General Psych: Ch. 4 quiz

The learned and socially influenced characteristics by which people define men and women constitute

gender

One's sense of being male, female, or a combination of the two

gender identity

A set of expected behaviors for males or for females

gender roles

The complete instructions for making an organism are referred to as the

human genome

Our differences as humans include our

personalities; interests; cultural; family backgrounds

in areas such as _____, the environment sibling share at home accounts for less than ____ percent of their differences

personality; 10

although me are likely to commit ______, women are slightly more likely to commit ______

physical aggression; relational aggression

Aggression is defined as _____ or ______ behavior that is intended to hurt someone physically or emotionally

physical or verbal

our brains neural tissue is characterized by _______- it is always changing and reorganizing

plasticity

A molecular geneticist would be most interested in studying

which genes influence extraversion

a two-year period of rapid physical development begins in girls at about the age of _____ and in boys at about the age of _____

11; 12

Each cell of the human body has a total of

46 chromosomes

in number each person inherits ____ chromosomes, ____ from each parent

46; 23

Among your _____ chromosomes, _____ are unisex

46; 45

A complete molecule contained the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Chromosomes are composed of a coiled chain of

DNA molecules that contain genes

the idea that parents shape their children's future came from

Freudian psychiatry and psychology

When the effect of one factor (such as the environment) depends on another (such as heredity), we say there is an _____ between the two factors

Interaction

the principle that we should prefer the simplest of competing explanations for a phenomenon is called

Occam's razor

If a fraternal twin develops schizophrenia, the likelihood of the other twin developing serious mental illness is much lower than with identical twins. This suggests that

Schizophrenia is influenced by genes

Which of the following is an example of interaction?

Swimmers with certain personality traits swim fastest during competition, while those with other personality traits swim fastest during solo time trials

Despite growing up in the same home environment, Karen and her brother John have personalities as different from each other as two people selected randomly from the population

The interaction of their individual genes and nonshared experiences accounts for the common finding that children in the same family are usually very different

The complete genetic instructions for making an organism

a genome

is a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

a social script

Collectivist cultures

are characterized by all of these values

Adoption studies show that the personalities of adopted children

bear more similarities to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents

Researchers who specifically study genetics and environmental influences on behavior are called

behavior geneticists

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

behavior genetics

These characteristics are the product of the interplay among our

biological dispositions, developmental experiences, and our current situations

The master plans for development are stored in the

chromosomes

Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes. In conception, the 23 chromosomes in the egg are paired with the 23 chromosomes in the sperm

chromosomes

environmental influences begin at

conception, with the prenatal environment

the field of _____ is studying how neurobiology and cultural traits influence each other

cultural neuroscience

when people dont understand whats expected, they may experience

culture shock

research studies have found that when infant rats and premature human babies babies are regularly touched or massaged, they

develop faster neurologically

Environmental factors such as _____, ______, and ____ can affect the epigenetic molecules that regulate gene expression

diet, drugs, and stress

Temperament refers to a person's characteristic

emotional reactivity and intensity

In behavior genetics, _____ refers to every nongenetic, or external, influence on our traits and behaviors

environment

Our experiences also lay down _____, which may "turn off" a specific gene

epigenetic marks

The field of _____ studies the molecular mechanism by which environmental events trigger or block genetic expression

epigenetics

the study of influences on gene expression that occur without a changing in DNA

epigenetics

researchers who study natural selection and the adaptive nature or human behavior are called

evolutionary psychologists

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

evolutionary psychology

develop from two separate eggs fertilized by different sperm and therefore are no more genetically similar than ordinary siblings

fraternal twins (dizygotic twins)

Rod has always felt pressure to be the driver when traveling in a car with Sue because e learned that this was expected of men. Rod's feelings illustrate the influence of

gender roles

the degree to which we exhibit traditionally male or female traits and interests is called

gender typing

mutations are random errors in______ replication

gene

If chromosomes are the chapters of heredity, the words that make each of us a distinctive human being are called

genes

The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; they are segments of the DNA molecules capable of synthesizing a protein

genes

_____ are random errors in genetic replication that lead to change

genetic mutations

Physiological tests reveal that anxious, inhibited infants

have high and variable heart rates

several studies of long-separated identical twins have found that these twins

have many similarities, in everything from medical histories to personalities

The extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to differing genes is called

heritability

refers to the proportion of variation among individuals that can be attributed to genes

heritability

sex chromosomes control _____ that influence the brain's wiring

hormones

develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two and therefore are genetically identical

identical twins (monozygotic twins)

Of the following, the best way to separate the effects of genes and environment in research is to study

identical twins raised in different environments

Unlike _____ twins, who develop from a single fertilized egg, ____ twins develop from separate fertilized eggs

identical; fraternal

Most human traits are

influenced by many genes acting together

one landmark of human culture is the perception of _____, which is derived from our mastery of _____, so that we can pass it on to future generations. Culture also enables an efficient division of _____

innovation; language; labor

which of the following most accurately expresses the extent of parental influence on personality?

it is more limited than popular psychology supposes

evolutionary psychologists attribute male-female differences in sexuality to the fact that women have

lower reproductive potential than do men

asked different questions, men are most likely than women to hazard guesses rather than admit they don't know, a phenomenon called the

male answer syndrome

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the sexuality of men and women?

male-female differences in sexuality are noticeably absent among gay men and lesbian women

casual, impulsive sex is most frequent among

males with traditional masculine attributes

the first menstrual period is called _____.In boys the first ejaculation is called _____

mearche; spermarche

The study of how genes interact with the environment to influence our behavior

molecular behavior genetics

The subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes

molecular genetics

Each chromosome is composed of a coiled chain of the

molecule DNA

random errors in gene replication that lead to change

mutations

According to the principle of ______, traits that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

natural selection

the evolutionary principle that traits that lead to increased reproduction and survival are the most likely to be passed on to succeeding generations

natural selection

A fundamental question in psychology deals with the extent to which we are shaped by our heredity is called our _____, and by external influences, called our ____

nature; nurture

The term environment refers to every

nongenetic influence

Are understood rules for accepted and expected behavior

norms

the traditions of a culture are passed from one generation to the next by means of

norms

evolutionary explanations of male-female differences in sexuality have been criticized because

of all of these reasons

when evolutionary psychologists use the work fitness, they are specifically referring to

our ability to survive and reproduce

This growth spurt is marked by the development of the reproductive organs and external genitialia, or ______ characteristics, as well as by the development of traits such as pubic hairand enlarged breasts in females and facial hair in males. These nonreproductive traits are known as _______

primary sex; secondary sex

When turned on, genes provide the code for creating _____, our body's building blocks

protein molecules

Genes direct our physical development by synthesizing

proteins

adolescent begins with the time of developing sexual maturity known as

puberty

A pair of adopted children or identical twins reared in the same home are most likely to have similar

religious beliefs

My sibling and I developed from a single fertilized egg. Who are we?

same- sex identical twins

in about the _____ week, testosterone hormones initiates the development of external male sex organs

seventh

the twenty- third pair of chromosomes determines the developing person's

sex

the mother always contributes a _____ chromosome. When the father contributes a ______ chromosome, the testes begin producing the hormone ______

sex; X;Y testosterone

The biologically influenced characteristics by which people define males and females constitute ______, which is defined by their _____ and _____

sex; chromosomes; anatomy

Researchers in in evolutionary psychology focus mostly on what makes people

so much alike from one another

According to _____, people learn social behavior (such as gender roles) by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

social learning theory

the hormone testosterone

stimulates growth of the male sex organs

through natural selection, the traits that are most likely to be passed on to succeeding generations are those that contribute to

survival

refers to a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

temperament

The term that refers to the inborn personality, especially the child's emotional excitability is

temperament, which does endure over time

The genome is best defined as

the complete instructions for making an organism

gender refers to

the socially influenced characteristics by which people define men and women

the fertilized egg will develop into a boy if, at conception,

the sperm contributes a Y chromosome

To study the power and limits of genetic influences on behavior, researchers use

twin and adoption studies

an evolutionary psychologist would be most interested in studying

why most people are so passionately devoted to their children

according to evolutionary psychology, men are drawn sexually to women who seem ______, while women are attracted to men who seem _______

youthful and fertile; mature and affluent