Fungi- Ch. 22

chytrids classified with fungi because:

-chitin in cell walls -digest food outside bodies -sexual reproductive structure produces spores

gasohol

A mixture of gasoline and alcohol, alternative to gasoline, and produced from yeast

mold

A rapidly growing, asexually reproducing stage of some fungi. The term mold refers only to the asexual phase.

asci (ascus)

A saclike spore capsule located at the tip of the ascocarp in dikaryotic hyphae (certain cells within the ascocarp become this)

Members of the phylum Basidiomycota form _______ as a sexual reproductive structure

Basidiocarps

The tough material found in the cell walls of all fungi is

Chitin

What is not a characteristic of fungi?

Chlorophyll

Basidia

Club-shaped structures on the underside of club fungi where spores form.

Fungi secrete digestive ________ that break down organic matter into _________, which are absorbed by the fungus

Enzymes, nutrients

saprobes

Fungi that absorb nutrients from dead organisms

The underside of a mushroom cap is lined with rows of ________, which contain thousands of club-shaped structures called _________

Gills, basidia

The slender filaments that make up the bodies of most fungi are called

Hyphae

In bread mold, the hyphae that grow into the surface of the bees are called

Rhizoids

The classification of organisms in the four phyla of the kingdom Fungi is based on

Sexual reproductive structures

hyphae

The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi

bread mold

Zygomycetes

Members of the phylum Zygomycota form _______ as a sexual reproductive structure

Zygosporangium

club fungi are characterized by ________

a basidium

ergot

a fungus that infects grain and carries hallucinogenic properties (may be a possibility for the salem witch trials)

what does the fungus provide for its photosynthetic partner?

a protected environment, vitamins, and minerals

zygosporangium

a tough capsule formed in zygote fungi when hyphae from two mating types come together

aflatoxins

a type of fungus that contaminates corn, peanuts, and cottonseed produces this; causes liver cancer

lichens can be damaged by chemicals in their environments and serve as indicators of ___ ___________

air pollution

The sac fungi are characterized by sexual reproductive structures called a(n) __________ that produce spores

ascus

is asexual or sexual reproduction more common in zygote fungi?

asexual

sporangia

asexual reproductive structures in zygote fungi that form at the tips of specialized hyphae

conidia

asexual spores formed in sac fungi

do sac fungi usually reproduce asexually or sexually?

asexually

yeast is used in _________________

baking, brewing, and winemaking

fairy rings

basidiocarps growing on the outer edge of a mycelial mat fanning out from a center point

club fungi

basidiomycetes

main role of fungi in the ecosystem is

decomposition of organic matter in dead organisms; this releases nutrients which other organisms can then use

athlete's foot

dermatophyte

ringworm

dermatophyte

tonail fungus

dermatophyte

with mycorrhiza, what does the fungus gain from the relationship?

food

fungi are used for ________

food, medicines, research, alternative fuels, and pest control

Dematophytes

fungi that infect the SKIN and NAILS; can grow on or inside body tissues

dikaryotic

having two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent, in a fungal mycelium

zygosporangium are resistant to:

hot, cold, dry conditions

toxins

in mushrooms, can cause vomiting, diarrhea, liver damage, and even death

A mycelium helps a fungus absorb nutrients from its environment because it provides

large surface area

histoplasmosis

lung infection caused by a fungus that grows in bird or bat feces; when the spores are inhaled, this fungus can cause severe respiratory illness and may be fatal if it spreads to other parts of the body

dermatophyte absorb nutrients and release _________________ _________________ that irritate the skin

metabolic wastes

as part of MYCORRHIZA, fungi absorb _________ from the soil and transfer them to plant roots

minerals

Most fungal spores are formed by

mitosis

Hyphae form an interwoven mass called

mycelium

orchids cannot survive without ______________

mycorrhiza

in general, do oral or surface medications help treat fungal infections?

oral, because fungi grow within the tissues of their host

rusts and smuts

parasitize plants and cause significant crop damage

rhizoids

rodlike structures in some fungi that hold the fungus in place and absorb nutrients

lichen

symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism (such as cyanobacterium, a green algae, or both)

mycorrhiza

symbiotic association of plant roots and fungi

septa (plural of septum)

the cells that make up hyphae are divided by these cross sections

Fungi absorb food across ____________________

their cell walls

All fungi share which of the following characteristics?

threadlike bodies, walls contain chitin, fungi absorb nutrients from their environment

asexual reproduction in sac fungi:

-asexual spores form by mitosis on specialized hyphae called conidiophores -spores (conidia) on a conidiophore are carried by the wind and germinate to form new fungi

mushroom

an example of a fungal reproductive structure; diploid nuclei fuse; undergo meiosis and create haploid spores; example of a basidiocarp

chytrid fungi

aquatic fungi that may have been the first type of fungi to evolve

sac fungi

ascomycetes

basidiocarp

sexual dikaryotic reproductive structure in club fungi that is formed from the hyphae of two mating types; ex. mushroom

zygote fungi are named for _______

sexual reproductive structures that produce zygotes inside a tough capsule

what is asexual reproduction in fungi?

specialized hyphae produce haploid spores by mitosis

conidiophores

spore-producing hyphae of sac fungi in asexual reproduction

sexual reproduction in zygote fungi:

-begins when hyphae from two mating types come together -hyphae join but nuclei remain separate -a tough capsule called a zygosporangium forms -when conditions are right, nuclei fuse and form diploid zygotes which undergo meiosis

Members of the phylum Ascomycota form _______ as a sexual reproductive structure

Ascocarps

Fungi are important to the environment because they decompose

Organic matter

indoor molds can aggravate ______________

allergies

yeast reproduce asexually by

budding

In lichens, the algal partner provides

carbohydrates

what does the photosynthetic partner provide for the fungus?

carbohydrates

basidiomycetes

club fungi

bird's nest fungi

club fungi (basidiomycetes)

bracket fungi

club fungi (basidiomycetes)

edible mushrooms (found in stores)

club fungi (basidiomycetes)

puffballs

club fungi (basidiomycetes)

basidia

club-shaped cells on the underside of basidiocarps

gaps in the septa allow ____________________________________________

cytoplasm and nutrients to flow through the hyphae

cortisone

produced from black bread mold, a drug that treats skin rashes and reduces joint swelling

fungi obtain energy by ____________________________________

releasing enzymes that break down organic and inorganic material and absorbing the nutrients

as part of LICHENS, fungi slowly break down _____ and prepare environments for other organisms

rocks

Ascomycetes

sac fungi

chestnut blight

sac fungi

dutch elm disease

sac fungi

morels

sac fungi

truffles

sac fungi

white-nose (syndrome)

sac fungi

yeast belongs in which group?

sac fungi

penicillium

sac fungi (blue cheese)

chytrids are mainly ________ but can also be __________

saprobes, parasites

is asexual or sexual reproduction more common in basidiomycetes/club fungi?

sexual

basidium

sexual reproductive structure in club fungi that produces spores

chitin

tough carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeletons of insects and other arthropods

yeast

unicellular fungi

lichens can survive in extreme environments such as _____________ and ______________

volcanic rock, arctic tundra

what is sexual reproduction in fungi?

when hyphae from one fungus fuse with hyphae from a fungus of the opposite mating type

what fungi are familiar as food?

whitebutton, shiitake, portabella

__________ is a normal resident of the human body. antibiotics, hormonal changes, or illness can cause this to overpopulate and lead to an infection

yeast

fungi in the medical world produce the antibiotics ______________ and ________________

penicillin, cephalosporin

with mycorrhiza, what do the plants gain from the relationship?

phosphorus and other minerals from the soil

ascus

(means sac) saclike, spore-producing structure of sac fungi

asexual reproduction in zygote fungi:

-haploid spores are produced in sporangia -haploid spores are produced by mitosis and are carried by the wind to new locations where they grow into new fungi

sexual reproduction in sac fungi (similar to zygote fungi):

-hyphae from two mating types fuse -haploid nuclei pair up -cells and nuclei inside cells divide -when the cells and the nuclei divide, the hyphae that form have two nuclei per cell -the dikaryotic cells form a reproductive structure called an ascocarp -certain cells within the ascocarp become asci (ascus) -the nuclei fuse, undergo meiosis, and produce 8 spores per ascus (use both mitosis and meiosis in this process)

sexual reproduction in club fungi (similar to sac fungi)

-hyphae from two mating types fuse and produce a dikaryotic reproductive structure called a basidiocarp -on the underside of the basidiocarp, club-shaped cells called basidia form -inside the basidia, nuclei fuse, undergo meiosis, and produce spores

chytrids were once classified as fungi because:

-unicellular -produce spores and gametes that have flagella

how many spores are produced per ascus?

8

yeast cells have been genetically engineered to make a vaccine for _________________________-

Hepatitis B

ascocarp

in sac fungi, the reproductive structure formed from dikaryotic cells during sexual reproduction

imperfect fungi

informal category of fungi with no known sexual stage of reproduction