FORENSIC SCIENCE
Match each term with its definition. Terms are used only once. 1. a non-bloody object travels through an existing bloodstain 2. bloody object comes into contact with a non-bloody surface with motion 3. blood is projected from a live person as a result of a cough 4. blood exists the body under pressure from a breached artery 5. blood is projected from a blood-bearing object as a result of motion
1. (c) contact/wipe 2. (d) swipe 3. (e) aspirated/expirated 4. (a) arterial spurt/gush 5. (b) cast-off
standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) are put into place to:
1. remove personal ethics from the workplace decision making process 2. unify employee and employer definitions of workplace tasks 3. create a governing document to which employees can refer when faced with an ethical dilemma in the workplace 4. unify laboratory employee decision making procedures
Which of the following is a place where a person holds an unreasonable expectation of privacy?
1. things observable from lawful or reasonable vantage points 2. outside the curtilage 3. abandoned items - trash 4. things left in plain or open view
Classification characteristics for fingerprints
3. are loops, whorls, and arches 4. help to eliminate or include suspects
As a bloodstain pattern expert, you have been asked to evaluate a crime scene in which 3 distinct cast-off patterns are visible. You preliminarily conclude that the victim was struck _____ times.
4
_____________ is developed by a scientist through training, education, and experience. It is an accurate measure of how well the scientist understands his/her discipline. That scientist is regularly trained and evaluated by their agency and by an accrediting body to ensure they really are knowledgeable in their discipline.
Competency
Sir Francis Galton
Developed the first classification system for fingerprints
Alphonse Bertillon
Founder of Anthropometry (identification based on body measurements)
Hans Gross
Founder of Criminalistics
Paul Brouardel
French Pathologist who encouraged scientists to restrict testimony to the limits of their expertise
If the levels of the crime scene are defined as follows: Level 1: Overall scene security for restriction of general public Level 2: Restriction to official business Level 3: Target area; highest security Where would you find the media?
Inside Level 1, but outside of Levels 2 & 3
What does Locard's Exchange Principle state?
Whenever two objects come into contact with one another, a transfer of material will occur.
In its most simplest terms, what does Locard's Exchange Principle state?
Whenever two objects come into contact with one another, an exchange of material will occur
Search warrants must be issued by
a magistrate
Actively growing hair makes up 80% of the hair on our bodies and is in the ___________ phase.
anagen
Blood exiting the body leaving a pattern similar to that shown in the photo below has done so due to a specific incident. What is this pattern called?
arterial spurt/gush
he study of the bullet as it travels down the barrel the path through the air, and the path through the target
ballistics
As angle of impact decreases (for example 90 degrees to 10 degrees), the shape of the bloodstain
becomes more elongated
Phenolphthalein or Kastle-Meye
blood
luminol
blood
unpredictable
changes that occur randomly or unexpectedly
predictable
changes that occur with regularity
places an object in a group of similar objects
class characteristics
how well a person knows his/her discipline
competency
Tests specific to a particular body fluid, often utilizing chemicals to help visualize microscopic particles
confirmatory tests
how trustworthy a person is; determined by the public (or jury)
credibility
An act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding it, and for which, upon conviction, a sentence of death, imprisonment, or fine, or both imprisonment and fine is authorized
crime
frame by frame sequential analysis; the ultimate goal of forensic science
crime scene reconstruction
Your house and the stuff around it associated with daily living
curtilage
Edmond Locard
established that every contact leaves a trace
can give an opinion on what happened and what was experienced by someone else
expert witness
The number one cause of wrongful convictions in the United States based on the first 239 DNA exonerations performed by The Innocence Project was:
eyewitness misidentifications
Identical twins have the same DNA and same fingerprints.
false
If NIBIN identifies only one casing based on an individual striation match, a scientist is NOT required to perform a final analysis
false
When a presumptive test comes back positive, there is no need to send the sample to the lab for further testing.
false
Alternate Light Source
fiber evidence
Cyanoacrylate (superglue)
fingerprints
ninhydrin
fingerprints
the identification of fired bullets, cartridge casings, or other ammunition components as having been fired from a specific weapon
firearm analysis
application of science to criminal and civil laws
forensic science
Sodium Rhodizonate
gunshoot residue (lead components)
sodium rhodizonate
gunshot residue
precision
how close results are to each other
accuracy
how close results are to the truth
In which of the photos does the arrow correctly indicate direction of travel?
image A arrow pointed to left blood gets bigger going to the right
Which of the following provides precise, but not accurate results?
image b darts are close together but not in the center target
Helical grooves cut into the bore of the barrel of a gun, known as rifling, are added to
increase accuracy
The purpose of rifling is to
increase accuracy
identifies a particular piece of evidence or person
individual characteristcs
If the levels of the crime scene are defined as follows: Level 1: Overall scene security for restriction of general public Level 2: Restriction to official business Level 3: Target area; highest security Where would you find the body of the deceased?
inside level 3
consist of a mixture of natural secretions
latent prints
can testify only to what he/she observed directly
lay witness
When responding to a 'suspicious death' scene, you discover that the homeowners have recently applied a thick lacquer to their beautiful maple flooring. What search technique do you employ to look for evidence of bloodstains?
luminol
evidence that can be seen with the unaided eye
macroscopic
evidence that requires visualization techniques or enhancements to be seen
microscopic
spree killing
multiple murders in a single event in more than 2 locaitons in a short time period
serial murders
multiple murders in more than two locations; generally involes a cooling off period
When an expert witness takes the stand and gives testimony, their credibility is determined by the Judge.
no
functional
operating condition of items
Which of the following best describes the type of photos that are taken at a crime scene as part of the documentation process?
overall, midrange, and closeup
impressions of friction ridges visible in oil, blood, ink, and mud
patent prints
exonerate the innocent or implicate the guilty
physical evidence
relational
physically placed items in the scene
In order to restore a serial number that has been obliterated, the first step is to
polish the surface by using sand paper
How close results are to each other is referred to as
precision
Easy quick methods that allow investigators to preliminarily test for the presence of a substance; positive results must still be sent for further testing
presumptive tests
Facts and circumstances that would make a reasonably cautious police officer believe that a crime is, was, or might be committed.
probable cause
By screening all passengers boarding airplanes, we employ which method of behavioral analysis?
prospective profile: overlaid on a population in an attempt to predict who within a group has elevated potential prior to an event
Crime is a ________ offense.
public
transitory
random or fleeting
Physical evidence is evidence that has
relevence shape dimension size
eliminates human error
scientific method
Prying into hidden places by the police where a person holds a reasonable expectation of privacy
search
A show of police authority to which a person submits either voluntarily or by force
seizure
Upon responding to a noise complaint at a home in the Fan District, police on the scene notice an individual running at a high rate of speed through an alley behind the home. The individual is pursued by officers on foot due to the suspicious response to police presence. The individual now must submit either voluntarily or by force to a show of police authority. What is this called?
seizure
acid phosphatase
semen
Immunology based tests that identify specific antibodies in blood samples
species identification
As blood travels through the air, it does so in the shape of a
sphere
When an expert witness takes the stand and gives testimony, their credibility is determined by
the jury
mass murders
three or more victims in one location with one offender in one single event
Even if NIBIN identifies only one casing based on an individual striation match, a scientist must still perform the final analysis.
true
the direction in which the lands and grooves spiral down the inside of a handgun or rifle barrel is called
twist
AFIS has produced only one suspect based on a fingerprint pattern (or algorithm). True or False: A Scientist must still perform the final analysis.
yes