Fungi- Ch. 22
chytrids classified with fungi because:
-chitin in cell walls -digest food outside bodies -sexual reproductive structure produces spores
gasohol
A mixture of gasoline and alcohol, alternative to gasoline, and produced from yeast
mold
A rapidly growing, asexually reproducing stage of some fungi. The term mold refers only to the asexual phase.
asci (ascus)
A saclike spore capsule located at the tip of the ascocarp in dikaryotic hyphae (certain cells within the ascocarp become this)
Members of the phylum Basidiomycota form _______ as a sexual reproductive structure
Basidiocarps
The tough material found in the cell walls of all fungi is
Chitin
What is not a characteristic of fungi?
Chlorophyll
Basidia
Club-shaped structures on the underside of club fungi where spores form.
Fungi secrete digestive ________ that break down organic matter into _________, which are absorbed by the fungus
Enzymes, nutrients
saprobes
Fungi that absorb nutrients from dead organisms
The underside of a mushroom cap is lined with rows of ________, which contain thousands of club-shaped structures called _________
Gills, basidia
The slender filaments that make up the bodies of most fungi are called
Hyphae
In bread mold, the hyphae that grow into the surface of the bees are called
Rhizoids
The classification of organisms in the four phyla of the kingdom Fungi is based on
Sexual reproductive structures
hyphae
The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi
bread mold
Zygomycetes
Members of the phylum Zygomycota form _______ as a sexual reproductive structure
Zygosporangium
club fungi are characterized by ________
a basidium
ergot
a fungus that infects grain and carries hallucinogenic properties (may be a possibility for the salem witch trials)
what does the fungus provide for its photosynthetic partner?
a protected environment, vitamins, and minerals
zygosporangium
a tough capsule formed in zygote fungi when hyphae from two mating types come together
aflatoxins
a type of fungus that contaminates corn, peanuts, and cottonseed produces this; causes liver cancer
lichens can be damaged by chemicals in their environments and serve as indicators of ___ ___________
air pollution
The sac fungi are characterized by sexual reproductive structures called a(n) __________ that produce spores
ascus
is asexual or sexual reproduction more common in zygote fungi?
asexual
sporangia
asexual reproductive structures in zygote fungi that form at the tips of specialized hyphae
conidia
asexual spores formed in sac fungi
do sac fungi usually reproduce asexually or sexually?
asexually
yeast is used in _________________
baking, brewing, and winemaking
fairy rings
basidiocarps growing on the outer edge of a mycelial mat fanning out from a center point
club fungi
basidiomycetes
main role of fungi in the ecosystem is
decomposition of organic matter in dead organisms; this releases nutrients which other organisms can then use
athlete's foot
dermatophyte
ringworm
dermatophyte
tonail fungus
dermatophyte
with mycorrhiza, what does the fungus gain from the relationship?
food
fungi are used for ________
food, medicines, research, alternative fuels, and pest control
Dematophytes
fungi that infect the SKIN and NAILS; can grow on or inside body tissues
dikaryotic
having two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent, in a fungal mycelium
zygosporangium are resistant to:
hot, cold, dry conditions
toxins
in mushrooms, can cause vomiting, diarrhea, liver damage, and even death
A mycelium helps a fungus absorb nutrients from its environment because it provides
large surface area
histoplasmosis
lung infection caused by a fungus that grows in bird or bat feces; when the spores are inhaled, this fungus can cause severe respiratory illness and may be fatal if it spreads to other parts of the body
dermatophyte absorb nutrients and release _________________ _________________ that irritate the skin
metabolic wastes
as part of MYCORRHIZA, fungi absorb _________ from the soil and transfer them to plant roots
minerals
Most fungal spores are formed by
mitosis
Hyphae form an interwoven mass called
mycelium
orchids cannot survive without ______________
mycorrhiza
in general, do oral or surface medications help treat fungal infections?
oral, because fungi grow within the tissues of their host
rusts and smuts
parasitize plants and cause significant crop damage
rhizoids
rodlike structures in some fungi that hold the fungus in place and absorb nutrients
lichen
symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism (such as cyanobacterium, a green algae, or both)
mycorrhiza
symbiotic association of plant roots and fungi
septa (plural of septum)
the cells that make up hyphae are divided by these cross sections
Fungi absorb food across ____________________
their cell walls
All fungi share which of the following characteristics?
threadlike bodies, walls contain chitin, fungi absorb nutrients from their environment
asexual reproduction in sac fungi:
-asexual spores form by mitosis on specialized hyphae called conidiophores -spores (conidia) on a conidiophore are carried by the wind and germinate to form new fungi
mushroom
an example of a fungal reproductive structure; diploid nuclei fuse; undergo meiosis and create haploid spores; example of a basidiocarp
chytrid fungi
aquatic fungi that may have been the first type of fungi to evolve
sac fungi
ascomycetes
basidiocarp
sexual dikaryotic reproductive structure in club fungi that is formed from the hyphae of two mating types; ex. mushroom
zygote fungi are named for _______
sexual reproductive structures that produce zygotes inside a tough capsule
what is asexual reproduction in fungi?
specialized hyphae produce haploid spores by mitosis
conidiophores
spore-producing hyphae of sac fungi in asexual reproduction
sexual reproduction in zygote fungi:
-begins when hyphae from two mating types come together -hyphae join but nuclei remain separate -a tough capsule called a zygosporangium forms -when conditions are right, nuclei fuse and form diploid zygotes which undergo meiosis
Members of the phylum Ascomycota form _______ as a sexual reproductive structure
Ascocarps
Fungi are important to the environment because they decompose
Organic matter
indoor molds can aggravate ______________
allergies
yeast reproduce asexually by
budding
In lichens, the algal partner provides
carbohydrates
what does the photosynthetic partner provide for the fungus?
carbohydrates
basidiomycetes
club fungi
bird's nest fungi
club fungi (basidiomycetes)
bracket fungi
club fungi (basidiomycetes)
edible mushrooms (found in stores)
club fungi (basidiomycetes)
puffballs
club fungi (basidiomycetes)
basidia
club-shaped cells on the underside of basidiocarps
gaps in the septa allow ____________________________________________
cytoplasm and nutrients to flow through the hyphae
cortisone
produced from black bread mold, a drug that treats skin rashes and reduces joint swelling
fungi obtain energy by ____________________________________
releasing enzymes that break down organic and inorganic material and absorbing the nutrients
as part of LICHENS, fungi slowly break down _____ and prepare environments for other organisms
rocks
Ascomycetes
sac fungi
chestnut blight
sac fungi
dutch elm disease
sac fungi
morels
sac fungi
truffles
sac fungi
white-nose (syndrome)
sac fungi
yeast belongs in which group?
sac fungi
penicillium
sac fungi (blue cheese)
chytrids are mainly ________ but can also be __________
saprobes, parasites
is asexual or sexual reproduction more common in basidiomycetes/club fungi?
sexual
basidium
sexual reproductive structure in club fungi that produces spores
chitin
tough carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeletons of insects and other arthropods
yeast
unicellular fungi
lichens can survive in extreme environments such as _____________ and ______________
volcanic rock, arctic tundra
what is sexual reproduction in fungi?
when hyphae from one fungus fuse with hyphae from a fungus of the opposite mating type
what fungi are familiar as food?
whitebutton, shiitake, portabella
__________ is a normal resident of the human body. antibiotics, hormonal changes, or illness can cause this to overpopulate and lead to an infection
yeast
fungi in the medical world produce the antibiotics ______________ and ________________
penicillin, cephalosporin
with mycorrhiza, what do the plants gain from the relationship?
phosphorus and other minerals from the soil
ascus
(means sac) saclike, spore-producing structure of sac fungi
asexual reproduction in zygote fungi:
-haploid spores are produced in sporangia -haploid spores are produced by mitosis and are carried by the wind to new locations where they grow into new fungi
sexual reproduction in sac fungi (similar to zygote fungi):
-hyphae from two mating types fuse -haploid nuclei pair up -cells and nuclei inside cells divide -when the cells and the nuclei divide, the hyphae that form have two nuclei per cell -the dikaryotic cells form a reproductive structure called an ascocarp -certain cells within the ascocarp become asci (ascus) -the nuclei fuse, undergo meiosis, and produce 8 spores per ascus (use both mitosis and meiosis in this process)
sexual reproduction in club fungi (similar to sac fungi)
-hyphae from two mating types fuse and produce a dikaryotic reproductive structure called a basidiocarp -on the underside of the basidiocarp, club-shaped cells called basidia form -inside the basidia, nuclei fuse, undergo meiosis, and produce spores
chytrids were once classified as fungi because:
-unicellular -produce spores and gametes that have flagella
how many spores are produced per ascus?
8
yeast cells have been genetically engineered to make a vaccine for _________________________-
Hepatitis B
ascocarp
in sac fungi, the reproductive structure formed from dikaryotic cells during sexual reproduction
imperfect fungi
informal category of fungi with no known sexual stage of reproduction