliminate problem bxs and replace with adaptive bxs...Stuart (operant interpersonal therapy, focusing on reciprocal positive reinforcement

treatment for alzheimers

behavioral meds to slow aches breakdown Care at home

separation anxiety disorder- treatment

behavioral therapy, systematic desensitization, contingency management...for school refusal- treatment goal is to return to school

John Watson

behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat

cognitive contributions to aggression

belief that it's easier to be aggressive than inhibit aggression expect aggression will lead to positive outcomes little or no remorse after committing an aggressive act Dodge and Crick (1990)- five steps to aggression 1. encoding social cues 2. interpretation of social cues 3. response search 4. response evaluation 5. response enactment

self-perception theory

bem (1972)- people understand themselves by observing their own behavior and the situation in which the behavior takes place Schacter and singer's epinephrine studies (1962) support this---people misinformed or uninformed about being given epinephrine take on happy and angry affect of confederate, informed persons didnt support attribution and cognitive arousal theory of negative emotions overjustification hypothesis- external reward for intrinsically interesting activity reduces intrinsic interest in activity

cost-utility analysis (CUA)

benefits assessed with a measure of health related quality of life, for example, quality adjusted life years (gain in expected lifespan due to intervention weighted by the quality of that life)

insomnia treatment

benzos antihistamines cut sleep restriction bed cues sleep hygiene relaxation cognitive restructuring

Autism Course/Prognosis

best is associated with the development of functional language by age 5, IQ over 70, later onset of symptoms, absence of co-morbid mental disorders

job enrichment

best known application of Herzberg's theory- redesigning a job so that worker has more challenge, responsibility, decision-making authority, opportunities for advancement equivocal results on this job satisfaction, decreased absanteeism, improvements in quality of work best for workers who are young, well-educated, high need for achievement

Infant sleep

better consolidation and regulation of sleep in first six months of life problems become chronic if left untreated ferberizing- pat child on back and let them know you are there without picking them up...wait period for reassurance is gradually increased

genralized seizures

bilaterally symmetric, do not have focal onset tonic-clonic seizures- alteration in consciousness, stiffening of muscles in face and limbs, uncontrollable jerky movements...depression, irritability confusion follows absence seizures- brief loss of consciousness and a vacant stare

bulimia nervosa

binge and purging at least once a week for three months

weighted application blank

biodata items given different weights based on correlation with a measure of job performance

Interpersonal Psychotherapy

biopsychsocial approach: 2 major principles- 1. depression is medical illness and not the fault of client and 2. it is related to interpersonal events that trigger and follow the onset of symptoms....maualized treatment of a. role transitions, b. role disputes, c. interpersonal deficits, and d. complicated grief....three phases of therapy 1. determine dx and interpersonal context, 2. strategies appropriate for problem area, 3. review progress, termination, and discuss relapse prevention

Traditional antipsychotics

block dopamine receptors in the brain amphetamines and other dopmine inducing drugs can produce psychosis in individuals who do not have schizophrenia phenothiazines- chlorpromazine (thorazines) and thioridazine (Mellaril) butyrophenones- haloperidol (Haldol) uses: schizophrenia, other disorder with psychotic symptoms, tourettes, acute mania...alleviate positive symptoms of schizophrenia but have little to not effect on negative symptoms side effect: anticholinergic (dry mouth, urinary retention, blurred vison, tachycardia, gastric distress, sexual), extrpyrimidal (parkinsonism, dystonia (muscle contractions and spasms), akathisis, tardive dyskinesia (involuntary movements of face, tongue, jaw) Tardive- can be alleviated to some degree by gradually withdrawing from the drug neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)- rare life threatening side effect (muscle rigidity, high fever, sweating, unstable blood pressure, altered mental statue, autonomic dysfunction)...usually develops in first two weeks....discontinue drug immediately

Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

block reuptake of norepinephrine atomoxetine (strattera) uses: first non-stimulant approved for ADHD, ages 6 and over, adolescents, adults Side effects: decreased appetite, dizziness, fatigue, irritability, sexual dysfunction, menstrual cramps, risk of suicidal thoughts and actions in children and adolescents

Problem-solving therapy

boost problem solving skills, positive problem-solving orientation, develop and apply rational problem solving style

Phi and Tetrachoric coefficients

both variables are dichotomous, the phi coefficient is used used when both variables are artificially dichotomized

Gender differences in aggression

boys and girls show similar aggression prior to 1 year old boys become more aggressive and girls become less agressive after that boys more likely to engage in overt aggression girls more likely to engage in relational aggression (Crick & Grotpeter, 1995)

Central Nervous System

brain and spinal cord- Protected by meninges (three layers of tissue) and cerebrospinal fluid that circulates in the space between the meninges, the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain

Neuron

brain- has about 100 billion neurons and about 10 times as many glial cells (glia- provide physical support, nutrients, and means of cleaning debris in the nervous system) cell body dendrites axon

strategies for improving group performance

brainstorming- express as many ideas as possible, avoid criticizing the ideas of other members, build on each other's ideas but individuals working alone produce a higher number of good ideas than the same number of individuals working together (mullen et al., 1991) effectiveness of brainsotmring improved when persons are trained in brainstorming, trained facilitator leads the brainstorming session, and/or group member brainstorm electronically rather than face to face

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

breaks down norepinephrine and serotonin. making them more available at synapses phenelzine (Nardil) and tranylcypromine (Parnate) uses: Atypical depression (increases appetite, hypersomnia, rejection-sensitivity, mood reactivity, symptoms of anxiety) side effects: dry mouth, nausea, weight gain, dizziness, sedation, insomnia, tremor, tachycardia, sexual overdose can cause seizures coma and cardiac arrest combined with drugs or food with amino acid tyramine can cause potentially fatal hypertensive crisis...avoid beer, wine, aged, cheese, smoked meat, soy sauce, avocados, bananas, eggplant, yogurt, tomatoes

fatigue and rest breaks

breaks useful for reducing fatigue and maintaining productivity through the day...reduce errors and accidents most effective before fatigue sets in and performance begins to lag

Racial microaggression

brief and commonplace verbal, behavioral, and environmental indignities (types- microinsults, microinvalidations, microassaults)

Miller-Tiedeman and Tideman's decision making model

built on last card identified two kinds of relaity 1. personal reality 2. common reality to develop careers they must be aware of both realities personal authoritative reality- thought, action, direction, or behavior the individual feels is right for him/herself common reality- what they say you should do, get an education so you can get a job post-modern drivel

norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors

bupropion (wellbutrin, zyban) used for depression and smoking cessation

Gender role identity development

by 3, children have an established gender role identity greater impact than biological sex on children's self esteem, masculinity and androgyny is associated with higher levels of self-esteem gender role differences heighten after marriage and children, there may be a reversal of gender roles in middle age

measurement error

by definition is random, does not affect all examinees in the same way

Rejected children

by peers actively dislike and maybe bullied, disruptive, poor social skills, report feeling lonely less likely to experience improvement in peer status when they change peer groups

Neglected children

by peers shy, fewer than average interactions with peers, rarely engage in disruptive behaviors, desire being alone, not particularly lonely or unhappy outcomes worse for rejected children

Early motor training

can affect milestone timing...can affect interest/skill in certain complex activities (i.e. biking, riding, swimming)

public presentations

can be used if info is disguised and not identifying information is included

Regression and ANOVA

can be used to substitute for one way anova if independent variable has multiple levels you can dummy code them and then use them as the X variable in the regression equation

persons ordered or mandated to undergo examination or treatment

can conduct examination without consent and over the objection of the examinee

Matching

can control for the effects of a specific extraneous variable...id subjects who are similar in terms of status on the extraneous variable, the grouping similar subjects and randomly assigning members of the matched group to the treatment groups useful when sample size is small and random assignment cannot be counted on to ensure equivalency among groups in terms of extraneous variable

providing services in emergencies

can provide services so they are not denied in an emergency services discontinued as soon as the emergency is over and appropriate services are available

providing therapy to clients served by others

can refuse if someone is receiving the same services or is seeking to triangulate may be appropriate to provide different or complimentary services

Americans with disabilities act

can't discriminate based on disability, when they are qualified and can perform the job with or without reasonable accomodations (1990, amended 1994) excludes people currently engaging in illegal use of drugs, drug testing not prohibited by ADA, does protect past substance users

Apraxia

cant execute purposeful movements despite normal motor and sensory functions ideomotor apraxia- cant mimic or perform on request but may perform spontaneously constructional apraxia- cannot draw or copy simple figure or arrange blocks in a pattern

Anti-seizure drugs

carbamazepine (tegretol) and valproic acid (depakote) also found to be effective for treating mania...stabilize mood by altering serotonin levels uses- dysphoric mania and mania with rapid cycling side effects- nausea, vomiting, lethargy, tremor, atraxia, visual disturbances, slight risk of liver failure and aplastic anemia

Krumholtz's Social Learning Theory of Career Decision Making

career decisions results from experiences of planned and unplanned encounters with others, institutions, and events in each person's environment four types of influences on decision making 1. genetics and special abilities (appearance and personal characteristics) 2. environmental conditions and events (social, cultural, economic, and political influences) 3. learning experiences (primary instrumental learning, rewards, and punishments, and classical conditioning) 4. task approach skills (personal standards of performance, work habits, emotional responses) developed from interactions among the three other influences forming worldviews and beliefs about self that affect occupational aspirations and actions

career counseling

career planning assistance

chi square test

categorical or nominall data (yes, no, no opinion) (political party) used when frequencies, or number of subjects within each category (as opposed to the mean scores on a measure, are given yields chi square statistic- indicates whether obtained frequencies in a set of categories differ significantly from what is expected under the null hypothesis (might be useful for your study on values) observed versus expected frequencies show up in the boxes

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

categorized as open or closed

dichotomous thinking

categorizing experiences in one of two extremes

vascualat neurocognitive disorder

caused by cerebrovascular disease acute onset n partial recovery or progressive course risk- hypertension, hypotension, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking

chromosomal abnormalities

caused by extra chromosome, missing chromosome, or an abnormality in chromosome structure Prader-Willi syndrome- deletion of 15th paternal chromosome (mental retardation, chronic overeating, obesity, obsessive compulsive behaviors, and distinctive physical features)

diabetes mellitus

caused by undersecretion of insulin leads to high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia), causes increased appetite with weight loss, frequent urination, increased thirst, frequent infections, fatigue, apathy, sexual dysfunction, kidney failure, stroke, heart attack oversecretion of insulin causes hypoglycemia, which involves intense hunger, weakness, headaches, visual disturbances, palpitations, anxiety, depression, and confusion

communication networks

centralized- all communication passes through one person or position (chain of command), efficient for simple and mundane task decentralized- flows more freely, best when tasks are complex and cooperation is necessary

criterion cutoff

certain minimum standard or criterion performance SAT for admission

personality in adulthood

certain traits change over time- women increase in self-efficacy, assertiveness, and independence....men get better with nurturance and interpersonal orientation agreeablness and conscientiousness increase, neuroticism decreases, extraversion and openness remain stable

conformity to social norms

change in attitude, belief, behavior cause by social pressure compliance is changing behavior as the result of the request of another person or group of people

code switiching

changing to another language during a conversation if they cant express self adequately, want to show solidarity, or express a different attitude toward the listener

coercive family interaction cycle

children increase in aggressive as they imitate parent aggression, then they are reinforced for acting aggressively when the parents eventually give in

Remarriage and Stepparenthood

children living with biological parent and stepparent have worse outcomes than living with both parents younger children accept more readily stepfather may have good outcomes for boys (anxiety, anger, other adjustment problems) rx to stepfather is often distant, disengaged, and unpleasant rx to stepmother- more frequent interactions, but can be abrasive worst when remarriage is in early adolescence

cognition enhancers

cholinesterase inhibitors that inhibit breakdown of acetylcholine tacrine hydrochloride (cognex) donepezil hydrochloride (aricept) rivastigmine (exelon) galantamine (razadyne) uses: slow down memory loss, donepezil approved for alzheimer's and dementia by FDA...other drugs approved for only mild dementia side effects: diarrhea, nausea, loss pf appetite, weight loss, stomach pain cogex can cause liver failure and other serious side effects so it is no longer commonly prescribed

Nativist theories of language

chomsky- language caused by innate, biologically determined factors innate language acquisition device (LAD)- evidence: universal characteristics of language, brain lateralization for language, language is best acquired during a sensitive period

Mechanisms of genetic inheritance

chromosomes- 22 of 23 pairs are identical in size and shape, the 23 is the sex chromosome DNA

conflicts between ethics and law, regulations, or other governing legal authority

clarify nature of conflict, make known their commitment to the ethics code, take reasonable steps to resolve conflict this standard can't be used for violating human rights

couple and family therapy

clarify who is the client and the type of relationship psychologist will have with each person get them to agree on specific goals let them know they could get divorced discuss with all family members your views on seeing people individually

migraine headache

classic -begins with aura (specific visual, motor, sensory symptom) common- does not begin with aura low level of serotonin produces constriction of blood vessels in the brain treat with anti-inflammatories, ergotaminem SSRIs, and other drugs that act at serotonin receptors, beta blockers, thermal biofeedback, autogenic training

experimental neurosis

classical conditioning when forced to discriminate between similar stimuli...animals exhibit odd behaviors...hostile after being docile etc.

personality disorders

cluster a- odd cluster b- emotional cluster c- fear can diagnose under 18 if symptoms present for a year...except antisocial

test-retest reliability

coefficient of stability "time sampling"- sources related to time are the sources of measurement error practice effects longer interval between administrations, the more susceptible scores or to the effects of random erron....therefore- lower test-retest reliability coefficient drawbacks- spuriously high if there is a very short interval between administrations not appropriate to use when measuring unstable variables such as mood only for tests not appreciably affects by repetition

substance use disorder

cog, behavioral, physio symptoms two or more characteristic symptoms for at least 12 months (impaired control, social impairment, risky use, tolerance/withdrawal)

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

cognition dependent on social, cultural, and historical context learning occurs on two levels: interpersonal and intrapersonal "private speech"- speech children use to guide their own actions, first aloud, then internal Zone of Proximal Development- gap between what a child can currently do alone and what he/she can accomplish with help from parents or more component peers (scaffolding and pretend play help people get in the zone)

Leiter International performance scale

cognitive abilities 3-75+... match pic response cards to corresponding pics on easel. useful for non-english speaking and language or hearing impairment

Arbitrary inference

cognitive distortion- drawing conclusion without evidence

selective abstraction

cognitive distortion- focusing on partial information, abstracting rest

Stroop Color-word interference test

cognitive flexibility, selective attention, processing speed frontal lobe lesions poor performance=depression, mania, ADHD, schizophrenia

Attention

cognitive process of attending to environmental and internal stimuli sustained- focus over time divided- focus on more than one stimulus simultaneously selective- focus on more stimulus while filtering or ignoring irrelevant stimuli

PTSD treatment

cognitive processing therapy- combines psychoed, exposure, cognitive restructuring exposure involves writing and reading a detailed narrative of the event EMDR also works

Therapeutic factors in group

cohesiveness, installation of hope, universality, imparting info, altruism, corrective re-experiencing, develop socializing techniques, imitative bx, interpersonal learning, catharsis, and existential factors------most important? interpersonal learning, catharsis, and cohesiveness

Neo-Piagetian Theories

combine piaget's approach with information processing theories- development divided into stages that represent changes in cognition, emphasize change sin specific cognitive processes (Case, 1985)

polygenic inheritance

combined effect of two or more gene pairs on a single characteristic

contingency contract

combines reinforcement and punishment effective when... short and long term goals are specified target behaviors are observable and measurable indicate reinforces and sanctions for compliance and la k thereof respectively specify procedures for renegotiating /terminating the contract agreed upon and signed by all parties

MDD treatment

combo of meds and therapy- tricyclics, SSRIs, CBT, IPT, ECT combo somewhat more effective than any treatment alone

superstitious behavior (operant conditioning)

come from coincidental pairing of particular behavior and reinforcement

factors that affect attitude change

communicator characteristics- competence, trustworthiness, often short-term influence, "sleeper effect" over time people tend to remember a message but forget its source communication characteristics- one sided better in a biased or uninformed house, two sided better when there is disagreement and being well-informed about the issue

Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA)

compare costs and benefits of two or more interventions when benefits are measurable but cannot be expressed in monetary terms (symptom improvement, relapse rate, number of patients who drop out of treatment prematurely)

t-test for independent samples

compare two means derived from independent (unrelated) samples when subjects are randomly assigned to groups df=n-2, n= total subjects

mental age

comparing an examinee's score to the average performance of others at different age levels

pairwise comparison

comparison between two means

marginal means

comparison of means between variables, see page 91, factorial anova

complex comparisons

comparisons involving combined means

Holding the extraneous variable constant

completely eliminates the effects of an extraneous variable...including only subjects that are homogenous in terms of their status on the extraneous variable - problem- results of study can't be generalized to populations who are not sampled

cognitive theories of motivation

complex decision making process of weighing costs and benefits

item response theory

complex mathematical approach to item-analysis derived from item characteristic curves- depict each item in terms of of how difficulty the item was for individuals in different ability groups curves indicate three things (item parameters) 1. item's discrimination (slope of curve) 2. item difficulty represented by point on the ability axis where probability of correct response is .50` 3. probability that an examinee can answer the question correctly by guessing....represented by point at which curve crosses the Y axis

subjective measures of performance

complex, less concrete (motivation, ability to supervise, problem-solving, effectiveness working with others) disadavantages- raters not motivated, don't understand ratings, and can be biases

Sternberg's Triarchic Model

componential (analytical)- methods that are used to process or analyze information experiential (creative)- how unfamiliar tasks and circumstances are dealt with practical (contextual)- how people respond to their environment

pica

compulsive eating of nonnutritive substances such as clay or paint one month

interscorer reliability

concern when scoring depends on rater judgments....essay tests and behavioral observation scales increased if raters are well trained an know they are being observed scoring categories should be mutually exclusive and exhaustive

content validity

concerns primarily the extent to which the test items adequately and representatively the content area to be measured generally of concern in educational achievement tests industrial settings psychology licensing exam rests on the judgment and agreement of subject matter experts need high correlation with other tests that purport to sample the same content domain

Disinhibited social engagement disorder

condition in which a child shows no inhibitions whatsoever in approaching adults...lack of reticence, overly familiar must be evidence that child has experienced "extreme insufficient care"

Effectiveness research

conducted in real world...better external validity...good research uses both approaches

cost minimization analysis

conducted to compare two or more interventions that are known to have similar benefits in order to determine which intervention can be delivered at the lowest cost

pons

connects two halves of cerebellum relays sensory and motor information arousal, sleep, respiration

personality tests

conscientiousness is an accurate predictor of job performance and training success across a wide range of settings personality tests that measure specific characteristics are more accurate predictors of job performance than those measuring more global traits personality tests are better at contextual performance (enthusiasm, effort, and other behaviors that contribute to the social and psychological environment of an organization) while cognitive tests are better at task performance

conflicts with legal authority

consider appropriateness of complying with court orders when compliance creates potential conflicts with professional standards of practice

consideration v. initiating structure

considerate leaders- person focused, human relations emphasis initiating leaders- task-oriented, focus on goals, ensure subordinates follow rules, clarify subordinate and leader roles leader can be high or low on both dimensions

time series design

considered to be a quasi-experiment by some

reliability

consistency of measurement

random notes

consultation if oyu want to extend scope of competence...if not, make a referral determine if client's lack of trust is due to a mental disorder or an adaptive response to prejudice and discrimination

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

contains afferent (receptive) and efferent (motor/effector nerves)..carry info to and from the brain and spinal cord to and from the muscles and glands somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system

Neuronal cell body

contains nucleus, mitochondria, and other specialized structures and is responsible for the cell's protein synthesis

Midbrain

contains reticular activating system (RAS) and substantia nigra

hindbrain

contains the medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum

forebrain

contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system

medulla oblongata

contains vital centers that control heart rate, breathing, blood pressure and digestion stimulates coughin, swallowing, salivating, and other reflexive actions damage is often fatal

schedules of reinforcement

continuous- after every bx occurrence intermittent- reinforcing some of the time

experimental research

control confounding variables to see if one variable causes another

hypothalamus

controls autonomic nervous system and endocrine system via its influence on the pituitary gland 1. maintains body homeostasis (temperature, metabolism, other functions) 2. controls motivated behaviors (eating, drinking, sex, aggression, maternal behavior) 3. involved in physical expression of strong emotions (rage, fear, excitement) suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regulates circadian rhytyms, sends signal to pineal gland to release melatonin mammillary bodies- play a role in memory, damage to these and thalamus (due to thiamine deficiency cause by chronic alcoholism) causes Korsakoff's syndrome (anteorgrade amnesia, retrograde amnesia, confabulation)

zero-order correlation

converse of partial correlation correlation between two variables is determined without regard to any other variables when zero order correlations are computed, all other variables are ignored even if they might contribute to the relationship

non-linear transformation

converting raw scores to percentile ranks will result in a change in the shape of the distribution transformation that results in a change in the distribution's shape

self-promotion

convey positive info through actions and statements

Sequence of language development

cooing 1-2 months babbling 4-6 months, by nine months babbling sounds narrow to those of language exposed to echolalia and expressive jargon 9 months, imitiate adult speech sounds and words without understanding of meaning First words 10-15 months, Holophrastic speech 12-18 months, combining single word with gestures and intonation to express a phrase or sentence Telegraphic speech 18-24, two word sentences that contain the most critical words rapid vocab growth 30-36 months, by age 3 children typically use about 1000 words and understand 3-4 times that many words, also ask questions and use sentences containing 3-4 words development of complex grammatical forms 36-48 months, correctly use the word "to be", uses possessives and prepositions, construct longer and more complex sentences

Schema (Beck- CT)

core beliefs about self and world...often come from early life...adaptive or maladaptive

split brain patients

corpus callosum cut to relieve epileptic seizures surgery did not cause severe changes in personality but did lead to odd behaviors when picture presented to left field of vision only (could not verbally identify object or pick out object with right hand, but could pick it out with left hand) when presented to right field of vision only (could verbally identify object and pick it out with their right hand, but not able to do so with their left hand)

t-test for correlated samples

correlated samples are those that are related to each other in some way pre-test, post-test design df=n-1, n= number of pairs of scores

factor loading

correlation between a given test and a given factor range from +1 to -1 can be squared to determine the proportion of varaibility in the test accounted for by the factor

autocorrelation

correlation between observations at given lags (every second or every fourth observation)

monotrait heteromethod coefficient

correlations between two measures that assess the same trait using different (hetero) methods convergent validity, this correlation should be high

fees for services

couples...who's responsible for payment? don't bait and switch can use collection agencies when client doesn't pay discuss insurance shortchanging sessions with client and come up with plan sliding scale fees are acceptable if fair and serve the client's best interests

education and training programs

course requirements must meet recommended standards and requirements of the dicipline, ensure information presented in course is accurate and unbiased can't require students or supervisees to reveal personal information unless 1) this requirement is clearly identified up front or 2) information is necessary to evaluate or assist student whose personal problems pose a threat to self or others/or are preventing them from performing competently in their training/professional activities if therapy is a requirement of the program, students must have option of selecting a therapist not-affiliated with the program

Paraphilic Disorders: Treatment

covert sensitization- pairing with aversive stimulus orgasmic reconditioning

critical vs sensitive periods

critical- limited time in which organism is biologically prepared to acquire behavior, but needs appropriate environmental stimuli for it to happen sensitive- optimal times for the development of human capacities during which person is particularly sensitive to environmental influence, but those capacities can develop at an earlier or later time

demand characteristics

cues in the research settingthat allow subjects to guess the research hypothesis subjects behaves differently than they would in real world settings

neurocognitive disorder due to HIV infection

damage to subcortical areas trouble learning executive function psychomotor slowing apathy social withdrawal low IQ older agesomatic symptoms of depression predict progression to aids and HIV related dementia

Parasympathetic nervous system

deactivates responses that the sympathetic nervous system activates and is active during states of relaxation...decreased heart rate, activation of digestive and elimination processes, and conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat

Theories of forgetting

decay, interference, cue-dependent, ebbinghaus forgetting curve

Social relationships in adulthood

decrease with age socioemotional selectivity theory- change in social goals related to change in perception of time left in life, move from open-mindedness to constrained social goals have 2 functions knowledge acquisition- when time is open ended emotional regulation- when time is constrained

Intellectual disability

deficits in intellectual function confirmed by clinical assessment and standardized testing deficits in adaptive functioning (without support) onset during the developmental period

huntingtons disease

degenrative disease cause by autosomal dominat gene...abnormalities in basal ganglia and cortex glutamate, ach, gaba, and dopmine abnormalities symptoms- depression, anxiety, clumsiness, figeting, uncoordinated, atheosis (slow movement), chorea (jerky movements), difficulty swallowing, dementia...high suicide risk in individual

bulimia features

dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, metabolic shift, dental problems, menstrual issues

shape of the theoretical sampling distribution of stats

depends on the degrees of freedom----t an F theoretical sampling distributions are actually a family of curves not always normally shaped...have mathematically fixed properties that permit us to calculate the probability that an obtained sample statistic could have been drawn from a population with a given value, the value that would exist if the null hypothesis was true

Depersonalization/derealization disorder

depers- feelings of unreality, detachment...being an outside observer of thoughts, feelings, behavior dereals-sense of unreality or detachment with regard to one's surroundings reality testing in tact...but there is significant distress

Persistent depressive disorder

depressed mood on most days for at least two years and at least two of the following (insomnia/hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, impaired concentration/decision making, and feelings of hopelessness)...cannot have been without symptoms for more than two months...significant distress and impaired functioning

program design

design training based on cost, content, characteristics of trainees effective= teaching skills necessary for the job

mastery tests

designed to determine whether a person can attain a pre-established level of acceptable performance all or none score basic reading, basic math tests

McClelland's Need for Achievement

desire autonomy and personal responsibility, measured from TAT cards, prefer moderately difficult goals, seek recognition for their efforts put in effort, stay on job longer and perform better, entrepreneurial success need for power- control of others, prestige need for affiliation- good interpersonal relationships

case studies

detailed examination of a single case (single person, group, phenomenon) can't draw conclusions on nature of relationships between variables (lack internal validity) results not generalizable to other cases (lack external validity) useful as pilot studies for identifying variables that can be studied in a more thorough and systematic manner

cones

detect color center of retina in region called the fovea

Flextime

determine own daily schedule as long as they work the total hours and are present at work during certain core hours (10-3)..increased job satisfaction, productivity, and decreased absenteeism...effects of flextime on performance aren't clear

needs analysis (training)

determining if and what kind of training is necessary...four parts: organization analysis, task analysis, person analysis, demographic analysis

reasons people conform

deutsch and gerard (1995) 2 reasons 1. informational influence- using others as a source of info on difficult or ambiguous task 2. normative influence- go along because of group pressure, what to belong and avoid criticism

job analysis

developing and validating assessment instruments identifying measures of job performance assisting in the development of training programs job-oriented techniques- focus on task requirements of the job worker-oriented techniques- identify knowledge, skills, abilities, and personal characteristics that are required for successful job performance (education, adaptability, 20/20 vision, etc.) methods include interviews, questionnaires, direct observation, work diaries position analysis questionnaire- 194 job elements, 6 divisions 1. informational input 2. mental processes 3. work output 4. relationships with other persons 5. job context 6. other job characteristics job rated in terms of importance of each of these

PTSD

diagnosis- exposure to traumatic event, re-experiencing the event, negative alterations in cognition and mood, alterations in arousal associated with the event exposure to...death, injury, sexual violence...direct or vicarious in children under six...learning event occured to caregiver can be cause

counterbalancing

different subjects or groups of subjects receive treatment in a different order latin square design- ordering the administration of treatment so that each appears once and only once in every position

cause of adverse impact

differential validity- selection procedure is a good predictor of success for one group but not anoter research suggests differential validity is rare and when it occurs, happens just as often to majority as minority group unfairness- one group scores consistently lower on selection test but both groups perform equally well on the job, could still be a valid predictor but those who score lower are less likely to get hired (is there data on this???)

dominant response

difficult task- failure, inhibition easy task- success, facilitation

reticular activating system (RAS)

diffuse set of interconnected neurons from spinal cord to midbrain regulates sleep/wake transition and screens incoming sensory information, especially during sleep...arouses higher brain when something shouls be paid attention to (mother waking at faintest baby cry)

Effects of divorce on parents

diminished capacity to parent continues two years post divorce inconsistent discipline- vacillate between detachment and punitiveness mothers more harsh, fathers more indulgent or permissive

directional and non-directional statistical tests

directional (one tailed) test- used to test directional hypothesis nondirectional test- nondirectional hypothesis

antisocial personality disorder

disregard failure to conform impulsivity irritability linked to conduct disorder usually remits in middle age causes: heredity, family characteristics (high negativity, low warmth, inconsistency) lack of empathy low arousal treatment: no empirically supported treatments, cbt strategies, rules/structure

Taste and smell in infants

distinguish all tastes at birth prefer sweet taste respond different to unpleasant odors

organizational justice

distributive justice- fair outcomes like hiring, evals, raises, layoffs Procedural justice- fairness in process/procedure in which outcomes are allocated (best work outcomes) interactional justice- exchange between individual/supervisor and third party (combines informational and interpersonal justice)

delirium

disturbance in attention that develops over short period and at least one other cognitive disturbance memory disorientation language perception causes: age dementia depression Male impairment in vision/hearing dehydration malnutrition alcohol.meds functional dependence severe illness treatment: education environmental manipulation antipsychotics

stanine scores

divide distribution into nine equal intervals stanine 1- lowest ninth of distribution "standard nine" mean of 9 and standard deviation of about 2

maintaining competence

do it

releasing and explaining test results

do it unless it will cause substantial harm, which you have to justify (i.e. seriously misunderstand results Hipaa says- only when it is likely to endanger life or physical safety explain this to the client if you have concerns

in-person solicitation

do not engage, directly, or through agents in uninvited in-person solicitation of business from actual or potential therapy clients/patients or other persons who because of particular circumstances are vulnerable to undue influence

exploitative relationships

do not exploit clients students or trainees in any way

sexual intimacies

do not have sex with current clients 2 years after therapy acceptable in only most unusual circumstances...must demonstrate that sexual activity is not exploitative consider 1. time passed 2. nature of therapy 3. circumstances of termination 4. client's personal history 5. current mental status 6. likelihood of adverse impact 7. did you say or imply anything???? also do not mess around with people close to the client no therapy for people you have slept with

other harassment

do not knowingly engage in behavior that is harassing/demeaning based on diversity factors

duplicate publication of data

do not publish as original data that which has already been published

testimonials

do not solicit from current clients...undue influence

conflict of interest

do not take on professional role when personal, scientific, professional, legal, financial or other interests or relationships could reasonably be expected to 1) impair their objectivity, competence, effectiveness or 2) expose the person or organization with whom the relationship exists to harm or exploitation

Gay or lesbian parents

does not increase the risk of negative developmental outcomes in children

correlational research

does not manipulate the variable of interest...measured rather than manipulated has not internal validity, impossible to infer causal relationship finding an association used for the purpose of prediction...status of predictor variable predict the status of criterion variable random assignment and experimental control is impossible

frustration-aggression hypothesis

dollard (1939)- defined frustration as the result of interference with attainment of an important goal and proposed that frustration always leads to aggression and that aggression is always preceded with frustration the original hypothesis has been modified several times...berkowitz (1971)- frustration creates a readiness to act aggressively by eliciting feeling of anger and hostility, but that aggression only occurs in the presence of an aggressive cue

Dominate v. recessive genes

dominant beats recessive unless each parent contributes a recessive gene recessive traits- red hair, congenital deafness, Type O blood dominant traits- Type B blood, dark hair, normal hearing homozygous- alike gene pairing, both dominant or both recessive heterozygous- one dominant and one recessive

Co-therapists in group

don't disagree if group is dysfunctional or immature

unfair discrimination

don't do it based on race, ethnicity, gender....

sexual relationships with students/supervisees

don't do it unless they are in another program and you won't ever evaluate them

plagiarism

don't present another persons work or data as your own....even if other work or source is cited occasionally

improper complaints

dont do it

overgeneralization

drawing conclusion based on single event and applying to other events

menopause

drop in estrogen (hot flashes, mood swings, urinary incontinence, vaginal changes, increased risk of osteoperosis...ERT and HRT (replacement therapies)...alleviate symptoms and reduce risk of osteoperosis and heart disease, but increase risk of breast cancer, nausea, headaches, weight gain, depression

Anti-alcohol drugs

dsiulfiram (antibuse) naltrexone (revia, vivitrol) anitbuse inhibits alcohol metabolism...nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, tachycardia naltrexone- opioid receptor agonist, reduces pleasure and craving for alcohol uses: alcohol use and dependence side effects: disulfiram (in absence of alcohol)- drowsiness, skin rash, headache, restlessness, impotence, metallic.garlic taste in mouth overdose can cause seizures, low blood pressure, chest pain, shortness of breath naltrexone side effects- stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, headache

Tension headaches

dull and diffuse mild to moderate pain experienced as tight band of pressure around the head abnormalities in serotonin and other neurotransmitters over the counter and prescription pain meds

auditory pathway

ear canal to eardrum amplified then by three small connecting bones- ossicles- and transmitted to another membrane (oval window) movement of oval window exerts pressure on cochlea liquid...produces movement in hair cells which are auditory receptors...these cells translate vibrations to neural activity, which travels via the auditory nerve to the thalamus and auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

Early emotions

early emotions appear in predictable order at birth- basic primary emotions (interest, disgust, distress) several months later- sadness, joy, surprise, anger, fear year 2- self-conscious emotions, envy, empathy, embarrassment 30-36 months- guilt, shame, pride self-conscious emotions attributed to several factors (awareness of rules, evaluate him/herself against the rules)

Autism treatment

early intensive behavioral intervention

three temperament groups

easy children- cheerful, adapt easily, regular schedule slow to warm up- sad, tense, take time to adapt, withdraw from new experiences, schedules are off difficult children- respond to new experiences with irritability, difficult to soothe, irregular feeding and sleeping schedules

lithium

effect dopmine, norepinephrine, serotonin lithium cabronate (eskalith) and lithium citrate (cibalith) uses: bipolar disorder side effects: nausea, diarrhea, metallic taste, weight gain, fine hand tremor, fatigue, mild cognitive impairment lithium toxicity-- vomiting, ab pain, the runs, coarse tremor, slurred speech

main effect

effect of one independent variable by itself

interaction

effect of one independent variable depends on level of othe independent variable-- don't interpret main effects without considering interaction effects, you can be seriously misled interpret main effects with caution when there is an interaction

Fiedler's Contingency Theory

effectiveness determined by combo of leader style and situation Least Preferred Co-worker Scale- High LPC leaders describe least preferred co-worker in positive terms favorable situations allow leader to control and influence workers (relationship with subordinates, structure of the task, leader's ability to enforce compliance) low LPC- best in very favorable and very unfavorable situations high LPC- best in moderately favorable situations

Quality of Work life interventions

effectiveness increase when workers are satisified, motivated, and committed interventions- job restructuring, redesigning jobs, Quality circles may improve production, but effects are often temporary QCs need to be supported by management and listened to

Weber's Bureaucracy

effectiveness maximized when organization had bureaucratic structure with formal rules and regulations, impersonal treatment of employees, division of labor, hierarchical structure, rational/efficient approach bureaucracies tend to be overly rigid and inefficient, research supports this...low job satisfaction

interaction effect

effects of IV at different levels of other IVs

environmental psychology

effects of physical and social environment on perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors

Interaction between history and treatment

effects of treatment don't generalize beyond the setting and/or time periodin which the experiment was done

process consultation

effort to help team members understand and alter processes that are undermining their interactions communication decision making conflict resolution individual roles in groups

aversive racism

egalitarian unacknowledged negative opinions of outgroup members deny being prejudiced but avoid interacting with outgroup members

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

eight intellectual abilities (linguisitic, logical-math, musical intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist) rarely operate independently but instead are used simultaneously and complement each other as people solve problems

Conduction with neurons

electrochemical process by which information in received and processed in a nerve cell resting potential- inside is negatively charged while outside in positively charged depolarization triggers an action potential (electrical impulses that travels through the cell), which operates on the all-or-none principle...whatever the stimulation received by the neuron, if it meets minimum threshold the magnitude of the action potential is always the same speed of conduction is affected by two factors 1. larger diameter axon equals greater speed of nerve impulse 2. some axons are covered in myelin, the thicker the myelin, the greater the speed

counter conditioning techniques

eliminate anxiety or fear response by pairing conditioned stim with an unconditioned stim that promotes incompatible response

histrionic personality disorder

emotionality and attention seeking

schacter and singers cognitive arousal theory

emotions are combination of physical arousal and cognitive attributions of that arousal specific emotion experienced depends on the attributution "epinephrine study"- enivornmental cues often determine attributions for arousal

Three Core conditions of person centered therapy

empathy- work to understand clients experience and convey it....Congruence- be genuine, open, honest, and consistent...Unconditional positive regard- care about the client, value them, accept them without judgment

Total Quality Management

emphasis on product quality, flattening of traditional management hierarchy, increased teamwork, reduced ratio of managers to non-managers increased emphasis on cooperation and fairness in treatment of employees skill variety task variety Autonomy, participation, empowerment Task significance feedback

organizational change strategies

empirical-rational- give all the information/data and people will respond rationally normative-reeducative- change attitudes, values, and relationships to adjust culture and social norms power-coercive- rewards, punishment, legitimate authority for coercion

factors that affect memory

encoding specificity- similarity of learning and recall circumstances help, context-specific (same environment), state-dependent (person is in same physical or psychological state) arousal- Yerkes-dodson law: there is an optimal level of arousal needed for performance on memory tasks....inverted U, depends on complexity of the task, moderate arousal is best amnesia- anterograde: recall infor before trauma but struggle to retain info after truama, retrograde: can't recall info before trauma but remember what has happened since Misinformation effect- distortions of memory about event result from incorporating inaccurate or misleading info about event after it occurred (altering only one or two words in a question can significantly impact memory of event) Rehearsal- Maintenance: repeating information, most useful for keeping info in short term memory, Elaborative: Making information meaningful with association, connecting long and short term memory Mneumonic devices: Verbal: acronyms, acrostic (phase where the first letter stands for something you want to remember), Visual: method of loci (imagine walking through a room and place each item somewhere in the room), keyword method: good for remembering a pair of items (visual image that represents both items)

strategies for preventing groupthink

encourage members to be skeptical and critical, at least one member asked to play devil's advocate, group member encouraged to consult a wide array of experts before making final decision, leader refrains from stataing his/her preferences at the beginning of the decision making process

endorphins

endogenous morphine neuromodulators- decreases sensitivity to pain and produces feelings of pleasure

benzodiazapines

enhance GABA actiivty (inhibitory) diazepam (valium) alprazolam (Xanax) clonazepam (klonopin) lorazepam (ativan) triazolam (halcion) uses: anxiety, insomnia, muscle spasms, seizures, moderate to severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms side effects: drowsiness, sedation, ataxia, incoordination, motor disturbances, amnesia, reduced concentration, sexual dysfunction, paradoxicla effects (excitability, anxiety, aggression) addictive- chronic use can result in dependence, severe withdrawal reactions (seizures, delirum, hallucinations, coma) combination with alcohol or depresant can be fatal

controlling for threats to internal validity

ensure that extraneous factors are exerting an equal effect in all groups studied

multiple cutoff

entails indentifying different cutoff scores on a series of predictors...must score at or above cutoff on each predictor to be predicted as successful on the criteiron

Nature/nurture debate

epigenetic view that development is the result of bidirectional exchange between genetics and environment (Gottlieb, 2004)

Intermittent Explosive Disorder

episodes during which a person acts on aggressive impulses that result in serious assaults or destruction of property...verbal and physical twice a week for three months

adverse impact

equal employment opportunity commission (EEOC)- uniform guidelines on employee selection procedures when selection procedures (i.e. tests etc.) produce a substantially different rate of selection for groups based on age, race, gender, etc. 80% rule- when selection rate for minority is below 80% of majority group may be permitted when there is bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ)...job related or business necessary

hippocampus

essential for memory consolidation (short term to long term)

long term memory

essentially unlimited and permanent

assessing student/supervisee performance

establish process for providing timely and specific feedback to students and supervisees and to provide information about that process to students and supervisees at the beginning of class or supervision

fidelity and responsibility

establish relationships of trust with those who they work, aware of responsibilities to society and their communities should contribute part of professional time for no compensation

multiple regression

estimate applicants score on a criterion based on his or her scores on two or more predictors compensatory technique- applicant that gets a low score on one predictor can make it up by doing better on another

mandated and permitted disclosures of confidential information

ethically permissible

Autism etiology

evidence for genetic contribution, brain irregularities (amygdala, cerebellum, serotonin, GABA, other neurotransmitters)

conditioned stimulus

evolves from neutral stim, brings out conditioned response after stimulus

maximum performance

examinee's best possible performance, or what a person can do achievement and aptitude tests

Separation anxiety disorder

excessive fear/anxiety of separation from home or attachment figures....at least 3 symptoms (excess distress at anticipating or experiencing separation, worry about losing attachment figure, refusal to leave home, physical symptoms in response) at least four weeks in kids or adolescents...6 months in adults school refusal in adolescence is more about depression than separation anxiety

barter

exchanging therapy for clerical, housekeeping, or other ongoing services creates a potentially harmful multiple relationships only acceptable when not exploitative or clinically contrindicated

social loafing

exert less effort when working on task as a part of a group, reduced when individual contributions to the group are mad identifiable

James-Lange theory

experience autonomic arousal and interpret feelings as emotion we're sad because we cry

correlational research

experimenter does not manipulate independent variable use predictor variables (IV) and criterion variables (DV) to distinguish them from experimental variables in studies what effect does IV have on DV

expert vs. fact witness

expert- person with special training, knowledge, skills, and experience in an area relevant to the resolution of the legal dispute and is allowed to offer an opinion as testimony in court" there are no standards for expertise....so cross-examiners can challenge them fact witness- testifies to what they have seen, heard, or otherwise observed....not allowed to offer opinions or address issues they don't have personal knowledge of or respond to hypothetical situations...needs consent of client or court order

eigen values

explained variance of each factor in a factor matrix

Leader member exchange theory

explains how various relationships with leaders develop out-group members- formal roles, low decision making in-group- high decision making, trust, resources leaders should create opportunities for entry into in-group move from stranger, acquaintence, to partner

noise

exposure to high intensity noise can negatively affect exposure on cognitive tasks most adverse impact on performance when unpredictable and uncontrollable

Standard scores

express raw scores distance from the mean in terms of standard deviation units tells us how many SDs a score is above or below the mean don't have problems associated with developmental norms and percentile ranks

Response to prolonged separation

extended separation at 15-30 months .... typical cycle of protest, despair, and detachment... irreversible negative effects on cognitive, emotional, and social development... separation prior to three months exhibited no significant problems

organizational commitment

extent to which person identifies with the organization and is willing to work to help the organization achieve its goals greatest when there are opportunities for personal growth and responsibility moderate to strong negative correlation with absenteeism and turnover may increase resistance to change

confounding variables

extraneous variable that can influence relationship

personality and affiliation

extroverts more likely than introverts to seek affiliation with others, this may be due to different levels of cortical arousal...extroverts tend to have low arousal level, seek social interaction to increase their arousal to an optimum level...introverts have high arousal and seek isolation to maintain comfortable levels of arousal

classical extinction and therapy

face the conditioned stimulus enough without the unconditioned stimulus that anxiety decreases

communality

factor loadings are squared and added to determine the proportion of variance of a test that is attributable to the factors this is communality (h squared) this represents "common variance" because these factors are also accounting for variance in the other tests included in the analysis test's reliability consists of two components- communality- that part of true variability shared with other tests specificity- that part of true variability unique to the test itself test's reliability is at least as high as its communality (lower limit of test's reliability)

variations of factorial anova

factorial anova for repeated measures...use if all levels of independent variable are applied to single group of subjects mixed (split plot anova)- consists of more than one independent variable and at least one repeated measures (or within-subjects) variable...same subjects measured at different times

Multiple IVs

factorial design- study with more than one independent variable combined every level of one independent variable with every level of the other independent variable(s), we would have a factorial experimental design

job characteristics model

factors that influence motivation, satisfaction, and output skill variety- more skills= more meaning task identity- whole piece of work more meaningful than tasks involved task significance- job has clear importance to others autonomy- jobs more meaningful if they allow for independence and freedom feedback- built in feedback=more meaning job diagnostic survey and job characteristics inventory assess these- improvements in motivation, satisfaction, absenteeism, and turnover model works well in "growth need strength"

type II error and beta level

failure to reject the null when it is false we do not have significant difference to reject null when in fact a difference does exist beta- probability of making a type 2 error, not known to the researcher at the outset of the study, usually can't be determined even after the study, though there are some post-hoc methods for estimating likely values of beta

Malingering

faking symptoms for personal gain

Gambler's fallacy

false belief that the likelihood of a random event is affected by or can be predicted from previous independent events

Wholeness (family therapy)

families more than the sum of their parts, individuals best understood in the context of families

Homeostasis (family therapy)

families resist change, seek stability

Origins of aggression

families- reliance on coercion, inadequate monitoring of children's activities

cause of anorexia

family- upper/middle class, domineering, overprotective, depressed mother, uninvolved dad, excessive evidence on weight on diet psych- perfectionists bio- heredity, endocrine and neuroteansmitter abnormalities

Driver's decision making styles

fast-acting- minimal info, choose good enough solution uni-focus- use info to produce only one course of action 1. decisive- uni-focus 2. flexible- satisficing, multi-focus 3. hierarchic- maximizing, and uni-focus 4. integrative- maximizing, multi-focus 5. systemic- combines 3 and 4, maximizing, but can shift focus successful manager understans decision making style, work with people with other styles, match their style to job that suits them

Death and Dying

fear of death peaks in middle age Kubler-Ross (1969)- denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance: don't necessarily occur in a fixed sequence moreover, hope is a feeling terminally ill patients have that Kubler-Ross didn't describe

Agoraphobia

fear/anxiety about at least two to five situations: using public transportation, being in open spaces, being in enclosed spaces, standing in line or being in a crowd etiology- genetic and environmental factors...low warmth, demanding, and overprotective family climate treatment- in vivo exposure with response prevention...better with significant others involved

Head start

federal government 1965...initial gains in IQ tests often not maintained however kids less likely to be placed in special ed, have better attitudes toward school, have higher achievement test scores, less likely to repeat a grade and drop out of high school lower risk for teen pregnancy, unemployment, and committing criminal acts

gender and affiliation

females prefer to affiliate in dyads, males prefer to affiliate in larger groups...women are more concerned about intimacy in their relationships, men are more concerned with power

anima/animus

feminine and masculine aspects of self

social comparison theory

festinger (1954)- learn about self when comparing self to others, especially when lack of cognitive information...mostly to similar others, sometimes downward comparison

raising and lowering cutoff score

fewer true and false positives and more true and false negatives increases ratio of true positives to false positives lowering criterion cutoff scores, there will be more false negatives and true positives and fewer true negatives and false positives in many situation- criterion cutoff score is not flexible....predictor cutoff score is more flexible once cutoffs are set- predictor's functional utility can be calculated to determine the increase in the proportion of correct hiring decisions that would result from using the predictor as a selection tool, relative to when it is not used

axon

fiber...sometimes quite long...that carries information away from cell body, most neurons have only one axon, but they usually have several brahnces (collaterals) with each branch leading to a terminal button

ADHD hyperactivity symptoms

fidgeting and squirming leaving seat talking excessively can't play/be quiet interrupting and intruding

rational-economic model of decision making

find optimal solution with all information often not practical

insurance companies

find out why the information they request is need and, if request is valid, release only the relevant information cover letter- states that info is confidential and specify who can review it

Zajonc's (1976) confluence model of intelligence

first born kids have higher IQs than later kids...decrease in intellectual stimulation and resources as more kids are born

Schizophrenia treatment

first gen anti-psychs- chlorpromazine, Thioridizine, haloperidol...aleviate positive symptoms, little effect on negative symptoms second gen anti-psychs- clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, and ariprazole...reduce positive and negative symptoms, less likely to produce tardive dyskenesia cbt, social skills training, support, psychoed, fmaily therapy (too much expressed emotion in family)

Filter theory of selective attention

first of the "bottleneck theories"- of all the information presented to us only a little gets through....when two bits of info come at us, one wins our attention while the other is processed later or lost the winner enters short term memory...where it is analyzed for meaning dichotic listening task- listen to different auditory stimuli in each ear simultaneously and then repat what you just heard... (734) (215)...subjects more likely to recall 734215 than 723145

age and sleep

first six month- only rem and non rem phases...in first 2-3 months, sleep period begins with rem, then the sequence reverses sleep time, stages 3 and 4, and rem sleep all decreas from childhood to adulthood infancy- rem is 50% of total sleep period, only 20% in adulthood sleep gets less frequent and ther are more problems with age

Major depressive disorder

five or more symptoms of a major depressive episode with at least on symptom being depressed mood (anhendonia, appetite, sleep, weight, psychomotor, fatigue/low energy, worthlessness, excessive guilt, low concentration, sucidal ideation, suicide attempt)....most of the day everyday for at least two weeks

Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model

five stages of cultural development for oppressed persons- Atkinson, Mortenm & Sue, 1998: conformity, dissonance and appreciating, resistance and immersion, introspection, and integrative awareness

intermittment reinforcement

fixed ratio- after fixed number of responses variable ratio- after variable number of response fixed interval- after fixed period of time variable interval- after an unpredictable amount of time variable ratio- fastest and steadiest responding during acquisition, greatest resistance to extinction fixed interval- scallop effect, responding increases toward the end of each interval

exposure and response prevention erp

flooding graduated exposure in vivo imaginative group exposure works self-help works interoceptive exposure- expose to physical symptoms of panic attacks

Tiedeman and O'Hare's Decision Making Model

focused not only on the "making of a living" but on the "making of a life"...based on Erickson's theory career related correlates of each of erickson's eight psychosocial crises resolutions differentiation- realization that career is not fitting with one's personality, different choice then consider and then action taken....this is known as implementation might not always lead to reintegration and process could take place many times in the life of the individual

Object-relations theory

focused on impact of early relationships (objects), people driven by human connection rather than sexual/aggressive drives

strategies for gaining compliance

foot-in-the-door technique- start with a small request to get someone to agree to a later larger request door-in-the-face technique- make a large request likely to be refused and follow it up with a smaller, more reasonable request...Cialdini et al. (1975): 50% of students complied with the second request, compared to 17% when info presented alone

informed consent (b)

for persons legally incapable of giving informed consent 1. provide an appropriate explanation 2. seek the person's assent 3. consider person's preferences and best interest 4. obtain appropriate position from a legally authorized person

therapeutic-forensic role conflicts

forensic therapy- disclose potential risks and make efforts to refer to another qualified practitioner.....too much of a risk, dual relationships if referral is not possible...seek judicial review and direction, consider the risks, think about spearating services out in time

Inteference Theory

forgetting happens when information learned before or after affects storage of forgotten info proactive interference- forward effect, previously acquired similar information interferes with ability to recall new information retroactive interference- backwards effect, newly acquired similar information interferes with ability to recall previously acquired information

amygdala

formation of emotional memories

Bayes' Theorem

formula for obtaining a special type of conditional probability...primarily used to revise conditional probabilities based on additional information allows you to take into account additional information to come up with a more accurate conditional probability

malpractice

four conditions must be present for a claim of malpractice 1. psychologist must have been involved in a professional relationship with the client that established a legal duty to treat the client 2. there must be evidence that the psychologist breached that duty 3. the client must have suffered harm or injury 4. there must be evidence that the breach of duty caused harm or injury

banduras observational learning

four mechanisms 1 attention 2 retention 3 motor reproduction 4 motivation (self, external, and vicarious reinforcement, self-efficacy) more likely when model is similar to the observer

Behavioral consultation

four overlapping stages 1. Problem identification style- operationally define problem 2. Problem analysis stage- functional analysis 3. Treatment implementation stage 4. Treatment evaluation stage

Levinson's Seasons of a man's life

four periods- pre-adulthood, early, middle, and late adulthood early transition (20)- form the dream Age 30 transition- reevaluate choices, become more realistic and revise life structure Age 40- stress and reorganization...dissatisfaction can lead to mid-life crisis late adult transition (60-65)- reconcile the dream with the reality of their lives, accept mortality, prep for retirement and old age midlife crisis not supported by research

bases of social power

french and raven (1959), raven (1993)- six bases of social power 1. reward power- can provide desired outcomes 2. coercive power- can provide unwanted outcomes 3. legitimate power- status 4. referent power- desirable, attractive, personality 5. expert power- special knowledge/experience 6. informational power- person's access to information

sample distribution

frequency distribution for scores of any sample chosen from a population.....distribution of all possible sample values (mean, median, mode) less variability than the population distribution

pitch

frequency of sound waves one hertz= one cycle per second audible pitch in 20-20,000 hertz

germinal period

from conception to implantation eight to ten days after conception

embryonic period

from end of second week to eight weeks after conception most susceptible to structural defects CNS is susceptible to teratogens through all of gestation

Lobes of the cerebral cortex

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

Spearman's two-factor theory of intelligence

general ability (g) specific ability (s) all mental tasks require these two kinds of ability

External validity

generalizability of results in research study

secular trends

generational differences in physical growth and development (menarche average age in industrialized countries has declined due to nutrition and health care improvements)

cause of apnea

genetic disorders, menopause, obesity, endocrine disorders and meds

MDD etiology

genetic- 1st degree bio relatives 2-4 times higher co-occurence than general pop low levels of norepinephrine low levels of serotonin high cortisol Seligman's learned helplessness model (1978) Lewinsohn's behavioral theory (1974) Beck's cognitive theory (1976) Rehm's self-control model (1987)

genotype vs. phenotype

genotype- information encoded in genes based on collection of alleles phenotype- observable characteristics that are affected by both genes and environment

Kohler-Insight Learning

gestalt psychologist studies done with chimp named sultan- aha experience restructuring of problem 1. learner perceives situation as a whole 2. learner perceives and tries to understand various elements of a situation 3. as a result the learner is suddenly able to grasp the solution to the problem

informed consent for recording voices and images in research

get it, unless... 1. research consists of naturalistic observation in public places, and recording will not lead to personal identification or harm 2. research design includes deception, and consent to use recording is obtained through debriefingc

boundaries of competence (c)

get the right training, education, consultation, supervision and study when you are going to do new things

informed consent for therapy

give all information that may influence desire to begin therapyy as early as feasible nature of treatment, potential risks, finances etc.

leniency

give all ratees positive ratings

token economy

give secondary reinforcer as rewards specify target behaviors identify tokens identify backup reinforces create system for recording the delivery and removal of tokens specify plan for transitioning from tokens to praise and privileges

WAIS-IV

global ability comprised of numerous interrelated functions ages 16-90- Full scale IQ, index scores, and subtest scores Working memory index Verbal comprehension index Perceptual reasoning index Processing speed index subtest (M= 10, Sd=3) full scale IQ and four index scores (M=100, SD=15) interpreted carefully when there is a difference of 1.5 SD between any two index scores or subtests that contribute to same index can compare to scores of clinical groups (alzheimer's, ADHD, and Traumatic brain injury)

treatment for bulimia

goal is to restore normal eating family/couple therapy cbt anti depressants nutritional counseling

EPPP

goals is to "evaluate the knowledge the the most recent practice analysis has determined as foundational to the competent practice of psychology"

Goal-setting theory

goals serve two purposes- basis for motivation, direct behavior most important factor- conscious acceptance of and commitment to the goals success maximized when goals are specific and moderately difficult management by objective (MBO)- boss and employee agree to specific, measurable goals

method of presentation

going first is most influential when both messages are back to back (primacy effect) going last is best when there is time between the first and second message (recency effect)

narcissistic personality disorder

grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

greater emphasis on the ego (positive identity) trust v. mistrust autonomy v. shame/doubt Initiative v. Guilt (ambition and responsibility, too many demends for self-control leads to excessive guilt industry v. inferiority- productive work and cooperation identity v identity confusion intimacy v isolation- inability to establish close relationships, fear of rejection and isolation generativity v stagnation- contribute to younger generation ego integrity v despair

genetic influences on intelligence

greater genetic similarity= higher correlation between IQ scores twins (together)- .85 twins (apart)- .67 frat twins (together)- .58 sibs (together)= .45 sibs (apart)= .24 parent and child (together)= .39 Parent and child (apart)= .22 adoptive parent and child= .18

normal distribution and percentile ranks

greater range of percentile ranks in middle of the distribution than on either extreme change in raw score in the middle of distribution results in much greater change in his or her percentile rank than the same raw score change at the distribution extreme

magnitude of the population difference

greater the difference between the population means under study, the more likely the researcher wil lbe able to detect these differences affect it by increasing the difference between levels of the independent variable increasing alpha increases power, but also increases probability of making type I error if type I error more serious than a Type II error....one should therefore set alpha low (i.e. .05, .01) type II error more serious in new treatment for deadly disease...if you conclude it doesn't make a difference when it does the effects would be devastating...so might set alpha higher in some cases

reducing bias in language

guideline 1- describe appropriate level of specificity (gender over sex, specify age range instead of saying over 65, say mexican american instead of hispanic american) guideline 2- be sensitive to labels, ask people what designation they prefer, avoid using one group as the standard against which other groups are judged....dont compare lesbians to "normal women"" guideline 3- acknowledge participation, use an active voice

stress

hardiness and social support reduce negative effects on stress on health

Goodness of fit model (thomas and chess)

healthy psychological development depends on match between child's temperament and environmental factors, especially the behaviors of the child's parents

balance theory of attitude change

heider (1958) people desire consistency, focuses on consistency between 3 entities between two or three people (object, issues, event)

substantia nigra

helps control movement. degeneration of dopmine producing neurons in this structure is linked with Parkinson's plays a role in reward seeking and addictive behavior

forced choice checklists

helps reduce social desirability and other rater biases

lateralization of function

hemispheres dominate certain behaviors left- written and spoken language, logical/analytical thinking, expression of positive emotions right- spatial relationships, creative/holisitic thinking, expression of negative emotions "dominant" hemisphere is responsible for language- why???

Hereditary influences on development

heritability index is used to estimate the degree to which a particular trait can be attributed to genetic factors...ranges from 0 to +1.00, 50% of individual difference in IQ can be explained by genetic factors (.5)

anxiety and affiliation

high anxiety subjects Schacter (1959) study said they wanted to wait with another subject for their electric shock..."misery does not love just any kind of company, it loves only miserable company" p. 24 serves need for social comparison or need for cognitive clarity

authoritarian personality theory

high degree of conventionality, rigidity in thinking, submissiveness to authority, and intolerance of difference fascism scale (adorno and colleagues, 1950)- correlates with ethnic and racial prejudice

stress-buffering hypothesis

high level of perceived social support can buffer a person against the effects of stress on physical and psychological health

daycare

high quality daycare has no consistent negative effects...may improve intellectual abilities in low income children...may be less compliant... but may be more self-sufficient, adaptable, and cooperative

long-term potentiation

high-frequency of neurons increases sensitivity and the structure of dendrites...these changes believed to underlie memory formation

burnout

higher among women, single/divorced employees, people with little opportunity for promotion, professionals who deal with other people often workaholics are compulsively driven out of insecurity and lack of fulfillment in their personal lives healthy workaholics get satisfaction from work- free from burnout

prefrontal cortex

higher order cognitive functioning, working and prospective memory, emotion regulation, motor responses damage to dorsolateral area= dysexecutive syndrome, impaired problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, distracted, motor perseveration, apathy medial frontal area= pseudodepression (apathy, low motivation, reduced verbal output) orbitofrontal damage= pseudopsychopathy (sex, swearing, facetious sense of humor, inappropriate social bx, lack of concern for others) schizophrenia, bipolar, ADHD- linked with pfc trouble

temperature and aggression

higher temperatures linked to increased risk of assault, rape, murder, and domestic violense....curvilinear relaitonship (increases number of assaults up to 85 degrees, the a decline) (Rotton & Cohn, 2000)

Tower of London

higher-order executive functioning and working memory poor performance=frontal lobe damage, ADHD, autism, depression moving objects around stationary pegs, follow rules

biographical information (biodata)

highly predictive of job performance when they have been empirically validated advantage- useful in predicting turnover (.77 and ,79 for whites and african americans respectively)

threats to internal validity

history- external event that affects scores or status of dependent variable maturation- internal event that affects dv (fatigue, boredom, hunger, physical/intellectual development) testing- experience with pre-test can make person test-wise Instrumentation- change in instrument from pre-test to post-test can cause an affect, could be raters assessment abilities improved over time statistical regression- extreme scores fall close to the mean on re-testing (IQ tests), can be threatened when extreme scores are used as research subjects, extremely depressed persons are likely to appear less-depressed on re-testing selection- pre-existing subject factors that account for scores on a dependent variable differential mortality- two or more group, people who drop out differ in systematic ways from people who remain in the study experimenter bias- researcher may unconsciously communicate expectations to the subjects (teachers preconceived notions of student ability affects grades (Rosenthal and Jacobsen, 1968) (experimenter expectancy effect, rosenthal effect, pygmalion effect)...can be overcome by double blind technique

thyroxin

hormone released by thyroid gland that controls metabolism

Aggression in children

hostile- intent to harm someone instrumental- intent to get something based on aggression

safety and accidents

human error accounts for 50-80% age (young) heat noise booze poor vision poor safety attitudes emotional instability pessimism low trust depression training is preventative (focused on safe behaviors and attitudes toward safety) 1. positive themes better than scare tactics 2. safety poster not effective..only if they are specific 3. management commitment to safety programs is a key contributor to success 4. providing incentives helpful when combined with specific info and management commitment

Formal operational stage

hypothetical deductive reasoning- arrive at and test alternative explanations for observed events propositional thought- ability to evaluate the logical validity of verbal assertions without making reference to real-world circumstances adolescent egocentrism- Inability to separate own abstract thoughts from those of other people (imaginary audience, personal fable)

Systemic family therapy strategies

hypthesiszing, neutrality, circular questioning (ask each family member of their perception of event to introduce new info), positive connotation (reframe problematic behavior as good), Paradoxical prescriptions, family rituals (designed to alter family games)

ratio data

identical to interval scales- but absolute zero point multiplication and division require ratio scales dollar amounts, time, distance, height, weight, frequency of behaviors per hour

anchoring and adjustment heuristic

identifying an initial starting point (the anchor) and then making adjustments up and down from that point when estimating a frequency or other quantity

Marcia's identity statuses

identity diffusion- no crisis or commitment identity foreclosure- commitment but no crisis identity moratorium- crisis but no commitment identity achievement- resolved crisis and committed to identity

multiple relationships (b)

if a potentially harmful multiple relationship comes up...take steps to resolve it

reporting ethical violations

if a violation will do substantial harm, report it might include referral to state or national committees doesn't apply when intervention would violate confidentiality rights or when psychologists have been retained to review the workof another psychologist whose professional conduct is in question

Code vs. the law

if ethical standard is higher than the law, you must meet the ethical standard if the code conflicts with law,, you make known your commitment to the code and work to resolve the conflict

persons not ordered or mandated to undergo examination

if examinees decline after learning of the nature and purpose of eval...postpone, adivse them to contact their attorney, notify retaining party about their unwillingness to proceed

HIPAA

if hipaa provides more protection than state laws...follow hipaa...and vice verse in the other situation

face validity

if it appears valid to examinees, administrators, and untrained observers

(b)

if psychologists will be precluded by law or by organizational roles to provide info to certain groups or people...they will let those groups/people know beforehand

informal resolution of ethical violations

if someone does wrong, bring it to the attention of the person if an informal resolution feels appropriate and individual does not violate confidentiality rights

Homoscedasticity

if the dispersion of scores is equal throughout the scattergram, we have homoscedascity if there is more dispersion at some parts of the scattergram than at others we have heteroscedasticity...amount of scatter in the scattergram is not uniform (variability of X is different at different levels of Y)....implies the magnitude of the relationship between two variables depends on what level of the X or Y variable you are considering

single subject designs

if two or more subjects are treated as one group, this is also considered a single subject design, well suited to research behavior modification...dv measured several times in multiple phases

regression

if two variables are correlated- it is possible to construct an equation that could be used to estimate the value of one variable based on the value of the other regression equation predictor variable criterion variable

boundaries of competence (d)

if you can provide services, do it and get the training so that people are not denied

inability to provide consent

if you determine this but it has not yet been adjudicated...take reasonable steps to protect their rights and welfare....suspend service, notify attorney and retaining party

neurocognitive disorders

impaired cognition attention executive function learning memory language perceptual motor social cognition

synthesis of protein or RNA

important for formation of long term memories...drugs that block this process prevents formation of long term memories

Factitious disorder

imposed on self or another...falsifying psychological symptoms...taking on the "sick role"

broca's area

in frontal lobe for most people, one of the primaty language areas of brain...damage= problems in expressive and written language, broca's aphasia, speak slowly and with difficulty, few words, poor articulation, difficulty repeating, anomia, aware of deficits

informed consent (c)

in mandated service...let the person know the nature of the services, including confidentiality limits if any

reinforcment

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows...positive or negative

focus on legally relevant factors

in reports and testimonies....typically provide info on examinee's functional abilities, capacities, knowledge, beliefs....address their opinions and recommendations to the identified psychological issues

informed consent to research (b)

in use of experimental treatments, clarify... 1. experimental nature of the treatment 2. services that will or wont be available to contorl groups 3. means by which assignment to treatment and control groups will be made 4. treatment alternatives if person does not wish to participate or wants to drop out 5. compensation for monetary costs of particpating

techniques based on aversive counter conditioning

in vivo aversive counter conditioning covert sensitization

Dissociative amnesia

inability to recall important personal information - most often related to a stressful experience - that can't be explained by ordinary forgetfulness dissociative fugue- personal travel or wandering away from home with amnesia localized amnesia- inability to recall any events in a circumscribed period of time selctive amnesia- inability to recall some events in that time generalize damnesia- uncommon, includes loss of identity and skill/semantic knowledge

sampling error

inaccuracy of sample value- or more precisely, the difference between a sample value (referred to as a statistic) and the corresponding population value (referred to as a parameter) inferential statistical methods involve using sample stats to estimate population parameters

substance etiology

incentive sensitization theory- repeated activation of dopamine and reward leads to craving/compulsion tension reduction hypothesis self-medication hypothesis positive and negative reinforcement

modifiers of ethics codes

included in standards when they would.... 1. allow professional judgment on the part of psychologists 2. eliminate injustice and inequality that would occur without modifier 3. ensure applicability across broad range of activities conducted by psychologists 4. guard against a set of rigid rules that might be quickly outdated

basal ganglia

includes caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen with substantia nigra and cerebellum, these structures make up extrapyramidal motor system involved in control of posture, gross muscle movement and coordination of movements on the right and left sides of the body process and relay info necessary for control of voluntary movement, the outward expression of emotion, sensorimotor learning abnormalities in BG linked to tourette's, huntington's, parkinson's, schizophrenia, mood disorders, OCD, ADHD

population distribution

includes every single score in the population

forebrain

includes hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

gender dysphoria

incongruence between assigned and expressed gender identity gender dysphoria in children- strong preferences for cross gender role, strong preference for opposite sex playmates, strong preference for toys played with by the opposite adults- want to be treated as opposite gender, conviction that one has the typical feelings and reactions of opposite gender post transition specified must be distinguished from non-conformity

cognitive dissonance theory (attitude change)

inconsistnecy between attitude and behavior creates dissonance options to reduce 1. change attitude 2. change behavior 3. get new information to eliminate inconsistency 4. reduce importance of consistency festinger and carlsmith (1959)- paid people to lie to others about task, more money to lie helps you maintain your self-concept because there is less dissonance

Theory Z

incorporation of Japanese managerial philosophy American- short-term employment, individual decision making, individual responsibility, rapid evaluation and promotion, specialized career path, segmented knowledge of the organization Japanese- Long-term employment, Consensual decision making, collective responsibility, slow evaluation/promotion, nonspecialized career path, holisitic knowledge of organization Theory Z combines best aspects of Japanese and American philosophies- consensual decision making, slow promotion, holistic knowledge of organization, individual responsibility, long-term employment, moderately specialized career path

Seleective Serotonin Reuptake inhibitors

increase availability of serotonin at synapse fluoxetine (prozac), setraline (zoloft), paroxetine (paxil) uses: MDD, dysthymia, oCD, panic disorder, social phobia, binge eating, premature ejaculation side effects: nausea, appetite, sexual, dizziness, agitation, headaches, insomnia combining with TCA or MAOI can cause serotonin syndrome (altered consciousness, agitation, sweating, tremor, rigidity

schizophrenia etiology

increased volume in lateral and third ventricles of the brain reduced size of hippocampus and amygdala hypofrontality- impaired performance on certain cognitive tasks dopamine hypothesis- elevated dopamine levels or hypersensitive dopamine receptors....expanded to include norepinephrine, serotonin, glutamate maybe an imbalance of norepinephrine and dopamine levels- maybe 2nd generation anti-psychotics improve the blance between them there's also a genetic contribution

compressed work week

increases number of hours worked per day and decreases days worked in a given work period research is mixed- positive effects on supervisor ratings and performance, job satisfaction, not a great impact on job performance and absenteeism, productivity usually unaffected

"Flynn" effect

increasing average IQ attributed to improved nutrition, better education, other environmental factors

monotrait-monomethod coefficients

indicate correlation between the measure and itself, and are therefore reliability coefficients

developmental norms

indicate how far along the normal developmental path an individual has progressed disadvantage- they dont permit compariosn of individuals at different age levels, because SD not taken into account

standard error of measurement

indicates how much error an individual test score can be expected to have used to construct a confidence interval a type of standard deviation if reliability coefficient is 0, the standard error of measurement will be equal to the standard deviation of test scores

ipsative measure

individual him or herself is the frame of reference in score reporting edwards personal preference schedule examinees express a preference for one item over others, rather than responding to each item individually

Motivational Interviewing

influenced by bandura, rogers, and transtheoretical model- enhance intrinsic motivation principles of treatment 1. empathy 2. develop discrepancy 3. roll with resistance 4. support self-efficacy (OARS) open ended questions affirmations reflective listening summaries

functional brian imaging

information about brain structure and activity PET- small amounts of radioactive material, blood flow, glucose metabolism, oxygen consumption fMRI- detects change in brain oxygenation

programmed instruction

information broken down into logical, organized, sequences not effective for teaching many complex skills useful for teaching content knowledg peopl can progress at their own pace

primacy effect

information presented first usually has the greatest impact on impression formation, even when contradictory information is presented later

Information Processing Theories

information processing theories focus on specific cognitive processes (memory, attention, comprehension) and emphasize quantitative (rather than qualitative) changes in cognition

beta-blockers

inhibit activity of sympathetic nervous system by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors (slowing heart rate and lowering blood pressure) uses: treat hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, migraine headache, essential tremor, alleviating physical symptoms of anxiety, less effective for alleviating cognitive and psychic symptoms side effects: bradycardia, hypotension, sexual dysfunction, fatigue, nausea, vision changes, dizziness, depression...abrupt withdrawal can cause head aches, tremors, confusion, hypertension

septum

inhibits emotionality lesions in rats lead to septal rage syndrome (hyperemotionality and vicious behavior)

Striving for superiority

innate drive to competence and effectiveness

borderline personality disorder

instability in relationships self image affect improvement of symptoms over time causes: problems in separation/individuation kernberg- caregiver unpredictable splitting linehan- pervasive emotional dysregulation treatment- dbt

third party payors

insurance fraud 1. bill missed appointments if practice is not agreed upon by insurance company in advance 2. routinely waiivng copayments without insurance company agreeing 3. providing inaccurate info to insurance company, billing for different types of therapy

Object Constancy

integrated and stable internal representations of self and others

amygdala

integrates and directs emotional reactions, attaches emotions to information it receives from the senses, mediates defensive and aggressive behavior damage may cause lack of emotional response, inability to recognize facial and vocal expressions in emotion in monkeys, bilateral lesions to amygdala and anterior temporal lobe produce Kluver-Bucy syndrome (reduced fear, docility, altered diet, psychic blindness, hypersexuality)

personality traits

intelligence, drive, creativity, stress tolerance, self-confidence, integrity...more typical of leaders than non-leaders no single set of traits that distinguishes good leaders from poor ones...moderated by characteristics of supervisors, type of task, nature of the work environment

loudness

intensity detemrined by amplitude of sound waves and measured in decibels (db)..normal conversation is 60 db, pain threshold is 120 db

language

interact in the language requested by the client if not possible, offer a translator with cultural knowledge and professional background can also use a paraprofessional

methods for reducing prejudice and discrimination

intergroup contact- contact hypthesis (direct contact will reduce prejudice and discrimination), under certain conditions 1) contact involves individual interactions 2) members of groups have equal status 3) opportunities for groups to work together and achieve mutual goals 4) cooperation and equality are supported by social norms and authority figures superordinate goals- aronson (1978), jigsaw classroom, required students in newly desegregated schools to work together on assigned by dividing student in each classroom into groups, dividing the material to be learned into subtopics, having each student in each group be responsible for one subtopic and teach it to the other groups....students in jigsaw classrooms less prejudiced, liked school more, and had higher self-esteem, academic achievement scores of minority student improved, scores of white students remained about the same

Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)

internalizing and externalizing behaviors of children and adolescents....includes rating for parents, teachers, caregivers, and self-report for adolescents

Stroke

interruption or severe reduction of blood flow to the brain ischemic- blocked artery hemmorhagic- weakened vessel ruptures or leaks risk factors- hypertension, artherosclerosis, atrial fib, other types of heart disease, diabetes, smoking, over 55, African American, male, family history of stroke

enuresis

involuntary discharge of urine twice a week for 3 consecutive months

democratic leadership

involve subordinates in decision making process subordinates more satisfied, more creative, better relationships with leader, more likely to continue working when leader is not there

amgygdala

involved in attaching emotional content to memory

cerebral cortex

involved in higher order cognitive, sensory, emotional, and motor functions more developed in humans than in other animals

Norepinephrine

involved in mood, arousal, dreaming, learning, autonomic responses abnormal levels linked with depression, mania, panic disorder

frontal lobe

involved in motor behavior, expressive language, higher level cognitive functioning

hippocampus

involved more in memory and learning than emotion memory consolidation bilateral destruction of amygdala, hippocampus, and medial temporal lobes produces severe permanent, anterograde amnesia alzheimer's linked to degeneration of neurons in the hippocampus

multiple sample chi square test

involves adding another variable in addition to the one that gives rise to the classification categories df= (C-1)(R-1), R represents the number of rows

single sample chi square test

involves collecting categorical data from only one sample of individuals df=C-1, C represents number of categories

norm referenced interpretation

involves comparing an examinee's score to norms...different types of norm referenced scores

interval recording

involves observing the subject at a given interval and noting whether the subject is engaging or not engaging in the target behavior during that interval most useful for behaviors that do not have a fixed beginning and end

protocol analysis

involving the collection and analysis of verbatim reports subject asked to think aloud as they are performing a task researcher records everything subject says (record is referred to as a protocol) analyze data in attempt to involve cognitive processes involved in performing the task doesn't involved traditional quantitative techniques (analysis based on researcher's interpretation of the verbal protocol)

variance

is the average of the squared differences of each observation from the mean first get the mean, then look at how far each score is from the mean, then square that distance, then take the average of the squared differences....measure of how scores diperse around the mean greek letters- population values roman letters- sample values see equation

statistical inference

it allows us to draw conclusions about population parameters even though we only have sample statistics to work with

work-family conflict

job dissatisfaction burnout low productivity depression psychological distress marital issues women experiencing more conflict and stress than men work problems predict conflict for men family problems predict conflict for women

job knowledge tests

job specific, used when people have previous experienc/training and are good predictors of performance dye et al. (1993)- increase when job complexity and job test similarity increase

optic nerves

join at the optic chasm visual signal travels via each optic tract to geniculate nucleus in thalamus and primary visual cortex in occipital lobe

simulation heuristic

judging the likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to mentally simulate (imagine) the event

availability heuristic

judging the likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall information about the event

Representativeness heuristic

judging the likelihood of an event based on resemblance to typical case rather than on base rate information

pragmatics

knowledge about how to use language communicate effectively with others...includes being familiar with rules of conversation

Cue dependent forgetting

lack of retrieval cues leads to forgetting tip of the tongue phenomenon

Psychotherapist stress

lack of success biggest source of stress

Cognitive theories of language

language acquisition motivate by child's desire to express meaning

Behavioral theories of language development

language results from reinforcement and imitation mothese- simple, slow paced, high pitched recasting- rephrasing child's sentence in a different way

bilingual education

language-minority children in good quality bilingual programs do as well in acquiring English skills and learning subject matteras well as or even better than peers in English only immersion programs

gate control theory of pain

large nerve fiber carrying infor on touch, pressure, and vibration inhibits transmission of pain by small nerve fibers large fiber activation "closes the gate" massage heat cold

sample size and power

larger the sample size, the greater the power

Schizophrenia course and prognosis

late teens-early thirties onset early to mid 20s for males....late 20s for females better prognosis for late or acute onset, precipitating event, femal gender, god premorbid adjustment, insight into the illness, a brief duration of active phase symptoms, a family history of a mood disorder, and no family history of schizophrenia

enuresis causes

lax toilet training stress circadian rhythm problems

Hersey and Blanchards situational leadership model

leader- task and relationship orientation best style depends on maturity of subordinates (responsibility) low both- telling style is best (high task, low relationship) low ability, high willing- selling is best (high both) high ability, low willing- participating (high relationship, low task) high both- delegating (low both)

avoidance learning

learn to avoid undesirable stim by engaging in behavior in response to cue that undesirable stim is coming mowrer 1939- said this combined classical conditioning and negative reinforcement, conditioned stim prompts avoidance which allows removal of unconditioned stim

biofeedback

learn to control physiological response (involuntary or made difficult due to trauma/disease)---EMG feedback (muscle tension, treats chronic pain, incontinence, motor impairment), EEG feedback (brain waves, treats anxiety, depression, insomnia, pain, seizures, storke recovery, ADHD (similar to benefits of stimulant drugs), Thermal (skin temperature, treats Reynauds disease, migraines, most effective when combined with autogenic (verbally cued) relaxation

cerebral cortex

left- positive emotions, lesions can produce "catastrophic reaction", depression, anxiety right- negative emotion, lesions lead to indifference reaction, sometimes inappropriate euphoria

Type B personality

less vulnerable to stress

Phillips return on investment (ROI)

level 5 program eval...is the juice worth the squeeze

Communication theory (family therapy)

levels- report (literal), command (metacommunication, nonverbals reflecting relationship) Double bind communication- conflict between report and command that can't be commented on, linked to schizophrenia Symmetrical v Complementary interactions- s=based on equality and lead to competition and conflict; c= based on inequality, leads to dominant and submissive reactions

Super's career and life development theory

life-space, life-span predictable sequence, each stage mastered for progress key concepts- self-concept, life span, career maturity, life-space, and life-career rainbow

Factors affecting the Pearson r

linearity- assumes a linear relationship between the two variables involved...but some reltionships are curvilinear not the appropriate correlation coefficient to assess nonlinear relationships (Eta)

assumptions of regression

linera relationship between X and Y line of best fit in the scattergram- higher correlation = closer dots error score=difference between actual and predicted criterion scores- assumed to be normally distributed with a mean of zero correlation between error scores and actual criterion scores is assumed to be zero, and the relationship is assumed to be homoscedastic

attribution dimensions

locus- internal/external stability- stable/unstable scope- global/specific happy couples make relationship enhancing attributions (example- attribute partner's positive actions to internal, stable, and specific factors unhappy couples make relationship diminishing attributions

two ways to determine interaction effects

look at boxes with cell means...see page 91, cell means across the top increase, cell means across the bottom decrease...if there with no interaction the means would move in the same direction you can also look at the direction of change moving down (columns) no interaction equals parallel lines on chart

Structural family therapy

look at repetitive patterns of interactions between family members and subsystems----Boundaries (implicit rules that determines the amount and type of contact involved), rigid= disengagement, diffuse= enmeshment

z scores

look up equation a measure of how many standard deviations a given raw score is from the mean distribution has mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1 permit comparisons across different measures and tests...shape of distribution doesn't change linear transformation- transformation of scores in which the distribution's shape does not change

see bottom of p. 98

looks at appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests given the design of the study

Prospect theory

loss aversion- tendency to be more influenced by potential losses than gains when making a decision people are not adverse to risk but loss this is why gamblers make riskier decisions after loss...get it back

parkinson's

loss of dopmine producing cells in substantia nigra..affects functioning in basal ganglia, thalamus and cortex four symptom categories- tremor, rigidity, postural instability, bradykinesia (slowness of voluntary movement) 40% with comorbid depression 20% of these people develop depression before impairment in motor functioning

contralateral neglect

loss of knowledge or interest in one side of body and environment on that side...often involves right parietal lobe

shaping

lovaas 1966 successive approximation reinforcing actions that get closer and closer to desired behavior

chronic stress

low performance absenteeism physical and mental health problems job satisfaction, high autonomy, power, social support, good health, ability to perform- all connected to lower levels of stress interventions work when they target the cause of stress

integrity tests

low validty for predicting job performance select employees with reduced probability or counterproductive job behaviors (sabotaging, stealing, drinking, using drugs, fighting)

Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)

main inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS involved in motor control and anxiety regulation abnormal levels affect sleep, eating, anxiety and seizure disorders, parkinson's and huntingtons

maintaining test security

maintain integrity and security of test materials do not give client MMPI to complete at home and don't give the items away in a publication

recordkeeping

maintain records until notified that all appeals have been exhausted....send any unique components of the record to the retainer before destroying the record

maintaining confidentiality

maintained except when (1) the client has waived his or her right to confidentiality 2) identifying info is adequately disguised or removed 3) breach is required or permitted by law

cerebellum

maintains balance, coordinates movements, controls posture damgae can produce ataxia (slurred speech, severe tremors, loss of balance)

glutamate

major excitatory nerurotransmitter in CNS involved in long-term potentiation- essential for memory formation abnormal levels contribute to anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia overactivity (excitotoxcitity) linked to seizures, stroke, traumatic brain injury, alzheimer's, huntington's, parkinson's

Fee Arrangements

make appropriate provisions when the costs of services is greater than anticipate or the client's ability to pay for services changes in some way avoid providing professional services on the basis of contingent fees

Autocratic leadership

make decisions alone and instruct subordinates what to do highest productivity when work is routine

logistic regression

make predictions about which criterion group a person belongs to different from discriminant function analysis- does not rest on assumptions of multivariate normal distribution and homogeneity of variance and covariance also predictors in logistic regression can be nominal as well as continuous (unlike DFA- continuous variables) used with dichotomous dependent variables...person is in one of two criterion groups can be extended to 3 or more dependent variable categories- polytomous logistic regression

reasonable accomodation

making facility accessible t opeopl with disabilities, job restructuring, adjusting work schedules, modifying exams, providing qualified readers or interpreters

Teacher behaviors

male and female teachers interact differently with male or female students consistent with gender stereotypes... males more likely to receive praise, attention, and feedback from teachers that fosters academic achievement teachers more likely to give male students help in answering questions describe good male (active, aggressive, assertive, adventurous, curious) and female (calm, conscientious, appreciative, cooperative, sensitive, dependable, mature, mannerly) students in different ways

Fragile X Syndrome (Martin-Bell Syndrome)

males and females combo of physical, intellectual and behavioral deficits (mental retardation, facial deformities, speech abnormalities)

Group differences in intelligence

males and females do not significantly differ differ on some specific abilities like verbal (female) and spatial/math (male) differences decline with age and are affected by environmental factors whites outperform African Americans by a standard deviation...gap has narrowed since the 1970s (not know if it's genetics, environmental factors, or test bias)

gender and aggression

males are more aggressive than females..difference greater for physical than verbal aggression...females more likely to engage in relational aggression, which involves harming a person's relationships

factitious disorder treatment

managing rather than curing the disorder, strong therapeutic alliance, supportive therapy, and consistent care

ethical standards

mandatory and enforceable cited in a charge of ethical misconduct brought against psychlogist by an ethics committee not exhaustive

Specific phobia

marked fear of or anxiety about a specific about or situation...avoid it or endure it under significant distress (animal, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, situational, and other) etiology- heredity, neurotransmitter abnormalities, dysfunctional cognition, observational learning, classical conditioning treatment- exposure with response prevention, in vivo, exposure combined with applied relaxation for claustrophobia....blood-injection-injury: exposure with applied tension

sex therapy

masters and johnson: pairing activities associated with performance anxiety with activities that promote pleasure and relaxation

semantics

meanings expressed in words and sentences

cell means

means inside the boxes

One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)

means of more than two groups are compared, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) what is the probability that these means are from the same population? F ratio- if the vlaue of F is statistically significant, then the means are significantly different and the null hypothesis is therefore rejected...only tells you there is a difference in group means...doesn't tell you which groups differ from other groups when an ANOVA yields significant results, post-hoc tests must be conducted to identify exactly where the significant differences lie

heterotrait heteromethod coefficients

measure different traits using different methods low correlation here provides further confirmation of discriminant validity

heterotrait-monomethod coefficients

measure different traits using the same method discriminant validity, this correlation should be low

kappa coefficient

measure of agreement between two judges who each rate a set of objects using nominal scales

Columbia Mental Maturity Scale- Third edition

measure of general reasoning ability ages 3.5-11.9 which drawing does not belong to the others, no verbal response required developed for kids with cerebral palsy, kids with brain damage and sensory impairment

Kuder-Richardson formula 20

measure of inter-item consistency used when test items are dichotomously scored

sum of squares

measure of variablity of a set of data between group sum of squares and within group some of squares (summed together) first step in calculating the F ratio

z scores

measure the distance of a score from the mean in units of standard deviation

Peabody Picture Vocabulary test- 4th edition

measures receptive vocab 2.5-90+ 4 pics on each of 228 cards, match stimulus word to pic on card good for speech and motor impairment

limbic system

mediates emotional components of behavior contains amygdala, septum, cingulate cortex, and hippocampus

auditory cortex

mediation of auditory input damage= agnosia (cant distinguish sounds), auditory hallucinations, other weird stuff

gender differences in behavior

men are somewhat more aggressive, competitive and task-focused than women women somewhat more sensitive, cooperative, and people focused

gender differences in communication

men talk for longer periods than females do, are more likely to ignore previous statements by others, and interrupt more often for the purpose of gaining control of the discussion females more likely to interrupt to provide support or express interest, use modifier and qualifiers, and attach tag questions to statements these are due to differences in gender roles of subordination and dominance

Heuristics

mental shortcuts that people use to quickly form judgments or make decisions

Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (BARS)

method of performance measurement that rates behavior in terms of a scale showing specific statements of behavior that describe different levels of performance set of "behavioral anchors" (critical incidents) is created, with each anchor being tied to a numerical point on a likert scales (7- very concerned if client is distressed...1- often late and often cancels sessions) advantage- information useful for feedback disadvantage- time consuming, useful for particular job

self-serving bias

miller and ross 1975 people tend to attribute their failures to situational factors but successes to dispositional factors

psychostimulants

mimic action of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain methylphenidate (ritalin, concerta) pemoline (cylert) amphetamine-dextroamphetamine (adderall) uses: ADHD, narcolpepsy, decrease motor activity and impulsiveness, increase attention side effects: insomnia, decreased appetite, weight loss, stomach ache, dysphoria, growth suppression in kids, exaggerate tics

Narcotic-analgesics

mimic bodies natural pain suppression opiates- opium, morphine, codeine synthetic and semi-synthetic opioids- heroin, methadone, oxycodone, hydrocodone, meperidine uses: pre-operative medication to induce relaxation, acute and chronic pain, methadone for detox side effects: dry mouth, nausea, pupil constriction, hypotension, cough suppression, sexual dysfunction, respiratory depression, overdose- decrease pulse rate, convulsions, coma, death...pleasure decreases, use is to stave off withdrawal

Goals of existential therapy

minimize neurotic anxiety and tolerate existential anxiety through authentic therapeutic relationship

sex hormones in adult males

minimum level of testosterone need to maintain sex drive...added above minimum has no additional effect

factors that affect conformity to minority

minority influence (Moscovici, 1976; Hollander; 1958) minority... 1. present info consistently without appearing inflexible 2. are more likely to get majority members to reassess their beliefs 3. needs idiosyncrasy credits, history of conforming to group norms, contributing something special to the group, or being the group leader

Techniques of solution focused therapy

miracle question, exception questions, scaling questions (how severe), formula first session task

Diagnostic overshadowing

misdiagnosing a problem by focusing on a salient characteristic that has nothing to do with the problematic issue (i.e. sexual orientation)

Sympathetic nervous system

mobilizes body's resources and prepares for "fight or flight response" causing increased heart rate, pupil dialation, increased blood flow to extremities, inhibition of digestion, conservation of energy stores to glucose

discrepancy and attitude change

moderate amount of discrepancy is best...too high or too low will not change anyone's mind (highly credible communicator is best for this)

job satisfaction

moderately and negatively related to absenteeism and turnover (-.40) significant relationship for poor performers but not for good performers correlation to performance is positive but weak (.14)...moderated by degree to which pay is connected with performance (more positive when pay is tied to performance) related to both physical and mental health better predictor of longevity than physical health or tobacco use

self-monitoring

monitor and adjust behavior to fit situation

MAOIs

monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Actor-observer effect

more likely to attribute others bx to dispositional factors but attribute your own behavior to situational factors

factorial anova

more than one independent variable....when a study involves two independent variables a factorial anova=two way anova...three way anova if three independent variables

Kruskal-Wallis Test

more than two groups are to are to be compared essentially an analysis of variance for rank ordered data

Genralized Anxiety Disorder

most days for six months or longer...3 or more symptoms (one or more symptoms for children) (restlessness, feeling on edge, being easily fatigued, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance) etiology- genetic factors, bx inhibition, neuroticism, automatic catastrophic thoughts treatment- CBT, psychoeducation, relaxation training, cognitive restructuring, exposure, relapse prevention.....benzos, SSRIs, anxiolytics (buspirone)

conduct disorder treatment

most effective b4 adolescence and when family interventions parent management training multi systemic treatment functional family therapy

training

most frequent types of training are... ...occupation specific technical training... ...followed by computer-related and managerial-supervisor training 3 basic steps in training program development 1. needs analysis 2. program design 3. program education

mode

most frequent value multimodal and bimodal works too

random assignment

most powerful method for controlling extraneous variables...purpose to obtain equivalency among groups (will be distributed to groups equally) the "great equalizer"

Type A personality

most vulnerable to stress on job (competitive, urgent, hostile, anger, impatience)

Expectancy theory

motivation a function of three variables 1. effort will lead to successful performance (expectancy beliefs) 2. belief that successful performance will result in certain outcomes (instrumentality beliefs) 3. desirability of those outcomes (valence)

Responses to basic anxiety

moving toward others, moving against others, moving away from others (healthy persons use all three, neurotic people use one)

cyclothymic disoder

multiple hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria...sugnificant distress and impaired functioning..symptoms must be present for at least half the time...person cannot go more than two months without symptoms duration: 2 years in adults, 1 year in children

multiple relationships

multiple relationship occurs when a psychologist is in a professional role with a person and 1) at the same time is in another role with the same person and 2) is related to a person closely connected to that person, or 3) promises to enter into another relationship in the future dont do if it will impair your objectivity, competence, or effectiveness in performing your functions as a psychologist if they won;t cause impairment or harm they are not unethical

referral fees

must be based on actual costs for making the referral and not on the referral itself

informed consent for assessment

must do it unless... 1. testing is mandated by law 2. implied b/c its a routine activity 3. purpose of testing is to evaluate person's capacity to make decision

multiple cutoff

must score above a minimum cutoff point on each predictor to be hired non-compensatory technique- useful when minimum level of competence in multiple domains is necessary to succeed

employee assistance programs

must treat confidential information the same way

services transmitted and stored electronically

must use coding and other techniques that restrict access to identifying information

Montessori method

natural initiative, abilities, and interest practical life skills- skills needed for independence and self-reliance sensory skills- special materials and activities language and math skills- variety of materials for this physical, social, and cultural skills- individualized physical activities and activities designed to promote shared responsibility mixed results- some studies show benefits while others show no differences

unconditioned stimulus

naturally produces target response

vestibule training

near the job training, physical simulation or replication of the actual work (apollo 13) good when the consequences of errors are too serious for on the job training

dependent personality disorder

need to be take care of, clinging behavior, fear of separation clearly excessive, not just cultural norms

Positive/negative feedback (family therapy)

neg feedback- info/actions that maintain status quo, pos feedback- cause deviation, instability, change

DSM- personality inventories

negative attachment detachment antagonism disinhibition psychoticism

symbolic racism

negative racial affect with belief that members of other groups violate trad conservative values do not support affirmative action and welfare sears 1988

skewed distributions

negative- more scores on right and long tail to the left...easy test positively skewed- more scores on left, long tail to the right...very few high scores...hard test tail tells the tale

mild neurocognitive disorder

neurocognitive disorder in which the decline in cognitive functioning is modest and does not interfere with the ability to be independent

dopamine

neurotransmitter active in the basal ganglia, limbic system, and frontal lobes involved in movement, learning, moods, stimulant effects, opiates, nicotine abnormal levels linked with depression, schizophrenia, tourette's, ADHD, huntington's, parkinson's

serotonin

neurotransmitter involved in anxiety regulation, mood, memory, aggression, pain, sleep, appetite, and sexuality low levels linked with depression, aggression, PTSD, OCD, bulimia

acetylcholine

neurotransmitter produced by cholinergic neurons found in CNS and PNS, involved in voluntary movement, learning, memory, sexual behavior, sleep...can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on the location, causes muscles to contract heart and respiratory muscles degeneration of ACH receptors in hippocampus associated with memory loss in Alzheimers

Hearing development in infants

newborn's hearing only somewhat less sensitive than an adult preference for human voice after birth, recognize mother's voice, and distinguish between vowels auditory localization- there at birth, goes away at 2-4 months, comes back at 12 months (turning head toward direction of sound)

Thomas and Chess temperament theory

nine dimension activity levels rhythmicity adaptability approach/withdrawal threshold of responsiveness intensity of reaction quality of mood distractibility attention span/persistence

Fetal period

ninth week until birth organ systems are less vulnerable to teratogens...but exposuse can affect organ functioning and growth, also impaired intellectual and emotional functioning

non-parametric tests

nominal or ordinal data or when the assumptions of a parametric test are severely violated

multiple hurdle

non-compensatory- must also meet minimum level of performance on multiple predictor to be hired predictors administered one at a time in predetermined order...others only given if successful at previous levels saves time and money

eta

nonlinear coefficient anxiety and children's learning (pattern is a U of inverted U)

assumptions of parametric tests

normal distribution homogeneity of variance- variance of all groups is equal independence of observations- scores within the same sample or group should not be correlated with each other if assumptions are not met, use of parametric tests can lead to misleading results...minor violation of the first two assumptions will not invalidate results of the test parametric tests not not robust with regard to the independence of observations assumption

relationships between mean, median, and mode

normal distribution- all equal positively skewed- mean greater than median, median greater than mode negatively skewed- mode is greater than median, median is greater than mean

Healthy cultural paranoia

normal distrust and suspicion in respones to oppression and racism...black client may not disclose to white therapist...different from functional paranoia (pathological condition characterized by pervasive mistrust and suspicion)

anorexia treatment

normal weight behavioral and cbt interventions family therapy- family lunch

personal space

north americans, british, and scandinavians require more personal space than arabs, latin americans, and french (sommer, 1969) men prefer more than women in most social situations, but results are inconsistent most space needed 1. male/male 2. female/female 3. male/female

Correlation and causality

not equivalent ice cream consumption does not cause boating accidents but if two variables are causally related there will be a correlation between them necessary but not sufficient condition of causality

ambivalent racism

not overtly prejudiced, recognize racial inequities believe in meritocracy and are willing to accept different outcomes because they believe these are the result of taking advantage of opportunities

type 1 error and alpha level

null hypothesis rejected when it is true- concludes that a difference exists when it really does not alpha level- probability of making type one error, level of significance (p level, .01-.05)...alpha level is set by researchers so he or she always has probability of making a type 1 error .05- results of statistical test indicate there's a 5% or less chance of the null hypothesis being true, then the researcher will reject the null retention region and rejection region under the curve...we reject null if its under .05, this is the same as reaching a particular significance level

null v. alternative hypothesis

null-hypothesis of no difference alternative- experimental hypothesis, th IV impacts the DV when null is rejected, alternative is accepted and vice-versa null implies no rx between IV and DV- implies sample means are drawn from same population alternative- there is a rx between IV and DV, implies sample smeans are sufficiently different to conclude they come from different populations

factors that affect effectiveness of classical conditioning

number of conditioning trials- more equals stronger cr...but crash is never really as strong as ur order and timing 1. delay conditioning: overlap of CS then us 2. trace conditioning- CS before us 3. simultaneous conditioning- some time delay conditioning most effective

naturalistic research

observed and recorded in its natural setting or in a setting as similar to the natural one as possible this type of research controls to threats to external validity like the hawthorne effect study lacks internal validity different than analogue research- lab results applied to the real world

classical test theory

observed score = true score + error

frequency recording

observer keeps count of the number of times the target behavior occurs

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

obsession with orderliness, perfectionism, and control limits flexibility, openness, and efficiency does not involve obsessions or compulsions

criterion contamination

occurs when a raters knowledge of a person's performance on an assessment instrument affects how the rater evaluates the person's performance when they are on the job

operant extinction

occurs when reinforcement is withheld from a previously reinforced behavior and the behavior is decreased or eliminated

Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)

old block reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at synapse Major Depressive disorder (hopelessness, anhedonia, vegatative symptoms) dysthymic disorder panic attacks agoraphobia obsessive compulsive disorder enuresis chronic pain side effects- dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, gastro, sexual, drowsy, weight gain, confusing, memory, sometimes heart problems, sometimes suicide

sexism

old-fashioned sexism- women inherently inferior to men modern sexism- believe women are no longer discriminated against and resent women's demands for special treatment Glick and Fiske- combines hostile and ambivalent sexism, hostile- women as opponents who try to deceive and control men, benevolent- women need protection and are deserving of adoration, strong endorsement of one type is often associated with strong endorsement of another type

drugs and age

older age = decrease in metabolism= extend half life of drugs= increased risk of toxicity

Delusional disorder

one month or more of delusions...overall functioning may not be markedly impaired erotomanic- they love me grandiose- remarkable talent or discovery jealous- they are unfaithful to me persecutory- conspired against, cheated on, spied on, maliciously maligned somatic- abnormal body functions or sensations mixed- more than one theme unspecified- cannot be determined or does not match specific type

insulin

one of the hormones released by the pancreas stimulates uptake of glucose and amino acids into cells

brief psychotic disorder

one or more characterisitc symptoms...at least one of the top three duration- one day to less than one month...eventual return to functioning...often follows exposure to stressful event

Social anxiety disorder

one or more situations when one might be exposed to the scrutiny/negative evaluation of others, at least 6 months etiology- heredity, behavioral inhibition, conditioning, observational learning, cognitive biases treatment- exposure with response prevention, cognitive re-structuring, social skills training, anti-depressant drugs, anti-anxiety drugs, beta-blockers

somatic symptom disorder

one or more somatic symptoms that cause distress and anxiety or persistent thoughts about the seriousness of symptoms present for at least six months

hypertension

one third of the adult pop primary- dont know cause, age, obesity, stress, family hx, smoking, high sodium are risk factors secondary- causes by kidney disease, blocked arteries, diabetes, endocrine disorders, pregnancy, sleep apnea

interviews

only moderately accurate in predicting job performance validity depends on the content of the interview... situational interviews have higher ratings than job-related, which have higher validity than psychologically based interviews structured have higher predicitive validity than unstructured (.51 to .38) structured board interviews using consensus ratings are the highest corrected validity

cofd- course/prognosis

onset 2-7 years old, 65-85% recover...symptoms at age 8 a good predictor

racism

opinion polls, psychology, and legislation suggest racism is declining in the United States continues in contemporary, subtle forms

Freud's theory of psychosexual development

oral- birth to a year, fixation may result in habits like thumb sucking, nail biting, overeating in adulthood anal- 1-3 years, fixation produces anal retentiveness (obsessive punctuality, orderliness) or anal explusiveness (messiness and disorder) Phallic- 3-6, oedipal(boys) and electra(girls), sexual desire for opposite sex parent, if conflict is resolved, child identifies with same sex parent and superego is formed Latency- 6-puberty, sex repressed and dormant, solidifying superego by playing and identifying with same sex children and internalizing the values of society Genital- post-puberty, mature sexuality

ordinal data

ordering of categories we don't know anything about how much more or less of the attribute is possessed by the individuals rank data, high-moderate-low, strongly agree-strongly disagree

Law of Readiness (Thorndike)

organism must be ready/motivated to act in order to form connection between response and consequence

Systems approach

organization is open system receiving input from within and without, changes in one part affect all other parts, situational/contingency approach Assumptions 1. Workers have diverse needs 2. organizations vary in terms of structure, culture, and other characteristics 3. There is no one strategy that will work for all people in all organizations at all times

Beck's Cognitive behavior therapy

originally for depression...how we feel and act is largely determined by how we think

Partial (focal) seizures

originate in localized area in one side of the brain, and affect one side of the body...may spread and become more generalized simple partials don't cause loss of consciouness, but have uncontrollable movements, sensory symptoms, and autonomic symptoms complex partials begin with an aura, alteration in consciouness, automatisms temporal lobe seizures- automatisms, auditory hallucinations, , other sensory phenomena, deja vu, depresonalization, autonomic symptoms

Neurotic anxiety

out of proportion to cause...unconscious, and rooted in lack of responsibility

dependent variable

outcome variable

hyperthyroidism

over-secretion of thyroxin (Grave's disease), speeds up metabolism, increase appetite, weight loss, accelerated heart rate, nervousness, agitation, heat intolerance, insomnia, decreased attention span

Mistaken (unhealthy) style of life

overcompensation for feelings of inferiority and guided by goals that reflect self-centeredness

Language errors

overextension- using word to broadly underextension- using word too narrowly overregulation- age 3-4, child misapplies general rules for plurals or past tense to exceptions

effects of divorce on children

painful emotions behavioral problems moderated by child age and gender- preschool children have most negative outcomes in the short run, long term consequences may be worse for older kids difficult for kids to understand reason for divorce boys more obviously struggle, girls have a sleeper effect (problems later on) parent's relationship following divorce is a big factor frequent contact and good relationships with parents are important

in vivo aversive conditioning

pair undesirable behavior with real aversive stimulus booster sessions may be needed

covert sensitization

pairing imaginative scenes of target behavior with scenes focused on adaptive alternate behavior overcomes et hi ical and practical problems with in vivo aversion

classical conditioning

pairing neutral stim with unconditional stim...neutral stim becomes conditioned stim

cluster a

paranoid- distrust,suspicious schizoid- detachment from Rxs and restricted emotion schizotypal- low rx ability, distorted thoughts, behavioral eccentricities

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

parent and student rights regarding student records maintained by institutions that receive federal funds 1.) parents and eligible students have right to access student's records and challenge its content 2.) can't release student records without eligible student or parent consent except in certain circumstances (release to professional who have a legitimate educational interest in student, to authorized individuals for financial aid decisions, to another school where the student is tranferring) 3.) "Educational records" include a psychologists evaluations and other materials maintained by psychologist for the educational institution..personal and individual notes aren't included 4.) records that are no longer useful or relevant for the student or the educational institution are to be destroyed (exceptions: records for research purposes and records for which a review request is outstanding)

minors

parent or legal guardian has right to obtain info revelaed by the minor in therapy except in legally defined situations have parent and legal guardian agree at beginning of therapy what will and won't be disclosed

Reducing aggression

parent training programs social skills training- alternative ways of resolving conflict, cognitive strategies for interpretation of behavior, empathy training (Berk, 1991)

Separation anxiety disorder- etiology

parental overprotectiveness and insecurity resulting from a loss and other trauma...often precipitated by major life stressor

primary motor cortex

part of the pyramidal motor system (neuron pathway from motor cortex to spinal cord).....voluntary motor, fine movement, speed, strength lesions= contrlateral motor weakness, paralysis, apraxia (problems coordinating complex movements

ADHD

pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity for six months, onset before 12 years old, apparent in two settings....impairs social, academic, or occupational functioning at least six symptoms for persons under 17...five symptoms for over 17

conduct disorder

patterns of behavior in which the rights of others or basic social rules are violated 3 symptoms for twelve months 1 symptom for six months aggression to people and animals destruction of property lies theft

effects of job characteristics

pay = more satisfied...more autonomy, challenge, control two things that determine perceptions of fairness- 1. extent to which pay is related to level of performance and 2. comparable worth (is my pay comparable to others in the same position)

ADHD inattention symptoms

paying attention to detail sustaining attention not listening not finishing work forgetful in chores

hawthorne effect

people behave differently due to the mere fact of participating in research

Need theories of work motivation

people exert effort when that effort will help them meet certain needs

Etic perspective

people from different cultures are essentially the same and mainstream theories apply equally well

Emic perspective

people from different cultures differ in important ways and some theories may be inappropriate

social learning theory and aggression

people learn aggressive behaviors by observing others (bandura)...bobo the clown children watching aggression awarded or given no consequence are more likely to behave aggressively than those who watch the aggression be punished...but if they subsequently got an award for being aggressive all three groups were more aggressive...reward more important than learning for performing the behavior repeated exposure to media violence creates hostile expectation bias which causes people to act more aggressively watching violent porn reinforces myths about rape for men and women and may increase willingness of male viewers to act aggressively toward women

Transtheoretical model

people pass through predictable stages of change 1. Precontemplation- no plan 2. Contemplation- ambivalent, but sees need 3. Preparation- intending action in next 30 days 4. action- do it 5. Maintenace- at least six months 6. Termination- confident Factors that affect motivation 1. decisional balance 2. self-efficacy 3. temptation Goals: move through stages

social identity theory

people seek to maintain and enhance their self-esteem view in groups in positive ways and relevant out-groups in negative ways, which can lead to prejudice and discrimination against out-group members

item difficulty index

percentage of examinees who answer it correctly p=.80, 80% got it right....higher p=easier item most like .50 for maximum variability in scores lower if measure of mastery difficulty of test items should be halfway between one and level of success expected by chance alone

percentile ranks

percentage of individuals in the standardized group scoring below the individual's attained raw score...70th- scored better than 70% of other who took the test percentage score- items on the test percentile rank- other scores in the distribution flat, rectangular distribution...in each given range of percentile rank there will be the same number of scores

human relations approach

performance affected by social factors like attitudes to supervisors/co-workers and informal group norms Hawthorne effect- special attention workers received as research participants associated with increased productivity (influenced the development of this theory)

erectile disorder

performance anxiety faulty expectations

advantages of factorial anova over multiple one way anovas

permits assessment of both main effects and interaction effects

hardiness

perosnality style characterized by three traits 1. perosnal control 2. commitment 3. challenge personal control seems to be the most important

participant modeling

person observes model perform behavior and then perform behavior themselves with assistance from the model coping model- initially exhibits fear but overcomes it, more effective than a mastery model who shows no fear from the start

audience characteristics of persuasion

personality- low self-esteem, high self-monitoring, low need for recognition more impressionable mood- easily persuaded in good mood, but this depends on strength of argument (strong argument more persuasive for those in bad mood, weak argument more persuasive for those in good mood) forewarning- being told about persuasion and given counterarguments/weak arguments creates and innoculation effect

Existential therapy

personality/bx reflect struggle with "ultimate concerns of existence"...death, isolation, meaninglessness, freedom

subjective rating techniques

personnel comparison systems, critical incidents, behaviorally anchored rating scales, behavioral observation scales, forced choice checklists

elaboration likelihood model

persuasive message can change a person's attitude by the peripheral route or central route peripheral- cues other than the message (i.e. attractiveness of the communicator), when someone is apathetic, uniformed or in positive distractible mood) central- careful processing of the message, well-informed, thinks the message is important, and is in a negative or neutral mood...central better than peripheral for long-lasting attitude change

Neuropathic pain

phantom limb pain, may be due to inappropriate signaling of pain by neurons psych factors dont cause it but can play a role in course and sensitivity treated with anitdepressants, opioids, anticonvulsant drugs, topical analgesics, transcutanous nerve stimulation

phi

phi includes.... past, present, and future mental health condition provision of health care to the person past, present, or future payments for health care provided to the person phi doesn't include psychotherapy notes (given greater protectiuon and don't have to be released to patients or third party payers

gender issues in organizations

physical appearance- works against women for executive roles good for men leadership style- women need to be more concerned with interpersonal relationships and task accomplishments than men, females more likely to be participatory, men more likely to be directive and autocratic evaluations- women seen as worse, especially when they use male styles, men who use female styles are not viewed less favorably gender wage inequality- women earn 60 cents for every dollar earned by males organizations don't usually work for compensatory equality and some would claim they are inherently biased against women

attraction to romantic partner

physical attrcativeness is a priority, for women physical attractiveness is less important than status and resources

factors that affect attraction

physical proximity- exposure effect (can lead to dislike when initial interaction is unpleasant) similarity- birds of a feather flock together competence- most attracted to competent people when they occasionally commit a small blunder, this humanizes them and makes them seem more approachable reciprocity- more likely to be attracted to people who are moderately selective in liking or others, gain-loss theory predicts evaluations that change over time have a stronger impact on liking than do evaluations that are consistently positive or negative---i.e. we are more attracted to people that start disliking us and then change their minds over time physical attractiveness- what is beautiful is good, we believe beautiful people have many other desirable categories

maslow's need hierarchy

physiological safety social needs esteem needs self-actualization needs workers exert effort to lowest unsatisfied needs not much empirical support but need importance is related to job level

sampling with replacement

pick a sample from the population, record the sample value, and then return the sample to the population before we choose our next sample

administrative model

pick first solution that is minimally acceptable, good when bound by internal and external constraints

rotating

places the factors in a new position relative to the tests two general strategies for rotation: orthogonal and oblique orthogonal- factors that are independent of each other oblique- factors that are correlated with each other to some degree different types of orthogonal rotations- varimax, quartimax, equimax choice of rotation depends on researcher's theoretical assumptions communality can be calculated by squaring and summing the factor loadings only when the factors are orthogonal following a rotation- the eigenvalues may change...so eigenvalue is usually applied to unrotated factors only

cingulate cortex

plays a role in emotional regulation and pain perception

hypothalamus

plays role in physical expression of emotion through pituitary gland

Point-biserial and Biserial coefficients

point-biserial- relates to one continuous variable and one dichotomous variable (i.e. income level and gender) biserial coefficient- two continuous variables are correlated with one artificially being made dichotomous (income level and high or low scores)

Popularity with peers

popular children have- good social skills, outgoing, empathic, share and cooperate with others, intelligent, self-confident, enthusiastic, better able to control negative emotions

Apnea treatment

positional therapy, nose strips, oral appliances continuous positive airway pressure

Maternal employment

positive and negative effects positive- greater life satisfaction for mom, higher self-esteem, better family and peer relations, less gender stereotyped in beliefs and attitudes...positive effects more for daughters than sons (problems in academic achievement) negative- child depression and anxiety, poorer negative outcomes

internal validity

possible to determine whether a causal relationship exists between the independent and dependent variables or determine that it doesn't one group pre/post test design does not have internal validity...subject to confounds ensured when comparing two groups only if groups have equivalence on every variable except for the independent variable

causes of insomnia

precipitating events chronic daily stress

peer ratings of performance

predict performance, supervisor ratings, promotions, training success 360 degree performance rating include ratings from multiple people (supervisors, peers, subordinates, clients)

concurrent validation

predictor and criterion data collected at or about the same time most appropriate for tests designed to assess current status on a criterion

health belief model

predicts whether person will engage in health related behavior behavior based on the following 1. perceived susceptibility- risk of getting illness 2. perceived severity- seriousness of illness 3. perceived benefits- positive consequences of engaging 4. perceived barriers- difficulties of performing behavior interventions based on this model involve accurate information, boost self-efficacy, and cues for action (reminder cards and calls)

Attachment signs

preference for mom at 4 months clear signs of attachment at 6-7 months social referencing- read emotional reactions of mothers and caregivers separation anxiety- peaks at 14-18 months and declines stranger anxiety- strong negative reactions to strangers at 8-10 months of age, peak at 18-24 months, affected by situational factors

Theories of prejudice and discrimination

prejudice and discrimination are often supported by stereotypes, which are beliefs about members of a group that are overgeneralized, inaccurate, and/or resistant to change

Body dysmorphic disorder

preoccupation with at least one defect or flaw in appearance, minor or unobservable to others, repetitive behaviors or mental acts related to the perceived flaw...distress and impairment

illness anxiety disorder

preoccupation with having serious illness without having symptoms, performance of excessive health-related behaviors/avoidance of medical care (?) six months or more

grade equivalent scores

primarily used in the interpretation of educational achievement tests...computing the average raw score obtained by children in each grade scores on different tests not necessarily comparable....you can get equivalent score higher than you grad level and still be in the bottom half of the class (in this case, scores have a non-normal distribution)

Lazarus and folkman transactional model of stress

primary appraisal- threat or not secondary appraisal- can I deal(resources) cognitive reappraisal- continual monitoring

techniques related to factor analysis

principal components analysis cluster analysis

power

probability of rejecting the null when it is false..or declaring a difference when one really exists probability of not making a type II error the sensitivity of the statistical test- if a true difference exists in the population, we want a statistical test that is sensitive enough (powerful enough) to detect the difference not known before study and cannot be precisely calculated even after the study

confidence intervals

probability that a person's true score lies within a range of plus or minus 1 standard error of measurement of his or her obtained score is 68% +/- 1.96 standard error of measurement includes the true score 95% of the time +/- 2.58 standard error of measurement includes the true score 99% of the time

multicolinearity

problem of significant overlap between predictor variables...cant tell what makes the difference as a predictor or if they are different....new predictors don't add significant value to the model

resistance to change

problem unless employees given skin in the game for decision making

Specific learning disorder

problems in academic skills, 6months despite interventions slow/effortful word reading reading comprehension spelling written expression number facts/calculation mathematical reasoning substantially low given age

personnel selection

process of determining whether job applicants have knwledge, skills, abilities, and personal characteristics required by the job

impression formation

process of integrating information about a person to form an overall impression

Feature integration theory of visual attention

processing of visual stimulus has two stages 1. detection of features (pre-attention)- rapid, automatic, parallel processing of shape, color, and orientation) 2. Integration of features- features of a stimulus are processes serially (one at a time and more slowly), focused visual attention---results in perception of stimulus as an integrated whole (how is this possible?)

Rorschach

projective personality test 10 symmetrical ink blots- color mix Free association phase Inquiry phase Location (where on the card) Determinants (form,color, texture) Content (objects perceived) Popularity Form quality (card and content match)

integrity

promote accuracy, honesty and truthfulness in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology

general guideline 3: accountability

promotion of human welfare is the primary principle guiding the professional activities of all members of the psychological service unit

emotion-in-relationships model

proposes a person experiences strong emotions in a relationship when partner violates expectations and affects progress toward goal (closer to goal = positive emotion, hinders goal= negative emotions)

Decay theory

proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time...physiological changes in the brain leave a memory trace...not well supported,

within group norms

provide a comparison of examinees score to those of the most nearly comparable standardization sample....include percentile ranks and standard scores

psychological services delievered to or through organizations (a)

provide info to clients and those directly affected by services when appropriate nature and objectives intended recipients which are clients relationship with each person probable uses of services and info who will have access to info limits of confidentiality

normative measures

provide measure of absolute strength of each attribute measures by the test...answer every item can be compared to those of other examinees

general guideline 2: Programs

provide services in ways consistent with ethical guidelines, don't violate civil rights, maintain adequate records, ensure confidentiality

structural brain imaging

provides information about the basic structure of the brain and allows clinicians or researchers to see abnormalities in brain structure CT- costs less and less time MRI- 3d images

Major theories of gender role identity development

psychodynamic theory- resolved through identification with same sex parents social learning theory- rewards and punishments children receive for gender-appropriate and gender inappropriate behavior and children's observation and imitation of same-sex models gender schema theory- develop schemas of masculinity and femininity that they use to perceive and encode information about themselves and others, combo of social learning and child's own active processes cognitive developmental theory- Kohlberg's three stages, 2-3 yo child recognizes they are male or female, followed by gender stability and gender constancy at age 6 or 7

construct

psychological variable that is abstract not directly observable but inferred

boundaries of competence (b)

psychologist get training in how diversity factors affect services, teaching, and research

preamble

psychologists committed to increasing scientific and professional knowledge to improve conditions of society, organizations, and individuals protect human and civil rights protect freedom of inquiry, research, teaching, and publication

cooperation with other professionals

psychologists cooperate with other professional in order to serve clients mor effectively and appropriately

unfair discrimination against complaintants and respondents

psychologists do not deny persons employment, advancement, admission, tenure or promotion, based solely on having made or their being a subject of an ethics complaint

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence

psychologists strive to benefit those who they work with and take care to do no harm

reviewers

psychologists who review materials provided for presentation, publication, and grants respect the confidentiality of and the proprietary rights of those who submitted it

sampling distribution of mean

pull multiple samples from population, calculate means.....place all those means in a distribution all samples must have the same size

interpreting and naming factors

purely statistical phenomenon. if the eigenvalue is large enough....it is assumed that factor represents a real trait being measured by some or all the tests in the analysis factors are usually "rotated" before interpretation involves re-dividing the test's communalities so that a clearer pattern of loadings emerges

transformed scores

purpose is to increase interpretability of raw scores z scores t scores stanines percentile ranks

cluster analysis

purpose of cluster analysis is to place objects into categories differences between cluster analysis and factor analysis 1. cluster can be done with any kind of data...not just interval or ratio 2. latent variables= factor analysis, cluster is just categories- not necessarily traits/variables 3. not designed for use in studies where there is an a priori hypothesis regaridng categories objects will cluster into divide people who engage in particular behavior into subtypes

self-handicapping

purposefully sabotaging own performance to save face

Therapist-client matching

race and ethnicity- inconsistent results

quasi-experiemntal design

random assignment to groups is not possible...often involves use of intact groups next best in terms of providing internal validity

Ways to increase external validity

random selection naturalistic research single and double blind research counterbalancing

random assignment versus random selection

random selection- refers to mehtod of selecting subjects for research study random assignment- takes place after the subjects have been selected

Efficacy research

randomized clinical trials...controlling as many aspects of treatment as possible...maximizes internal validity...minimizes external validity

True experimental designs

randomly assign subjects to different groups different levels of a manipulated independent variable

Mann Whitney U

rank ordered data when a study involves two independent groups used when... 1. when study data is rank ordered 2. when one starts with interval/ratio data bu finds assumptions of parametric tests are not met, so data is converted into ranks

Spearman's rho

rank-order correlation coefficient simply rho as well correlate two variables that have been ordinally ranked

operant strength of behavior

rate of animals response during acquisition. and extinction. phases of behavior

duration recording

rater records the elapsed time during which the target behavior or behaviors occur

Adolescent drug use

rates of alcohol, cigarettes, and cocaine decreased from 2002-2010, ages 12-17 13.6% alcohol 8.3% cigarettes 0.2% cocaine 7.4% marijuana male low ses history of phys or sex abuse low parental warmth/involvement gateway substances ---All predict substance abuse

personnel comparison systems

rating and employee by comparing him/her to other employees in rank order system paired comparison, every employee is compared with every other employee on every aspect of job forced distribution system (categorize employees into a predetermined distribution, i.e. top 10% through bottom 10%) reduce the effects of certain rater biases (central tendency, leniency, strictness)

Kirkpatrick's evaluation model

reaction criteria- affective response to quality, relevance of training (work utility) learning criteria- pre/post and end of course tests behavior criteria- impact of intervention on individual's behavior or performance in the workplace results criteria- impact of training on broader organizational goals and objectives

Cognitive distortions (Beck- CT)

reasoning errors

working with ethic, linguistic, and cultural differences

recognize limits of competencies and expertise seek consultation and make referrals to appropriate experts when necessary recognize the importance of ethnicity and culture make efforts to correct any prejudices or biases consider cultural beliefs and values of the client when providing intervention, not only differential diagnostic issues

continuous recording

recording all the behavior of the target subject during each observation session narrative description in chronological order

OCD

recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both...must be time consuming...level of insight (good/fair, poor, absent) prevalence- 1.2% 12 month...higher rates in male children, 50:50 male to female adults etiology- heredity, low serotonin, abnormalities in several brain structures (orbitofrontal cortex, caudate nucleus) treatment- meds (TCA, zoloft, SSRIs), exposure with ritual prevention, CBT

trichotillomania

recurrent pulling out of hair which results in hair loss after repeated attempts to stop

panic disorder

recurrent unexpected panic attacks- persistent concern about having other attacks/consequences thereof and significant maladaptive change in behavior that is related to the attacks....at least four symptoms (palpitations, dizzyness, sweating, trembling/shaking, shortness of breath, depersonalization, chest pain, fear of losing control, derealization)...rule out other medical conditions that produce panic-like symptoms etiology- genetic, classical conditioning, certain cognitive biases treatment- CBT and pharmacotherapy, Panic control therapy....CBT combines psychoed, cognitive restructuring, relaxation-based strategies, interoceptive exposure (exposure to physical panic symptoms), and in vivo exposure....meds (SSRI, TCA, benzos)

punishment

reduce behavior positive- applied following behavior negative- taken away following behavior

cofd- treatment

reduce stress by avoiding correction and interruption asking fewer questions reducing disagreements habit reversal training 1. awareness training 2. competing response training (diaphragmatic breathing) 3. social support

Culture-fair tests

reduced cultural content and use nonverbal format to reduce cultural loading associated with language...most attempts are unsuccessful

standardization

reduces measurement error, helps to ensure that any differences between examinees' scores on a test are due to "true" differences in scores rather than random factors unrelated to what the test is measuring

privilege

refers more narrowly to a person's legal right not to have confidential information revealed in a legal proceeding holders of privilege are legally competent adults client has right to decide wave of privilege therapist can claim privilege on clients behalf when asked to disclose confidential information during a legal proceeding

Affiliation

refers to a desire to associate with others and is considered to be a fundamental motive or need

standard error of the mean

refers to expected error of a given sample mean extent to which a sample mean can be expected to deviate from its corresponding population mean Serror/mean= sd/square root of N N=size of sample, sd= standard deviation of scores in the population you can see the error becomes smaller as the fraction's bottom term (sample size) becomes larger (inverse relationship)

variability

refers to how spread out scores are range variance standard deviation

forensic psychology

refers to professional practice by any psychologist applied to the law to assist in addressing, legal, contractual, and administrative matters must consider a variety of factors with respect to competence and scope of service

item discrimination

refers to the degree to which the test item differentiates among examinees in terms of behavior that the test is designed to measure item has good discriminability if more high scorers than low scorers answer it correctly

Life space- Super

refers to various social roles adopted at different points in the life-span five figures illustrate aspects of career development 1. life career rainbow 2. archway of career determinants 3. ladder model of life, career stages 4. cycling and recycling model of career tasks 5. web model for bases of career maturity

gender stereotypes

reinforce sexism men are more competent by both men and women males and females both tend to devalue performance of women who engage in tasks usually performed by men...attribute achievement of women to luck rather than ability male and female mental health professional use similar adjectives to describe healthy adult and healthy male....use different and less positive adjectives to describe a healthy female

incentive theory

reinforcement theory of motivation...used primarily in organizational settings extrinsic rewards are the most flexible defined benefit pension raised productivity by 6% (Cornwell & Dorsey, 2000)

factors that determine reinforcement effectiveness

reinforcment after target behavior short interval between bx and Reinforcement move from continuous to intermittent schedule verbal, gestural and physical prompts up front for behavior which can be gradually removed as behavior is learned

multiple correlation coefficient

relationship between two or more predictor variables and and the criterion variable the higher the value of multiple R= the stronger the relationship between the combo of predictor variables and the criterion variable highest when predictors highly correlated with criterion, but not highly correlated with each other never lower than correlation between any one predictor and one criterion can never be negative- calculation doesn't allow it can be squared in order to facilitate its interpretation- proportion of variance in the criterion variable accounted for by combination of predictor variables

thalamus

relays sensory information to the cortex for all senses except olfactory (which is transmitted directly to amygdala in the limbic system) also involved in language, memory, motor activity

Neurotransmitters

releases by neurons to transmit information to other neurons and organ and muscle cells

relationship between reliability and validity

reliability needed for validity, but not sufficient for validity reliability coefficient puts ceiling on validity coefficient check formula p. 55 (test construction), for precise estimate of upper limit of validity coefficient

response burst

removal of reinforcer does not initially produce extinction. Behavior temporarily increases then gradually declines. (Parent training with older child temper tantrums---parent ignores, child screams louder & more frequently initially)

Order effects (carryover effects and multiple treatment interference)

repeated measures design when exposed to more than one treatment

Rumination Disorder

repeated regurgitation of food at least a month

Goals of reality therapy

replace failure identity with success identity through adoption of responsibility...instruction, modeling, role play, contracts, confrontation, humor...steps (WDEP)...wants, doing, effectiveness, positive plans for improvement

cognitive therapy goals

replace maladaptive thinking, collaborative empiricism (reattribution, redefining, thought recording, socratic questioning, behavior rehearsal/scheduling/exposure)

REBT- Goals and techniques

replacing irrational beliefs with effective ones, disputation (actively confront and challenge beliefs)

child abuse

report when reasonable suspicions that abuse occurred or is occuring don't need to report adults report unless perpetrator is still victimizing children may but not required to file report when outside of psychologist role

f ratio

represents comparison between two estimates of variance between group variance (treatment variance)- represents the degree to which groups as a whole differ from one another within group variance (error variance)- represents the degree to which subjects within experimental groups differ from each other if the null is true, two estimates of variance should be about the same...if there's an effect the variances should be different fraction: variance between groups/variance within groups...if top is large and bottom is small we have a large ANOVA statistic and that's good

Shadow

repressed, disowned, and undeveloped aspects of self

records

requirements vary from state to state, irs requires you keep records for at least seven years, or three years after minor turns 18, whichever come later balance possibility that records may be needed with the problem of having unnecessary documented information exist out there use passwords specify professional will for how records will be transferred or disposed of can't withhold records that are needed for emergency treatment simply because you haven't been paid

standard 1

resolving ethical issues

respect for people's rights and dignity

respect dignity and worth of all people, rights of privacy, confidentiality and self-determination try to eliminate biases based on those factors

spiritual worldviews

respect them....consult with spiritual leaders when appropriate

speed test

response rate assessed digit symbol subtest of the WAIS-IV

Automatic thoughts (Beck -CT)

response to events- not always in awareness...depression (negative cognitive triad of self, other, and world)

stimulus control

response to stimulus a bit not stimulus b...a=discriminative stimulus, b= s-delta stimulus involves combination of operant and classical conditioning

Interaction between testing and treatment

results of research in which pre-tests are used might not generalize to cases in which pretests are not used pretest may sensitize subjects to the purpose of the research study or otherwise increase susceptibility to respond to the treatment pretest sensitization

contralateral representation

right hemisphere controls left side of body and vice versa exceptions are olfaction and vision

divorce

risk factors- interaction patterns ratio of positive to negative interactions- stable relationship = 5 positive interactions to every negative interaction four horsemen of the apocalypse criticism defensiveness contempt stonewalling

syntax

rules of grammar that determine how to order words to form sentences and phrases

Objective measures of performance

salary work days missed number of absences do not measure many other important factors, may not be useful in evaluating performance of complex jobs

conflicts between ethics and organizational demands

same as conflicts with law

psychological test

samples of behavior ideal rather than a reality- no test is perfectly standardized or perfectly objective

House Path-goal theory of leadership

satisifaction and motivation maximized when they believ leader is helping them toward their goals 1. helps finds ways to achieve goals 2. removes obstacles to goals 3. rewards subordinates for accomplishing goals instrumental leaders- guidelines, rules, expectations Supportive- relationships Participative- support sub decision making achievement oriented- challenging goals and encourage higher performance best leadership style depends on attributes of situation

Interval data

scaled at equal distances but the data has no absolute zero point scores on most standardized tests, temperature scales addition and subtraction can be performed , but multiplication and division cannot

true negatives (valid rejections)

score below cutoff and suck on criterion

false negatives (invalid rejections)

score below cutoff but turn out to be successful on criterion

false positives (false acceptances)

scored above cutoff but suck at job

norms

scores of a representative sample of a population on a particular test different types of norm referenced scores (t scores, percentile ranks) 1. obtained from sample truly representative population for which the test was designed 2. indicate examinees standing on test as compared to other persons...permits comparison of individual's performance on different tests 3. drawback- don't provide absolute standard of good or bad performance (always provide relative standards of performance)

predictive validation study

scores on predictor collected first and criterion data collected at some future point better for tests designed to predict future status

discriminant function analysis

scores on two or more variables are combined to determined whether they can be used to predict which criterion group a person will belong to

histogram

scores plotted on horizontal axis and frequency of occurrence on each score is plotted on the vertical axis

cortisol

secreted by the adrenal cortex helps regulate blood glucose levels undersecretion leads to Addison's disease, which involves muscle weakness, faitgue, low blood pressure, decreased appetite, weight loss, irritability, depression and darkening of skin pigmentation oversecretion causes cushing's disease, which involves obesity, hypertension, inpaired concentration, memory, depression, anxiety and decreased libido saliva test used to monitor stress levels

hormones

secreted from endocrine glands- travel through blood influencing functioning of organs

privacy rule

see above, applies "covered entities"...psychotherapists and health care providers triggered when health care provider transmits phi electronically in connection with health care claims, health care payment, enrollment or disenrollment in a health plan, or other specified transaction

forensic psychology and multiple relationships

seek to minimize detrimental effects by avoiding dual relationships

one sample t test

seldom used compare mean of single sample to known population mean df=n-1

selection procedures

selection techniques that are predicitive of job performance 1. cogntive ability tests 2. job knowledge tests 3. work samples 4. interviews 5. biographical inventories 6. assessment centers 7. personality and interest tests

DSM- Severity measures

self and clinician report admin at initial interview and during treatment to monitor progress

Stress

selye- general adaptation syndrome alarm- hpa axis activated, increases epinephrine and norepinephrine increases blood sugar heart and respiration rate muscle tension resistance- pituitary releases acth, stimulates adrenal glands to release glucocorticoids, increase metabolism. and keep blood sugar high exhaustion- glands lose ability to.maintain elevations, we are exhausted this isn't true anymore

rods

sensitive to brightness, black, white grey periphery of retina

Pain in infancy

sensitive to pain at birth early exposure can cause higher responsiveness to pain later

classroom training

separate training facility more perosnalized attention given to trainees no worries about slowing production or costly errors downside: not acutally doing the job

chaining

sequences of response that must be linked together to form behavioral chain can be backward or forward

interrupted time-series design

series of measurements on the dependent variable is interrupted by the administration of a treatment (multiple measures allow one to rule out many threats to internal validity like, maturation, regression, and testing) problem- history threat to validity, event that occurs at same time as treatmentcan acocunt for observed changes in post-test phase (can control for this with two group time series design)s

boundaries of competence (a)

serve, teach and research in bounds of competence, education, training, experience,

general guidelines

set of aspirational statements intended to improve, quality, effectiveness, and accessibility of psychological services teaching, research, and writing do not fall in the purview of the general guidelines

cluster head aches

severe non throbbing pain that last fr 15-90 mins more than once a day over several weeks or months, unilateral- behind one eye, but may spread to face, cheek, or temple treat with oxygen therapy, sumtripan, other tripan, or local anesthetic

sexual harassment

sexual solicitation, physical advances, verbal or nonverbal conduct of a sexual nature 1. unwelcome, offensive, or creates a hostile workplace/educational environment and this is made known 2. sufficiently severe or intense to be abusive to a reasonable person in the context

consultation

share only info that is relevant to purposes of consultation

substances induced disorders

shared features- clinical symptoms, disorder develops within one month of use, not accounted for by another disorder, does not occur exclusively during delirium, causes significant distress/impairment alcohol intoxication alcohol withdrawal alcohol withdrawal delirum alcohol induced major neurocognitive disorder caffeine intoxication opioid withdrawal sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic wd stimulant withdrawal tobacco withdrawal

social judgment theory

sherif and hovland (1971) people more likely to be persuaded by a position when its in their "latitude of acceptance" rather than "latitude of nonacceptance" or "latitude of noncommitment" what they consider acceptable versus unacceptable versus neither accepting or rejecitn but willing to consider

dendrites

short fibers that project outward from cell and respond to stimulation from other cells (carry info to cell body)

professional psychologists

should have a doctoral degree from an accredited institution

major neurocognitive disorder

significant decline in functioning in at least one cognitive domain

behavioral-observation scales

similar to bars in terms of advantages and disadvantages the rater includes how often the employee performs each critical incident, always, sometimes, never

principal components analysis

similar to factor analysis- usually similar results 1. both techniques used for same purpose 2. in both you derive a factor matrix 3. eigenvalues indicate explanatory power of each construct, compared by squaring and summing factor loadings in the unrotated factor matrix's column 4. underlying elements are ordered in terms of their explanatory power two differences 1. terminology- principal component and eigenfactor instead of factors 2. assumption of PCA is that the total variance in a variable consists of explained variance and error variance....in factor analysis it is assumed to be composed of communality, specificity, and error...no distinction between communality and specificity in PCA 3. in PCA the factors are always uncorrelated...i.e. there is no such thing as an oblique rotation in PCA

Reversal (or withdrawal) design

simple AB design problem- possible that any observed change in behavior is due to historical event and extraneous factor single-subject design, treatment is withdrawn, data collected to see if behavior returns to original level includes ABA design and ABAB design- number of advantages, confirm treatment is responsible for change, and subject is left back in condition that researcher is trying to change (why is this good????!!!!)

AB design

single baseline phase and a single treatment phase...two points of data collection

calculating expected frequencies

single sample chi square- expected frequencies depend on nature of the null hypothesis, but often they are calculated simply by dividing the total number of subjects by the number of cells 100 subjects 2 cells---------50 expected frq multiple sample chi square- expected frequency for any cell= column totalXrow total/N column total=sum of observations within a column containing that cell row total= sum of observational within a row containing that cell N=total number of subjects

single and double blind research

single- not informed of the purpose of the study and don't know what treatment they're assigned to double- evaluators don't know either

sinus headaches

sinusitus- dull throbbing pain and pressure around the eyes, cheeks and forehead pain worsened by sudden movement of the head, , leaning foward and cold damp weather

premature ejaculation

six months, experienced on all or almost all occasions of sexual activity Senate focus- non demand pleasuring start stop technique squeeze technique zoloft ssris

female orgasmic disorder

six months, causes significant distress Senate focus directed masturbation kegel exercises

Sensorimotor Stage

six substages 1. early reflexes- birth to a month 2. Primary circular reactions- 1-4 months, repeat pleasurable actions with body 3. Secondary circular reactions- 4-8 months, repeat pleasurable actions with regard to objects and people 4. Coordination of secondary circular reactions- 8-12 5. Tertiary circular reactions- 12-18 months, deliberately change actions to discover the consequences of doing so 6. Emergence of representational thought- 18-24 months, develop mental representations Object permanence and deferred imitation (the ability to imitate an observed act at a later point in time)

music at work

slight positive effect on productivity if the work is repetitive, simple, and mundane. no consistent positive or negative effects for complex tasks workers like the idea of music in the workplace

bilingualism in children

smaller vocab to start but catch up in school temporary and permanent benefits- cognitive flexibility, divergent thinking, and metalinguistic awareness

morphemes

smallest units of meaning in a language and includes simple words (go, car)

phonemes

smallest units of sound that are understood in a language

item analysis

so reliability and validity can be built into the test from the start qualitative- related to content of test quantitative- measurement of item difficulty and item discrimination

maintenance of romantic relationships

social exchange theory- relationship with continue if benefits of relationship exceeds its costs equity theory- satisfaction and maintenance of close relationship depends on belief that there is balance in each partner's input-outcome ratio

avoidant personality disorder

social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation long for intimate relationships

Goals of solution focused therapy

solution builidng- 1. describe the problem, 2. work together to define realistic therapy goals, 3. explore times when problems wer less severe and explore why, 4. feedback, encourage, suggestions, 5. Evaluate progress and next steps

parietal lobe

somatosensory cortex- input and integration with other information (touch, pressure, kinesthesia, pain, temperature)

pain

somesthetic senses include: cutaneous senses (receptors sensitive to pain, temp and pressure) kinestheic senses (muscles and joints, detect body position and movement) vestibular senses (recpetors in inner ear, sensitive to gravity, balance, and acceleration)

Irrational beliefs (REBT)

source of problems and not meeting goals

causal attributions

specific type of social judgment that involves determining the cause of behavior

Father-child relationship

spend less time with kids than mothers mothers caregive more fathers play more- rough and tumble

Interpretation of the Pearson r

square it- percentage of variability in one measure that is accounted for by variability in the other measure reliability coefficient is an exception to this rule....never squared, always interpreted directly

standard deviation

square root of the variance expected deviation from the mean of a score chosen at random higher SD, the more scores in a distribution are likely to deviate from the mean

what to memorize for test

standard deviation curve percentages z score of +1 is equivalent to percentile rank of 84 and is therefore the cutoff point for the top 16%, -1 is percentile rank of 16 z score of 2 is 98 percentile rank, -2 z score is 2 percentile rank

mean square

statistical measure used to estimate between- and within-group variance between group variance is estimated by Mean Square between, which is equal to the Sum of Squares between divided by the df between within-group variance is estimated by Mean Square Within which equals the Sum of Squares within divided by the df within

Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)

statistical strategy for increasing internal validity...statistically adjusting the data post-hoc matching- after data are obtained, DV scores are adjusted so subjects are equalized in terms of status on one or more extraneous variables does not control for extraneous variables that the researcher has not identified and measured

client tests positive for HIV

still legally and ethically ambiguous APA 1991 1. legal duty to protect third parties from HIV infection should not be imposed 2. specific legislation to this effect is considered it should only permit disclosure when provider is aware of identifiable third party, provider has good reason to think third party doesn't knwo risk, client refuses or is unreliable for informing third party 3. providers who operate under these laws in good faith should not civilly or criminally liable for decision

stimulus generalization

stim similar to discriminative stimulus elicits some response

ADHD tretament

stimulant meds (benefits for 80% of persons) Combination of meds and behavioral treatment most successful

temporal lobe and memory

stimulating certain parts of right temporal lobe can produce deja vu experience medial temporal lobe involved in forming strong declarative memories (absence observed in patient HM after lobectomy)

Sexual development and behavior

stimulation from hypothalamus and pituitary gland to gonads, which secrete sex hormones puberty initiated by increase activity in hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis...genetically programmed but affected by other factors too

stimulus generalization

stimuli similar to the initial CS elicit a CResponse

termination of therapy

stop when it is no longer benefiting the client or is harming the client...provide termination counseling avoid termination because of actions of third party payers who won't pay for treatment.....referral isn't always the best course of action appeal the insurance company and work with client to figure out payment options

temporal lobes

storage of long-term declarative memories

impression management

strategies to control impression others have of them

random selection

stratified- taking a random sample from each of several subgroups of total target population (ensures proportionate representation) cluster- naturally occuring group of individuals (multistage cluster sampling involved successively selecting smaller clusters...states, districts, schools, classrooms)

Carroll's three stratum theory

stratum III= general intelligence stratum II= eight broad abilities (fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, general memory and learning) stratum I= specific ability (language, reading, writing)

Temperament

strong genetic component contributor to personality most stable over lifespan when initial measure is administered when the child in 2 years old

interest tests

strong interest inventory kuder occupational interest survey useful for vocational counseling and predicting job satisfaction, job persistence, and job choice not great at predicting occupational success

Conformity to peers

stronger for positive than negative behaviors at 14-15 it is strongest for positive, neutral, and negative behaviors....then begins to decline with age older teens report most peer pressure to drink alcohol, have sex, and engage in other risky behaviors parents have more influence on values, choice of career and other life decisions

skill utilization

strongest predictor of job success for a wide variety of jobs

brain imaging techniques

structural and functional are the two types

levels of processing model (language)

structural-encodong physical properties phonemic- sound properties semantic- meaning

cooperation

studies with non-zero-sum games in which one players win does nt necessarily result in another player's loss...prisoner's dilemma game players more likely to use cooperation (remain silent) when they're able to communicate with each other before the game, when importance of cooperation is emphasized before the game, when players play the game repeatedly

serial position effect

study for memorization of words...primacy and recency effect distraction after info kills recency effect

psychophysics

study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them fechner- 2 kinds of thresholds absolute- weakest stimulus a person can detect (at least 50% of the time) difference threshold- just noticeable difference (JND), vary depending on type of stimuli and initial intensity

blocking

studying effects of extraneous variable to determine if and to what degree it is accounting for scores on the dependent variable involves making the extraneous variable another independent variable you can then separate the effects of independent and extraneous variables matching is designed to ensure equivalency blocking is used to determine the effects of the extraneous variable

childhood onset fluency disorder (cofd)

stuttering

crowding

subjective or perceived state that may arise when there is high population density effects depend of the circumstances- preexisting mood (crowding intensifies mood, whether positive or negative) adversely affects performance on complex task but not simple tasks

middle cerebral artery

supplies blood to parts of frontal, temporal and parietal lobes, and the basal ganglia the one most often involved in stroke hemiplegia, visual loss, aphasia as result of stroke

anterior cerebral artery

supplies frontal lobe, parietal lobe, corpus collosum, caudate nucleus leg hemiplegis, impaired judgment, personality change and incontinence as a result of stroke

posterior cerebral artery

supplies thalamus, temporal lobe, occipital lobe blindness, agnosia, visual deficits, language impairment and memory loss as a result of stroke

self-verification theory

swann, pelham, krull (1989)- people seek confirmation of self-concept whether it is positive or negative...interact with people who confirm self concept, pay attention to info that confirms self-concept, believe consistent info, more satisfied with self-verifying relationships

normal distribution

symmetrical bell curve, most fall in the middle

rods and cones

synapse with bipolar cells which synapse with ganglion cells axons of ganglion cells form optic nerve where the optic nerve leaves the retina contains the photoreceptors, which creates the blind spot

Transmission between neurons

synaptic transmission- chemical process that involves release of nuerotrnamsitter into synaptic cleft two processes terminate this- reuptake (terminal buttons take up excess nuerotransmitters) and Enzymatic degradation (enzymes break down neurotrasnmitter and remove them as waste)

premenstrual syndrome

syndrome involving physical and emotional symptoms occurring in the 10 days before menstruation significant distress and interference with daily activities

somatosensory agnosia

tactile agnosia (cant id objects by touch) asomatognosia (cant recognize own body parts) anosognosia (cant recognize own symptoms

media presentations

take precautions to make sure statements are 1) based on knowledge, experience, and best practice standards, 2) consistent with ethics code, and 3) does not indicate a professional relationship has been established with the recipient

avoiding harm

take reasonable step to avoid harming anyone I come into contact with

misuse of psychologists work

take reasonable steps to correct or minimize the misuse or misinterpretation

boundaries of competence (e)

take reasonable steps to ensure the competence of their work in the weak areas so you don't do harm

delegation of work to others

take reasonable steps to... 1) avoid delegating work to persons who have multiple relationships with those being served 2) authorize only responsibilities they can be expected to perform competently 3) make sure they do things competently

Memory in Infancy and childhood

techniques to study it- habituation, imitation, operant conditioning 2-3 months: reocgnition memory, cued recall, and episodic in place infantile amnesia- incomplete development of the brain and lack of language are hypothesized causes for lack of infant memory in adulthood improves at steady rate through childhood improvements in metamemory and metacognition at age 9-10

standard deviation of the sampling distribution

tells you how much a given value (i.e. a given sample mean) can be expected to deviate from the population mean

correlation coefficient

tells you magnitude and direction of the relationship between variables

barnum effect

tendency to accept vague descriptions of oneself (horoscopes) as accurate

fundamental attribution error

tendency to attribute behavior to internal factors rather than situational factors

strictness

tendency to give negative ratings to all ratees, form of bias

contrast effect

tendency to give ratings on basis of comparison to other ratees

halo effect

tendency to judge all aspects of a person behavior on a single attribute or characteristic halo can be positive or negative

illusory correlation

tendency to overestimate relationship between events or other variables that are unrelated or only slightly related

false consensus bias

tendency to overestimate the degree to which others are similar to us in beliefs and behaviors

confirmation bias

tendency to seek, interpret, remember info that verifies one's existing beliefs rosenhan (1973) pseudopatient study- actual patients recognized clients weren't ill, but staff and professionals did not can be so strong it creates a self-fulfilling prophecy- expectations about behavior of others leads to fulfillment of those expectations

factor analysis and construct validity

test has high construct validity if it correlates highly with a factor it would be expected to correlate with (factorial validity)

nonparametric tests

test hypotheses based on dependent variables that are measured on an ordinal or nominal scale chi square Mann-Whitney U don't assume normal distribution- distribution free tests generally less powerful than parametric tests when using interval and ratio data and find the assumptions of parametric tests is severely violated....researcher should convert data to ranks and use the appropriate nonparametric alternative

work samples

test that measure a sample of work behavior in standardized, job like conditions...generally good predictors of job performance work samples of motor skills have more validity than work samples of verbal skills advantages: acceptable to applicants, less likely to lead to discrimination against minority groups used to id people who would benefit from training can be part of a realistic job preview in the selection process

predictor cutoff

tests developer attempts to find an optimal predictor cutoff score if examinee scores at or above the predictor cutoff score, he or she is selected....if they score below, they are rejected

typical performance

tests of typical performance tell us what an examinee usually does or feels interest and personality tests

construct validity

the degree to which a test measures the construct or trait worked out over time on the basis of accumulation of evidence

synathesia

the description of one kind of sensation in terms of another 60 different forms grapheme- numbers and letters associated with specific colors Cytowic (1993)- proposed the limbic system is the cause Other says increase neural activity between connected areas sensory deprivation, drug use, and brain damage can also be a cause

range

the difference between highest and lowest values in the set affected by extreme scores and outliers, usefulness limited, tell us nothing about distribution of scores across mean

Range of reaction

the genotype sets the upper and lower limits for possible outcomes of development (phenotypic outcomes)...environmental factors determine where in the range that the phenotype will fall

Law of Exercise (Thorndike)

the more an act or response is used in a given situation, the more strongly the act becomes associated with that situation and consequence

problem with multiple comparisons

the more comparisons that are done, the higher is the probability that at least one Type II error will be made post hoc tests take this into account by controlling the alpha level for individual comparisons, however, they differ in terms of the ampount of protection they provide against this increase in the "experiment-wise" error rate

General Mental ability tests

the most valid predictors of job performance across jobs and settings, with their validity increasing as the complexity of the job increases schmitt et al. (1998)- .51 validity coefficient when cognitive ability tests used to predict job performance rating hunter (1984)- .75 coeffiecient when tests are used to predict performance on a work sample

spontaneous discovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

spontaneous recovery (operant conditioning)

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished reinforcer

Explained variance (or eigenvalues)

the sum of squares of the loadings at the bottom of each factor eigenvalues measure the amount of variance in all the tests accounted for by the factor formula for percentage variance is (eigenvalue X 100)/(# of tests) in most methods of factor analysis....factors are ordered in terms of the size of their eigenvalues (i.e. factor I will explain more of what's going on with the test than factor II....and so on and so forth)

qualitative (descriptive) research

the theory is developed from the data rather than derived a priori (beforehand)...qualitative or descriptive research relied on to help develop experimental hypotheses participant observation non-participant observation interviews surveys case studies

realistic group conflict theory

the theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources robber's cave study (Sherif, 1966)- 12 year olds, conflict reduced by superordinate goals where groups could work together

incremental validity

the usefulness of a selection test in terms of decision making accuracy subtract the positive hit rate by the base rate 70%-50% = 20% incremental validity base rate= proportion of people hired using current selection technique incremental validity is maximized when validity coefficient is large, base rate is moderate and selection ratio is low

ethics codes goals

the welfare and protection of persons and groupswith whom psychologists work and the education of members, students, and the public regarding ethical standards of the discipline

range of scores

the wider the range of sampled behavior, the more accurate the estimation of correlation one way to increase correlation coefficient is to increase the range of observations

Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory

theory of 1) motivation and 2) satisfaction hygiene factors motivator factors not entirely supported by research...motivators more important than hygiene factors for employee motivation and satisfaction

Taylor's Scientific Management

theory of organizational behavior 1) Use scientific methods to determine best way of doing a particular job 2) divide jobs into most elementary components 3) use piece-rate incentive system in which pay depends on output assumptions- production a function of motivation, workers motivated by money, the average worker needs constant supervision

Criticism of Piaget's theory

theory underestimates the cognitive abilities of children, especially preoperational children not all adults reach formal operational stage..some use formal operational thought only within their areas of expertise

implosive therapy

therapist exaggerates imagined scenes to promote max anxiety...embellishes scenes with weird psychodynamic stuff

substance treatment

therapy drugs support motivational interviewing relapse prevention- relapse results from specific, external, controllable factors cbt

sexual dimorphism

there are sex-related differences in physical appearance of brain size, shape, and volume of corpus collosum, hippocampus, amygdala, and cerebellum exposure to testosterone/androgens may make the difference

Postmodernism (family therapy)

there is no reality, we create it through social interaction, Goal: deconstruct old views of reality and reconstruct new ones

appeal to fear

these generally don't work unless the message indicates ways to avoid fear and/or increase audiences sense of vulnerability to fear

suppressor variable

third variables that accounts for surprisingly low correlation between two variables test of mechanical ability predicting job performance as mechanic..reading ability for test can be a suppressor variable

awfulizing (rebt irrational belief)

this is the worst thing ever

operant conditioning

thorndike skinner

group decision making

thought to be better than individual decision making but affected by group polarization and group think

surveys

three basic techniques 1. personal interviews 2. telephone surveys 3. mail surveys vulnerable to many threats to validity, often internal validity is not and issue...external validity cna be ensured if random sample of population is selected biased sampling or selection poses a major threat to the validity of mail surveys

Woodcock Johnson IV

three co-normed test batteries, based on Cattell-Horn- Carroll model of intelligence assesses broad and narrow cognitive abilities Achievement- assesses academic skills and knowledge Oral Language- assesses oral language-related skills ages 2-80+

crying in infancy

three distinct cries basic- hunger pain angry attention- distinguished by three weeks cause changes in heart rate, skin conductance, and other measures of physiological arousal in both parents and non-parents different cultures use different methods for soothing a crying baby (western- lift baby to his or her shoulder)

memory multi store model

three memory stores sensory short term long term

Alderfer's ERG theory

three needs- existence, relatedness, growth...does not predict needs arise in hierarchical order

Raven's Progessive Matrices

three nonverbal measures of general intelligence good for non english speaking, hearing impairment or disability which of the alternatives completes the design Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices- 60 matrices, for 6 years old or older colored progressive matrices- easier, shorter version for examinees age 5-11, older adults, and examinees with mental and physical impairments

Piaget's theory of moral development

three stages premoral- birth-5, limited understanding of rules and other aspects of morality heteronomous stage- 5-6, children view rules as absolute and unchangeable and believe in imminent justice...the more negative consequences the worse the act is autonoumous stage- rules are determined by an agreement between individuals, and consequently are alterable...consider the intentions of the actor to be most important....switch to this stage happens because of a decline in egocentricism, social interactions with peers, gradual release from adult vigilance and restraint

Lewin's intrapersonal conflict

three types 1. approach-approach- goals between two equally desirable goals, easiest to resolve 2. avoidance-avoidance- choose between two equally undesirable goals, difficult to resolve, can cause person to freeze or escape situation 3. approach-avoidance conflict- one goal with both desirable and undesirable qualities, when a person moves close to goal, avoidance force becomes stronger, when person moves away from goal, approach force becomes stronger 4. double approach -avoidant conflict- two goals and both have desirable and undesirable qualities, hardest to resolve and often results in vacillation between the two goals

frequency distributions

three types of descriptive stats 1. frequency distribution- numbers of cases that fall at a given category or within a given score range (table, polygon, bar graph), cumulative frequency indicates total number of observations that fall at or below the given category or score 2. measures of central tendency 3. measures of variability

client is a danger to self

to degree that release of info is necessary to prevent danger...release only relevant information

career maturity

to what extent has person mastered tasks related to his vocational stage

timbre

tonal quality of sound the way we distinguish between sounds that have the same loudness and pitch same note played on a piano and sax

Specific learning disorder etiology

toxins malnutrition food allergies hemispheric abnormalities cerebellar-vestibular dysfunction dyslexia

Rancho Los Amigos Levels of Cognitive Functioning

tracks improvements in cognitive functioning following head injury

ways to reduce bias

training for accuracy rather than avoiding errors frame of reference training- help raters recognize multidimensional nature of job performance to ensure different raters have same conceptualizations of job performance

independent variable

treatment variable experimental variable

thorndike

trial and error learning connectionism- connection between response and consequence instru.ental learning- learning to help achieve task

Rigid family triads (structural therapy)

triangulation- parents pull child in two directions, "take sides"; detoruing- reinforcing deviant child behavior because it diverts attention from problems parents have with each other, stable coalition- two family members gang up on a third family member

correct decisions

true null retained when no difference exists false null rejected when difference exists

stages of group development

tuckman and Jensen (1977) 1. forming- not committed to group, uncertain about purpose, rely on leader for guidance 2. storming- power struggles and conflicts develop, subgroups and dropouts 3. norming- cohesion and working together toward goals 4. performing- accomplishing group goals and successfully working through problems 5. adjourning- concluding, mixed feelings about ending group

multimethod multitrait matrix

two distinct traits are being measured using two different methods (self-report and peer ratings)

contingency

two nominally scaled variables (father's eye color and son's eye color)

schizophrenia

two or more active phase symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, negative symptoms) for at least one month, with at least one symptom being delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech continuous signs of the disorder must have been present for at least six months and symptoms must cause impairment in one or major areas of functioning

dissociative identity disorder

two or more distinct personalities, possession, accompanied by recurring gaps in recall of ordinary events, personal info, or traumatic events that can't be explained by normal forgetfulness not a normal part of accepted cultural or religious practice

Schizophreniform disorder

two or more symptoms (delusions, halluncinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior)...at least one symptoms has to be one of the first three duration of at least one month but less than six months...impaired functioning not required for dx

degrees of freedom

two sources of degrees of freedom for a One-way ANOVA 1. df between (k-1, when k= number of groups) 2. df within (N-k, where N equals the total number of subjects)

one tailed v. two tailed hypotheses

two tailed- states that means are different from each other but we do not know which direction (this will change this) one tailed- states means are different and we know which direction (this will improve this)

reactions to social influence

types of reactions: compliance, identification (be like you), internalization (be more consistent with my values)

Existential anxiety

unavoidabel consequence of life conditions

on-the-job training

under guidance or experienced employer, supervisor, or training instructor rotating employees through several jobs to increase range of skills advantages- cost less disadvantages- carelessly planned and poorly implemented, slowing production rates and increasing accidents, current workers may not make the best trainers

hypothyroidism

under-secretion of thyroxin slows metabolism (reduced appetite, weight gain, low heart rate, cold intolerance, decreased sex drive, fatigue, depression, impaired memory

latent variable

underlying constructs are sometimes referred to as latent variables because the tests in the analysis are not directly intended to measure them purpose of factor analysis is to detect structure of a number of variables principal axis factor analysis maximum likelihood factor analysis all methods of factor analysis begin with the administration of all the terms of interest to the same group of examinees.....then a a correlation matrix is obtained

Schizoaffective disorder

uninterrupted period of illness in which there are concurrent psychotic symptoms and symptoms of a major depressive or manic episode....period of two weeks or more in which psychotic symptoms are present without mood symptoms

Guideline 1:providers

units should have at least one psychologist on board responsible for planning, directing, and reviewing the provision of psychological services limit practice, including supervision to areas of competence

interruption of psychological services

unless covered by contract, psychologists make reasonable efforts to plan for services in the event that they get interrupted illness death unavailability relocation

nominal data

unordered categories into which data may fall numbers may be assigned to nominal categories, but they are merely used as labels that could validly be replaced with names

Enuresis treatment

urine alarm 1 third relapse in 6 months antidepressants, antidiuretic, desmopressin

multiple regression

use of scores on more than one predictor variable to estimate score son criterion variable

Syntaxic Mode

use of symbols that have shared meaning, allowing for logical/sequential thought, meaningful interpersonal communication

canonical correlation

use when there are multiple criterion and multiple predictor variables

parametric tests

used for interval and ratio data t test ANOVA

assessment centers

used for the selection, promotion, and training of managerial level employees multiple methods (simulations, tests, interviews, in groups) in-basket test- simulations to see how person would respond to tasks performed on the job expensive to develop and administer

descriptive statistics

used to describes a set of data collected from a sample

inferential statistics

used to make inferences about and entire population on the basis of sample data

t-test (student's t-test)

used to test hypotheses about two different means cannot be used if there are more than two means involved in the comparison three types 1. one sample t test 2. independent samples 3. correlated samples significance= two means are significantly different and null hypothesis is rejected

one way ANOVA for repeated measures

used when all subjects receive all levels of the independent variable...also when a study involves more than 2 match subject

Multiple baseline design

used when the use of reversal design is not possible...unable to withdraw or reverse the treatment for ethical reasons don't involve withdrawal of treatment apply treatment sequnetially; across different baselines treatment applied sequentially across different behaviors of the same subject (multiple base across behaviors), to the same subject in different settings (multiple base across settings), or to the same behavior of different subjects (multipl base across subjects) if there are predicted effects across multiple baselines....can be more sure that the treatment is responsible for changes

criterion-related validity

useful for predicting an individual's behavior in certain situations scores on predictor test correlated with outside criterion important for tests used in applied situation

standard error of estimate

useful in interpreting individual's predicted score on a given criterion measure can be used to construct confidence interval around examinee's predicted criterion score if validity coefficient is 1, standard error of estimate would be zero

stepwise multiple regression

useful technique if you have relatively large number of potential predictors...but don't want all of them fewer predictors=less time and money to collect data...adding preditors evenetually leads to no increase in value because of multicolinerarity goal- come up with smallest set of predictors while maximizing predictive value forward stepwise regression- start with one predictor and add predictors to the equation one at a time backward stepwise regression- start with all potential predictors and remove predictors one at a time

levels of independent variable

values it could take (drugs, psychotherapy, drugs and psychotherapy...predict outcome on depression)...male and female

positive correlation

variables vary directly

negative correlation

variables vary inversely

unique variance

variance specific to the test and not explained by communality and factor loading is the unique variance (u squared) sum of the true specific variance and error variance

PTSD and culture/gender

varies depending on meaning and context and cultural understandings of distress higher prevalence for females across the lifespan

Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)

venlafaxine (effexor) duloxetine (cymbalta) desvenlafaxine (pristiq) MDD generalized and social anxiety panic disorder

asch study on conformity

vertical lines despite obvious inaccuracy of the confederates, actual subjects gave the same answers 37% of the time

intimate partner violence (IPV)

violence that occurs between individuals who maintain a romantic or sexual relationship...physical, psychological, sexual 35.6% of females, 28.5% of males reported being subject to violence, rape or stalking

Changes in adulthood

vision and hearing the first senses to decline presbyopia around 40- difficulty focusing on close objects reduced acuity, sensitivity, depth perception Interferes with reading, driving, and other daily activities decrease in hearing high frequency sounds- presbycusis (starts at 40 but most don't have significant difficulties until after 75)

occipital lobe

visual cortex for processing of visual information damage- blindness, blind spots, after-images, depth perception, alexia (cant recognize printed words), visual agnosia (cant rec objects by sight) damage to occ, par, temp junction= prosopagnosia- inability to recognize familiar faces (can id people from other cues sometimes, voice, dress)

sensory memory

visual= iconic memory auditory= echo memory short period of time

Holland type tests

vocational preference inventory self-directed search strong-campbell interest inventory 2-3 letter code

paraphilic disorders

voyueristic- observing exhibitionistic- exposing genitals froteurristic- touching and rubbing pedophilic- prepubescent children fetishistic- nonliving objects, non genital body parts transvestic- cross dressing, almost exclusively males

escape learning

w organism learns to escape an undesirable stim by engaging in a particular behavior

trend analysis

way of measuring the nature of an effect in a repeated measures design...used when both variables are quantitative...assesses trend of the change in dependent variable over time rather than IV/DV relationship magnitude (linear (no break point), cubic (2), quadratic (1), quartic(3)) break points in Y- point when scores for all subjects change direction in a predictable way assesses which if any trends tested for are significant can be conducted for more than one group of individuals (i.e. is linear trend different for one group as opposed to another)

Cultural concepts of distress

ways cultural groups experience, understand, and communicate suffering, behavioral problems, or troubling thoughts and emotions 1. cultural syndromes 2. cultural idioms of distress 3. cultural explanations of distress

Psychological laws

weber's law- JND for any stimulus increases proportionally to the magnitude of the stimulus fechner's law- logarhythmic relationship between psychological sensation and magnitude of physical stimulus Steven's power law- exponential relationship between psychological sensation and magnitude of physical stimulus, method of magnitiude estimation (1-10 rating of experience) differs for different stimuli- doubling brightness is experienced as doubly bright, doubly temperature experienced as crazy hot

response generalization

when a discriminative stimulus elicits similar responses

discriminant validity

when a test has a low correlation with another test that measures a different construct

deindividuation

when anonymous loss of sense of self awareness that leads to decreased ability to monitor and regulate one's own behavior, reduced ability to think rationally, and loosening of constraints against acting in deviant ways

convergent validity

when different ways of measuring the same trait yield similar results

informed consent to research (a)

when doing it, inform participants about...... 1. purpose of research, expected duration, procedures 2. their right to decline to particpate 3. forseeable consequences of declining or withdrawing 4. potential risks, discomfort, or adverse effects 5. any prospective research benefits 6. limits of confidentiality 7. incentives for participation 8. whom to contact for info about research and participant's rights

group polarization

when each group member takes a more extreme view as the result of group discussion myers and bishop (1970)- attitudes toward prejudice polarized after discussion

trait negativity bias

when evaluating others, people often weigh negative information more heavily than positive information

release of information

when in doubt about an appropriate response or course of action, seek assistance from the retaining client, retain and seek legal advice from their own attorney.....formally notify the drafter of the subpoena or order of their uncertainty

differential validity

when multiple predictor variables are used to classify individuals into criterion groups, it is important that each predictor has a different correlation with each criterion variable IQ score has low differential validity because it is correlated with many criterion measures

multicollinearity

when predictors are highly correlated with each other

partial correlation

when relationship between two variables is obtained, but suspected that one or more other variables contribute to it......other variables can be controlled for by "partialing out" its effect

multiple relationships (c)

when required by law, institutional policy, or extraordinary circumstances to serve in more than one role in judicial and administrative setting...take efforts to clarify role expectations to the extent that confidentiality will allow

third party requests for services

when services areprovided at request of third party, clarify at the outset the nature of the relationship with all parties involved

social faciliatation

when the presence of other improves performance

social inhibition

when the presence of others inhibits performance

Canalization

when traits are highly influenced by genotype and relatively resistant to environmental forces (early motor milestones, 3 month old children do not walk)

Wilcoxon Matched Pairs test

when two correlated groups are being compared using rank ordered data used under same circumstances as Mann Whitney U

ceiling and floor effects

which occur when the measure does not include an adequate range of items at the extremes ceiling- doesn't have adequate range of difficult items floor- doesn't have adequate range of easy items threats to internal validity- represent interaction between selection and testing

stanine scores

whole number scores from 1 to 9, each representing a wide range of raw scores

systematic desensitization

wolpe 1958 training in relaxation construction of anxiety hierarchy to phobic stimuli desensitization-pair relaxation with exposure to CS when desensitized to 75% of hierarchy...they beginning. to face real life stimuli

score adjustment

women and minorities score lower on some tests ways to compensate 1. separate cutoffs 2. within group norming- when using this technique, members of different groups attain different raw scores but have the same norm-referenced score 3. banding- treating scores within a given score range (or band) as equivalent

sex hormones and females

women- sex drive less affected by hormones than other animals, but testosterone can help increase sex drive

bases for scientific and professional judgments

work should be based on established scientific and professional knowledge of the discipline

true positives (valid acceptances)

workers who score above cutoff point and turn out to be successful on the criterion

Multicompetent model of working memory

working memory as a system that provides temporary storage and manipulation of info necessary for complex tasks like language comprehension, learning, and reasoning four components 1. central executive- directs attention and controls the "slave systems" 2. Phonological loop- processes and temporarily store verbal information 3. Visuospatial sketchpad- processes and temporarily stores visual information 4. episodic buffer- integrates verbal and visual information

sibling relationships

young- prosocial, play-oriented middle- both prosocial and conflict/competition sibling rivalry- same gender who are 1.5 to 3 years apart spend less time together in teen years relationships persist into adulthood

social roles and aggression

zimbardo prison study- terminated the planned 14 day study after 6 days