Geography Test 3

An ecosystem is a(n) _____ that functions as a community. A. Plant group B. Association of plants and animals C. Oceanic Biota D. Animal group E. Rock type

B. Association of plants and animals

The soil-forming factor which is said to make soil more than "just dirt" is the ________ factor. A. Climate B. Biological C. Topographic D. Geologic E. Chronologic

B. Biological

Water's upward movement against the flow of gravity is ______. A. Convection B. Capillarity C. Advection D. Vadose E. Impossible

B. Capillarity

All months have average temperatures below freezing in the ___ climatic type. A. BS B. EF C. ET D. Dfa E. Cw

B. EF

Within the zone of saturation is found water known as _____. A. Artesian water B. Groundwater C. The water table D. The cone of depression E. The aquicludes

B. Groundwater

This type of water is held to soil particles by adhesion and is normally unavailable to plants. A. Combined water B. Hygroscopic water C. Gravitational Water D. Capillary Water E. All of the above

B. Hygroscopic water

The ________ tropical rain forest soils is due to climate A. Shallowness of B. Infertility of C. Precipitation versus evaporation D. Light E. All of the above

B. Infertility of

In tropical regions the "winter" season is merely the ___ period. A. Zodiac B. Low sun C. Intertropical conergence D. Easterly wave E. Tropical cyclone

B. Low sun

Clay has a high ________ and low ________ because it has a great many, small interstices. A. Permeability, porosity B. Porosity, permeability C. Aquifer, capability, aquiclude, capability D. Water table, piezometric surface E. Piezometrix surface, water table

B. Porosity, permeability

Mediterranean climates experience dry summers because of _________ A. Double maxium of sun elevation B. Position of subtropical high pressure C. Cool ocean currents D. Adjacent rain shadows E. None of the above

B. Position of subtropical high pressure

Early work in soil science was done by __________. A. Germans B. Russians C. Mexicans D. Canadians E. Chinese

B. Russians

To the Greeks, their land fell within the ______ zone in their early ossification of climate. A. Frigid B. Temperature C. Torrid D. Homeland E. Hinterland

B. Temperature

Most of the "big game" mammals in Africa are naturally adapted to the ___ biome. A. Desert B. Tropical Savanna C. Monsoon Forest D. Boreal Forest E. Tropical Rain Forest

B. Tropical Savanna

The Intertropical Convergence is most closely associated with which of the Koppen system's major climate types? A. (A) B. (B) C. (C) D. (D) E. (E)

A. (A)

Based on the pH Scale soils are neutral at __________. A. 7.0 B. 7.5 C. 8.0 D. 6.5 E. 6.0

A. 7.0

Most all needle-leaf trees are ________. A. Evergreen B. Deciduous C. Succulents D. Annuals E. Bryophytes

A. Evergreen

Parent material is closely associated with which soil-forming factor? A. Geologic B. Climatic C. Topographic D. Chronological E. Biological

A. Geologic

Which of the following are NOT common in the Tropical Rain forest climate A. Hoofed animals B. Monkeys C. Insects D. Snakes E. Birds

A. Hoofed animals

In Australia the maximum precipitation in the Csa climate type occurs in the month of _________. A. June B. September C. December D. March E. None of the above

A. June

In Af climates, _______ is the principal soil-forming process. A. Laterization B. Eosion C. Slow infiltration D. Slow decay of vegetation E. None of the above

A. Laterization

The main reason for the occurrence of subtropical deserts around the world is: A. Locations of the subtropical high-pressure systems B. The westerly winds C. The intertropical convergence D. Easterly winds E. Position of the cold ocean currents

A. Locations of the subtropical high-pressure systems

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of desert climates? A. Precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration B. Precipitation is scarce C. Precipitation is unreliable D. Precipitation is intense when it comes E. Cold ocean currents can cause advective cooling

A. Precipitation exceeds evapotanspiration

Vegetation growing alongside streams is termed ________. A. Riparian B. Adret C. Ubac D. Motile E. None of the above

A. Riparian

A type of species removal when vegetation is naturally replaced by another group is termed ________. A. Succession B. Adaption C. Competition D. Migration E. Rejuvenation

A. Succession

In discussing underground water, which of the following is found closest to the top of the ground _____. A. Water Table B. Waterless zone C. Zone of aeration D. Aquifer E. Cone of Depression

A. Water Table

The world's greatest recorded average annual temperature range was in _________. A. Yakutsk, Siberia B. Narvik, Norway C. Falkland Islands D. Nome, Alaska E. Stillwater, Oklahoma

A. Yakutsk, Siberia

The single most descriptive word that can be applied to Tropical Wet climates is. A. "Variability" B. "Seasonality" C. "Comfortable" D. "Invigorating" E. "Monotonous"

E. "Monotonous"

The _____ climatic type has, by far, the smallest annual temperature range of any climatic type. A. ET B. Dfa C. Bwh D. Csa E. Af

E. Af

The availability of moisture to plants is largely determined by ___________. A. Precipitation B. Evaporation C. Precipitation versus evaporation D. Light E. All of the above

E. All of the above

City A and City B are located 50 kilometer from one another and are the same latitude. City A has a much greater annual temperature range than City B. The most likely explanation for this fact is that City A ________. A. Is lower in elevation than City B B. Has more moisture in the air than City B C. Is cloudier than City B D. Has more air pollution than City B E. Is in a more continental climate than City B

E. Is in a more continental climate than City B

The deepest soils are usually_________. A. Located randomly on the landscape B. Difficult to locate C. On the tops of hills D. On the sides of hills E. On flat land

E. On flat land

Of all the continents, ____ has the most symmetrical of the distributions of major climatic types. A. Australia B. South America C. Africa D. South America E. Europe

C. Africa

The World Region most closely associated with D climates is: A. Central America B. Australia C. Canada D. Southern Africa E. Amazon basin

C. Canada

The smallest-sized pieces of a soil are ________. A. Sands B. Gravels C. Clays D. Silts E. Cobbles

C. Clays

In the tropical rain forest, precipitation is mainly ______. A. Frontal B. Unreliable C. Convective D. Orographic E. Gentle drizzle

C. Convective

A middle latitude forested climate type located on the western edges of the major continents in the __________ climate. A. Cfa B. Csa C. Csb D. Cfb E. Cwa

C. Csb

Xerophytes are plants of the ___ region. A. Polar B. Tropical Rain Forest C. Desert D. Mid-latitude Forest E. Steppe

C. Desert

The effects of soil on flora and fauna are called _______. A. Topographic B. Ecotonal C. Edaphic D. Biotic E. Transitory

C. Edaphic

On the earth's liquid water inventory, ost of the fresh water is stored in the form of _________. A. Ground Water B. River and stream water C. Glacial ice D. Water in LAKES E. Clouds

C. Glacial ice

The pedogenic regime associated with the tropical moist climates is _________. A. Podzolization B. Salinization C. Laterization D. Gleization E. Calcification

C. Laterization

Plants which survive seasonal climatic fluctuations from year to year are ________. A. Succulents B. Xerophytes C. Perennials D. Annuals E. Epiphytes

C. Perennials

Mature tropical soils are generally noteworthy for their _____ color. A. Black B. Tan C. Red D. White E. gray

C. Red

An alternative term for tropical rain forest biomes is ___. A. Chaparral B. Savanna C. Selva D. Jungle e. Prairie

C. Selva

Which of the following is another name for a tropical rain forest? A. Flora B. Savanna C. Selva D. Fauna E. Steppe

C. Selva

A synonym for the northern or boreal forest biome is _____. A. Tundra B. Chordata C. Taiga D. Savanna E. Bryophyte

C. Taiga

The transfer of moisture from plant leaves to atmosphere is ________. A. Sublimation B. Estivation C. Transportation D. Evaporation E. Nivation

C. Transportation

The very top of the saturated zone of ground water is called _______. A. Zone of saturation B. Vandose Zone C. Water table D. Aquiclude E. Waterless zone

C. Water table

Both steppe and tundra vegetation zones have ________ in common. A. Temperate Regimes B. Coastal location C. enormous average annual temperature range D. Absence of trees E. Prevalence of tornadoes

D. Absence of trees

A small island on the Equator would most likely be classified ___________. A. Aw B. BS C. Cfa D. Af E. Dfa

D. Af

The presence of the cold, Humboldt current and the Andes mountains create ______ desert. A. Sahara B. Gobi C. Sonoran D. Atacama E. None of the above

D. Atacama

Which pedogenic regime is most closely associated with the drier grassland of North America? A. Gleization B. Salinization C. Laterization D. Calcification E. Podzolization

D. Calcification

Which climate type is known for clear skies in the summertime? A. Af B. Cfa C. Dfa D. Csa E. Am

D. Csa

"Continentality" is a term most closely associated with which climatic type? A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E

D. D

Of the main Koppen climate zones, _____ is the only one which does not occur in the southern hemisphere. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E

D. D

Which of the following is NOT a climate type found in South America? A. A B. B C. C D. D E. H

D. D

Concerning the biosphere, the geographic viewpoint is most often concerned with ___ A. Taxonomy B. Specific Plants C. Specific Animals D. Distributions and relationships E. None of the above

D. Distributions and relationships

A soil texture in which none of the three main soil separates dominates the other two is called _______. A. Adobe B. Humus C. Loess D. Loam E. Podzol

D. Loam

In Am climates, the hottest time of year is ____. A. Winter B. Summer C. Fall D. Spring E. All of the above

D. Spring

In terms of general location of a climate, in what place would one expect to find a humid continental climate (Dfa) in the U.S. ? A. The southwest (Phoenix, Arizona) B. The northwest (Seattle, Washington) C. The Southeast (Atlanta, Georgia) D. The Great Lakes (Buffalo, New York) E. South Central (Dallas, Texas)

D. The Great Lakes (Buffalo, New York)

The Cs climatic type is always located on the ___ side of the continents. A. North B. South C. East D. West E. Highland

D. West

(Match the fauna with the correct type of climate.) 1. Birds, reptiles, insects in abundance 2. Greatest Variety of Game Animals in the world- carnivores and herbivores 3. Reindeer and swarms of summer insects; e.g., mosquitoes 4. Rodents, reptiles, insects, herbivores including camels 5. Mid-latitude forest animals like deer, bears, skunks, raccoons, wolves, --------------------------------------- A. Tropical Savanna (Aw) B. Tropical Deserts and Steppes (Bwh and Bsh) C. West Coast Marine (Cfb) D. Tropical Wet (Af) E. Tundra (ET)

1. Birds, reptiles, insects in abundance-----D. Tropical Wet (Af) ----------------------------------------------------- 2. Greatest Variety of Game Animals in the world- carnivores and herbivores-----A. Tropical Savanna (Aw) -------------------------------------------------------- 3. Reindeer and swarms of summer insects; e.g., mosquitoes-----E. Tundra (ET) ------------------------------------------------------- 4. Rodents, reptiles, insects, herbivores including camels-----B. Tropical Deserts and Steppes (Bwh and Bsh) ------------------------------------------------ 5. Mid-latitude forest animals like deer, bears, skunks, raccoons, wolves,eagles,etc.-----C. West Coast Marine (Cfb)

(Match the following soil types with their correct characteristics.) 1. Latosol (oxisol) 2. Sierozem (Aridisol or entisol) 3. Podsol (Spodosol) 4. Chernozem (Mollisol) 5. Tundra soils (Histosol and Inceptisol) ------------------------------------------------ A. Marshy conditions, intrazonal soils, abundance of humus, Slow chemical alteration of minerals B. Abundance of Fe and Al oxides, little humus, complete chemical and mechanical decomposition C. Dark color - black, rich in humus and calcium, very fertile. D. Almost no humus, abundance of CaCo*3 light colored-usually grey or whitish E. Shallow profile associated with coniferous forest ashy-grey color

1. Latosol (oxisol)------B. Abundance of Fe and Al oxides, little humus, complete chemical and mechanical decomposition ------------------------------------------------------ 2. Sierozem (Aridisol or entisol)------D. Almost no humus, abundance of CaCo*3 light colored-usually grey or whitish ------------------------------------------------------ 3. Podsol (Spodosol)-----E. Shallow profile associated with coniferous forest ashy-grey color ------------------------------------------------------ 4. Chernozem (Mollisol)-----C. Dark color - black, rich in humus and calcium, very fertile. ------------------------------------------------------ 5. Tundra soils (Histosol and Inceptisol)----- A. Marshy conditions, intrazonal soils, abundance of humus, Slow chemical alteration of minerals

(Match the following climate types with their correct characteristics) 1. Mediterranean (Csa) 2. Humid Subtropical (Cfa) 3. West Coast Marine (Cfb) 4. Tropical Rainforest (Af) 5. Tropical Desert (Bwh) -------------------------------------- A. Small annual temperature range B. High annual precipitation variability C. Controlled alternately by subtropical high in summer, and cool westerlies in winter D. Uptilted western side of subtropical high in summer, allows convectional precipitation. Winter precipitation is mostly cyclonic E. Despite location in high latitudes, small annual temperature range because of oceanic influence and westerly winds

1. Mediterranean (Csa)-----C. Controlled alternately by subtropical high in summer, and cool westerlies in winter ------------------------------------------------------ 2. Humid Subtropical (Cfa)-----D. Uptilted western side of subtropical high in summer, allows convectional precipitation. Winter precipitation is mostly cyclonic ---------------------------------------------------- 3. West Coast Marine (Cfb)-----E. Despite location in high latitudes, small annual temperature range because of oceanic influence and westerly winds ------------------------------------------------------ 4. Tropical Rainforest (Af)-------B. High annual precipitation variability ------------------------------------------ 5. Tropical Desert (Bwh)-----A. Small annual temperature range

(Match the following terms with their correct definitions). 1. Permafrost 2. Taiga 3. Azonal 4. Seventh approximation 5. Eluviation ------------------------------------------------------- A. U.S. soil classification system, developed in 1962 B. Infiltration of precipitation moves soil chemicals into B. horizon C. Immature soils with no well-developed profiles; e.g., loess, alluvium D. Soil water frozen throughout the year E. Northern or boreal forest - mostly conifers

1. Permafrost-------D. Soil water frozen throughout the year ------------------------------------------------------- 2. Taiga------E. Northern or boreal forest - mostly conifers ------------------------------------------------------- 3. Azonal ------C. Immature soils with no well-developed profiles; e.g., loess, alluvium ------------------------------------------------------- 4. Seventh approzimation------A. U.S. soil classification system, developed in 1962 ------------------------------------------------------- 5. Eluviation-----B. Infiltration of precipitation moves soil chemicals into B. horizon

(Match the climatic control with the type of climate it dominates.) 1. Subtropical high pressure cell 2. Westerly winds off ocean surface 3. Continentality 4. Equatorial low 5. Rainshadow effect --------------------- A. Subarctic ( Dfd, Dwd, Dfc, Dwc) B. Tropical wet (Af) C. Mid-latitude Desert and steppe (Bsk, Bwk) D. West Coast Marine (Cfb) E. Tropical desert (Bwh)

1. Subtropical high-pressure cell-----E. Tropical desert (Bwh) ------------------------------------------------------ 2. Westerly winds off ocean surface-----D. West Coast Marine (Cfb) ----------------------------------------------------- 3. Continentality-----A. Subarctic ( Dfd, Dwd, Dfc, Dwc) ----------------------------------------------- 4. Equatorial low-----B. Tropical wet (Af) ------------------------------------------- 5. Rainshadow effect-----C. Mid-latitude Desert and steppe (Bsk, Bwk)

(Match the soil characteristic with its correct definition) 1. Texture 2. Constitution 3. Horizon 4. Nitrogen Fixation 5. Gleization ------------------------------------------------------------ A. Individual soil particle size B. Make up differ layers in soil profile C. Bacteria associated with legumes D. Reduction of iron oxides in wet or saturated soils E. Chemistry, pH, and ionization of soils

1. Texture-----A. Individual soil particle size --------------------------------------------------- 2. Constitution-----E. Chemistry, pH, and ionization of soils --------------------------------------------------- 3. Horizon-----B. Make up differ layers in soil profile --------------------------------------------------- 4. Nitrogen Fixation------ C. Bacteria associated with legumes --------------------------------------------------- 5. Gleization------D. Reduction of iron oxides in wet or saturated soils

(Match the type of climate with the correct weather conditions.) 1. Tropical Monsoon (Am) 2. Tundra (ET) 3. Coastal Desert (BWhn) 4. Mediterranean (Csa) 5. Continental Subarctic (Dfc, Dfw, Dwc, Dwd) --------------------------------- A. Extremely low precipitation, but frequent fog B. Hot dry summers, mild rainy winters C. Highest annual temperature range D. Short summer, too cold in the summer for tree growth E. Hot and humid, dry season in winter more than 80" of precipitation annually.

1. Tropical Monsoon (Am)-----E. Hot and humid, dry season in winter more than 80" of precipitation annually. ------------------------------------------------------ 2. Tundra (ET)-----D. Short summer, too cold in the summer for tree growth ----------------------------------------------------- 3. Coastal Desert (BWhn)-----C. Highest annual temperature range ----------------------------------------------------- 4. Mediterranean (Csa)-----B. Hot dry summers, mild rainy winters ----------------------------------------------------- 5. Continental Subarctic (Dfc, Dfw, Dwc, Dwd)-----A. Extremely low precipitation, but frequent fog

(Match) 1. Tropical Savanna (Aw) 2. West Coast Marine (Cfb) 3. Humid Subtropical (Cfa) 4. Mediterranean (Csa) 5. Humid Continental (Dfa,Dfb) ----------------------------------------- A. Southern Japan; Charlotte, North Carolina B. Cape Town, South Africa; Los Angeles, California C. Northern Australia; Southern Florida D. Moscow, Russia; Minneapolis, Minnesota E. Paris, France; Seattle, Washington

1. Tropical Savanna (Aw)------A. Southern Japan; Charlotte, North Carolina ---------------------------------------------------- 2. West Coast Marine (Cfb)-----E. Paris, France; Seattle, Washington ---------------------------------------------------- 3. Humid Subtropical (Cfa)------C. Northern Australia; Southern Florida ---------------------------------------------------- 4. Mediterranean (Csa)------B. Cape Town, South Africa; Los Angeles, California ---------------------------------------------------- 5. Humid Continental (Dfa,Dfb)-----D. Moscow, Russia; Minneapolis, Minnesota

(Match the type of climate with its correct water budget) 1. Tropical rainforest (Af) 2. West Coast Marine (Cfb) 3. Mediterranean (Csa) 4. Savanna (Aw) 5. Tropical Desert (BWh) ----------------------- A. Extreme seasonal difference-deficit in winter, recharge and surplus in winter B. Extreme seasonal difference-deficit in winter, recharge and surplus in summer C. Always in a state of surplus D. Always in a state of deficit E. Slight deficit in summer, surplus most of the year

1. Tropical rainforest -----E. Slight deficit in summer, surplus most of the year -------------------------------------------- 2. West Coast Marine-----C. Always in a state of surplus ---------------------------------------------- 3. Mediterranean------A. Extreme seasonal difference-deficit in winter, recharge and surplus in winter ---------------------------------------------- 4. Savanna------B. Extreme seasonal difference-deficit in winter, recharge and surplus in summer ---------------------------------------------------- 5. Tropical Desert------ D. Always in a state of deficit

1. Permafrost-------D. Soil water frozen throughout the year ------------------------------------------------------- 2. Taiga------E. Northern or boreal forest - mostly conifers ------------------------------------------------------- 3. Azonal ------ ------------------------------------------------------- 4. Seventh approzimation------A. U.S. soil classification system, developed in 1962 ------------------------------------------------------- 5. Eluviation-----

1. Water table-----C. Boundary between zone of saturation and zone of aeration ------------------------------------------------------ 2. Hygroscopic water-----E. Thin film of water around each soil particle, gravitational-like attraction ------------------------------------------------------ 3. Artesian water-----A. Groundwater under hydrostatic pressure ------------------------------------------------------ 4. Evapotranspiration-----D. Water vapor enters the atmosphere from plant leaves and soil and water surfaces ------------------------------------------------------ 5. Ghyben-Hersburg lens-----B. Freshwater floating on top of salty water beneath an island

(Match the vegetation type with its correct characteristic or location) 1. Xerophyte 2. Savanna 3. Selva 4. Galeria or Riparian 5. Steppe ------------------------------------- A. Small leaves, succulents, thorns, deep or wide-spread roots, sparse B. Thick tree growth along the margins of streams in an otherwise grassland area. C. Short, bunchy grass with bare ground in between, no trees D. Tall evergreen broad leaf trees, distinct canopies E. Parkland appearance, sometimes tall grasses with interspersed trees; e.g., Baobab

1. Xerophyte------A. Small leaves, succulents, thorns, deep or wide-spread roots, sparse ------------------------------------------------------- 2. Savanna------E. Parkland appearance, sometimes tall grasses with interspersed trees; e.g., Baoba ------------------------------------------------- 3. Selva-----D. Tall evergreen broad leaf trees, distinct canopies ----------------------------------------------- 4. Galeria or Riparian------B. Thick tree growth along the margins of streams in an otherwise grassland area. ----------------------------------------------------- 5. Steppe-----C. Short, bunchy grass with bare ground in between, no trees