General Psych: Ch. 4 quiz
The learned and socially influenced characteristics by which people define men and women constitute
gender
One's sense of being male, female, or a combination of the two
gender identity
A set of expected behaviors for males or for females
gender roles
The complete instructions for making an organism are referred to as the
human genome
Our differences as humans include our
personalities; interests; cultural; family backgrounds
in areas such as _____, the environment sibling share at home accounts for less than ____ percent of their differences
personality; 10
although me are likely to commit ______, women are slightly more likely to commit ______
physical aggression; relational aggression
Aggression is defined as _____ or ______ behavior that is intended to hurt someone physically or emotionally
physical or verbal
our brains neural tissue is characterized by _______- it is always changing and reorganizing
plasticity
A molecular geneticist would be most interested in studying
which genes influence extraversion
a two-year period of rapid physical development begins in girls at about the age of _____ and in boys at about the age of _____
11; 12
Each cell of the human body has a total of
46 chromosomes
in number each person inherits ____ chromosomes, ____ from each parent
46; 23
Among your _____ chromosomes, _____ are unisex
46; 45
A complete molecule contained the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Chromosomes are composed of a coiled chain of
DNA molecules that contain genes
the idea that parents shape their children's future came from
Freudian psychiatry and psychology
When the effect of one factor (such as the environment) depends on another (such as heredity), we say there is an _____ between the two factors
Interaction
the principle that we should prefer the simplest of competing explanations for a phenomenon is called
Occam's razor
If a fraternal twin develops schizophrenia, the likelihood of the other twin developing serious mental illness is much lower than with identical twins. This suggests that
Schizophrenia is influenced by genes
Which of the following is an example of interaction?
Swimmers with certain personality traits swim fastest during competition, while those with other personality traits swim fastest during solo time trials
Despite growing up in the same home environment, Karen and her brother John have personalities as different from each other as two people selected randomly from the population
The interaction of their individual genes and nonshared experiences accounts for the common finding that children in the same family are usually very different
The complete genetic instructions for making an organism
a genome
is a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations
a social script
Collectivist cultures
are characterized by all of these values
Adoption studies show that the personalities of adopted children
bear more similarities to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents
Researchers who specifically study genetics and environmental influences on behavior are called
behavior geneticists
The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
behavior genetics
These characteristics are the product of the interplay among our
biological dispositions, developmental experiences, and our current situations
The master plans for development are stored in the
chromosomes
Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes. In conception, the 23 chromosomes in the egg are paired with the 23 chromosomes in the sperm
chromosomes
environmental influences begin at
conception, with the prenatal environment
the field of _____ is studying how neurobiology and cultural traits influence each other
cultural neuroscience
when people dont understand whats expected, they may experience
culture shock
research studies have found that when infant rats and premature human babies babies are regularly touched or massaged, they
develop faster neurologically
Environmental factors such as _____, ______, and ____ can affect the epigenetic molecules that regulate gene expression
diet, drugs, and stress
Temperament refers to a person's characteristic
emotional reactivity and intensity
In behavior genetics, _____ refers to every nongenetic, or external, influence on our traits and behaviors
environment
Our experiences also lay down _____, which may "turn off" a specific gene
epigenetic marks
The field of _____ studies the molecular mechanism by which environmental events trigger or block genetic expression
epigenetics
the study of influences on gene expression that occur without a changing in DNA
epigenetics
researchers who study natural selection and the adaptive nature or human behavior are called
evolutionary psychologists
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
evolutionary psychology
develop from two separate eggs fertilized by different sperm and therefore are no more genetically similar than ordinary siblings
fraternal twins (dizygotic twins)
Rod has always felt pressure to be the driver when traveling in a car with Sue because e learned that this was expected of men. Rod's feelings illustrate the influence of
gender roles
the degree to which we exhibit traditionally male or female traits and interests is called
gender typing
mutations are random errors in______ replication
gene
If chromosomes are the chapters of heredity, the words that make each of us a distinctive human being are called
genes
The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; they are segments of the DNA molecules capable of synthesizing a protein
genes
_____ are random errors in genetic replication that lead to change
genetic mutations
Physiological tests reveal that anxious, inhibited infants
have high and variable heart rates
several studies of long-separated identical twins have found that these twins
have many similarities, in everything from medical histories to personalities
The extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to differing genes is called
heritability
refers to the proportion of variation among individuals that can be attributed to genes
heritability
sex chromosomes control _____ that influence the brain's wiring
hormones
develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two and therefore are genetically identical
identical twins (monozygotic twins)
Of the following, the best way to separate the effects of genes and environment in research is to study
identical twins raised in different environments
Unlike _____ twins, who develop from a single fertilized egg, ____ twins develop from separate fertilized eggs
identical; fraternal
Most human traits are
influenced by many genes acting together
one landmark of human culture is the perception of _____, which is derived from our mastery of _____, so that we can pass it on to future generations. Culture also enables an efficient division of _____
innovation; language; labor
which of the following most accurately expresses the extent of parental influence on personality?
it is more limited than popular psychology supposes
evolutionary psychologists attribute male-female differences in sexuality to the fact that women have
lower reproductive potential than do men
asked different questions, men are most likely than women to hazard guesses rather than admit they don't know, a phenomenon called the
male answer syndrome
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the sexuality of men and women?
male-female differences in sexuality are noticeably absent among gay men and lesbian women
casual, impulsive sex is most frequent among
males with traditional masculine attributes
the first menstrual period is called _____.In boys the first ejaculation is called _____
mearche; spermarche
The study of how genes interact with the environment to influence our behavior
molecular behavior genetics
The subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes
molecular genetics
Each chromosome is composed of a coiled chain of the
molecule DNA
random errors in gene replication that lead to change
mutations
According to the principle of ______, traits that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
natural selection
the evolutionary principle that traits that lead to increased reproduction and survival are the most likely to be passed on to succeeding generations
natural selection
A fundamental question in psychology deals with the extent to which we are shaped by our heredity is called our _____, and by external influences, called our ____
nature; nurture
The term environment refers to every
nongenetic influence
Are understood rules for accepted and expected behavior
norms
the traditions of a culture are passed from one generation to the next by means of
norms
evolutionary explanations of male-female differences in sexuality have been criticized because
of all of these reasons
when evolutionary psychologists use the work fitness, they are specifically referring to
our ability to survive and reproduce
This growth spurt is marked by the development of the reproductive organs and external genitialia, or ______ characteristics, as well as by the development of traits such as pubic hairand enlarged breasts in females and facial hair in males. These nonreproductive traits are known as _______
primary sex; secondary sex
When turned on, genes provide the code for creating _____, our body's building blocks
protein molecules
Genes direct our physical development by synthesizing
proteins
adolescent begins with the time of developing sexual maturity known as
puberty
A pair of adopted children or identical twins reared in the same home are most likely to have similar
religious beliefs
My sibling and I developed from a single fertilized egg. Who are we?
same- sex identical twins
in about the _____ week, testosterone hormones initiates the development of external male sex organs
seventh
the twenty- third pair of chromosomes determines the developing person's
sex
the mother always contributes a _____ chromosome. When the father contributes a ______ chromosome, the testes begin producing the hormone ______
sex; X;Y testosterone
The biologically influenced characteristics by which people define males and females constitute ______, which is defined by their _____ and _____
sex; chromosomes; anatomy
Researchers in in evolutionary psychology focus mostly on what makes people
so much alike from one another
According to _____, people learn social behavior (such as gender roles) by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
social learning theory
the hormone testosterone
stimulates growth of the male sex organs
through natural selection, the traits that are most likely to be passed on to succeeding generations are those that contribute to
survival
refers to a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
temperament
The term that refers to the inborn personality, especially the child's emotional excitability is
temperament, which does endure over time
The genome is best defined as
the complete instructions for making an organism
gender refers to
the socially influenced characteristics by which people define men and women
the fertilized egg will develop into a boy if, at conception,
the sperm contributes a Y chromosome
To study the power and limits of genetic influences on behavior, researchers use
twin and adoption studies
an evolutionary psychologist would be most interested in studying
why most people are so passionately devoted to their children
according to evolutionary psychology, men are drawn sexually to women who seem ______, while women are attracted to men who seem _______
youthful and fertile; mature and affluent