SOC 152- Last Unit Homework

Ninety-three percent of non-Hispanic Whites aged 25 and older have attained at least a high school degree. What is the percentage for the same group of Black Americans?

86 percent

How does the U.S. Census treat ethnicity?

It is separate from race.

In 2017, over $148 billion was sent from the U.S. to other countries in the form of remittances. What country was the largest recipient of those remittances?

Mexico

Resources that we own or control are known as ______ resources.

material

A system in which a person's social status is achieved through a combination of ability and effort is called

meritocracy.

In a study of biracial college students with one White parent and one Black parent, it was found that 71 percent of them identified as

multiracial.

Weber argued that Marx's conception of power was too

narrow.

The bourgeoisie is also called the ______ class.

ruling

Which of the following are among the states with the largest Hispanic population?

California Florida Texas Illinois New York

In his study of economic insecurity from ages 25 to 60, Mark Rand found that approximately _____ of the U.S. population experience at least one year in which they are unemployed, receive welfare benefits, or are official poor or near poverty.

80 %

In the U.S. Justice Department's investigation of the Ferguson, Missouri police department, it found that _____ of the arrest from traffic stops involved African Americans, who made up 67 percent of the city's population.

93 percent

The fastest-growing segment of the Latino community consists of people from

Central America.

The median household income for Mexican Americans is $49,439. This is lower only than the median household income for what other U.S. Hispanic groups?

Costa Ricans

The term White ethnic refers to those Americans whose ancestors came from Europe within the last century, including people of which of the following ancestries?

German Irish Polish

What was the most controversial aspect of Linnaeus's taxonomy of humans?

He attributed essential character traits to his racial group.

Which of the following is recognized in the choice of "ethnicity" on the U.S. Census?

Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin

Two of the countries with the most Arab American immigrants to the United States are

Iraq. Lebanon.

Which of the following statements about Asian Americans and the idea that they are a model or ideal minority group is true?

It dismisses the degree of diversity among Asian Americans.

In what way was the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act historic?

It ended the long-standing federal guarantee of assistance to every poor family that meets eligibility requirements.

What defines a minority group?

It has less economic and political power than majority groups.

It wasn't until the 1960s that the U.S. Supreme Court finally banned laws that criminalized interracial marriage in the case of

Loving v. Virginia.

Over half of the Hispanic population in the United States consists of

Mexican Americans.

The word genocide can be used to describe

Nazi Germany's extermination of millions of European Jews during World War II.

Who was a prominent protester against South Africa's racist policies who later became the country's president?

Nelson Mandela

_____ is when people whose genetic ancestry and family history convey membership in one racial category but who are perceived to belong to another race in the eyes of others.

Passing

What famous U.S. Supreme Court case famously upheld "Separate but Equal," finding against a man who appeared to be White, but who was classified as Black under the one-drop rule?

Plessy v. Ferguson

The members of what Latinx segment in the U.S. has citizenship because of its legal status?

Puerto Ricans

What is the second-largest segment of the Latinx population in the U.S.?

Puerto Ricans

Examples of affirmative action include

admitting more minority group members to schools.

Assimilation can take many forms, including

adopting a new name. no longer speaking a native language. joining a different religion.

Programs that have been instituted to overcome past discrimination are known as ______ programs.

affirmative action

A hate crime is a criminal offense committed

against people because of their race, religion, ethnic group, or sexual orientation.

Laws that prohibited interracial marriage are also referred to as

anti-miscegenation laws.

If people demonstrate prejudice against Jews, they are engaging in

antisemitism.

The segregation system that existed in South Africa from 1948 to 1990 that forced blacks and other non-Whites to live in separate homelands was called

apartheid.

Which of the following is the system in which social status is ascribed and elite status is inherited?

aristocracy

True or false: All people from the Arab world are Arab.

false

Assimilation is the process by which individuals

forsake their own cultural traditions to conform to other cultural traditions.

Compared to income, wealth in the United States is much

more unevenly distributed.

The estate system was formed by the

nobles ownership of the land

One of the most common ways of analyzing income dispersion is to rank households by income, then break them into blocks of 20%, or

quintiles.

Biologically, the overall degree of human genetic variation is _____ when compared with the genetic variation among other large mammals.

quite small

People whose income places them below the standard of living of their society as a whole are said to live in ______ poverty

relative

When a dominant group physically separates a minority group by imposing distinct housing, social activities, and schools for that group, this is known as Multiple choice question. segregation.

segregation.

During the second week of his presidency, Donald Trump signed an Executive Order restricting immigration from

seven predominantly Muslim nations.

Critics of affirmative action argue that such policies

shift the discrimination to other groups.

According to Weber, which of the following are core elements of class?

skill knowledge in the marketplace material resources

Early claims of inherent racial superiority or inferiority existed largely to justify

slavery

The median income for non-Hispanic White households is a little over $68,000 per year. What is the approximate median income for Black households?

$40,000

The systematic removal of a group of people from society is known as

expulsion.

In an analysis of FBI records of deadly police shootings, it was found that 14- to 19-year-old Black males were killed at a rate of 31.17 per million. What was the rate for White males of the same age?

1.47 million

In what year did the U.S. Supreme Court uphold Virginia's Eugenical Sterilization Act, thereby legitimizing eugenics laws nationally?

1927

In what year did the U.S. finally open its doors more widely to immigrants with the passage of the Nationality Act?

1965

What is the Native American population today?

2.1 million

When did the U.S. Census first allow people to select more than one category when identifying their race?

2000

What percentage of Native Americans today fall below the official poverty line?

26.5 percent

The top 1 percent of the U.S. population owns _____ of U.S. household wealth.

41.8 percent

Between 1969 and 2018, the number of African Americans in Congress rose from 6 to

50.

What percentage of people who self-identify as Jewish in the U.S. say they do so on the basis of religion (rather than ancestry or culture)?

78 percent

Not all African Americans have the same history. _____ are more recent immigrants from African countries; they have limited cultural identification with the legacy of slavery.

African African Americans

In the United States, the most well-known instance of segregation is that of

African Americans in the South prior to the 1960s.

Not all African Americans have the same history. _____ trace their heritage back to the transatlantic slave trade's Middle passage and the legacy of slavery.

American African Americans

Who wrote that "For all practical social purposes, 'race' is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth" as part of the UNESCO statement The Race Question?

Ashley Montagu

Which of the following statements are often true about racial and ethnic inequalities in society?

Discrimination permits members of the majority to enhance their wealth, influence, and status at the expense of others. A dominant racial and/or ethnic group enjoys privileges at the expense of others.

_____ refers to presumed cultural differences between humans to which people attach meaning resulting in the creation of supposedly socially distinct subgroups within the population.

Ethnicity

Two coworkers from different racial groups can overcome their initial reservations and become respectful friends if which two conditions occur?

The coworkers must be of equal status. Cooperative circumstances must exist.

Which of the following statements about members of the working class is correct?

Their work typically involves manual labor.

The critical turning point in how we view race and ethnicity came around the time of

World War II.

The 2008 election of Barack Obama as the United States president illustrated

a breakthrough in shattering the glass ceiling, although African Americans still did not hold a large percentage of other political offices.

A social system that allows little or no possibility of individual social mobility is called

a closed system.

Robert Putnam's "opportunity gap" describes

a growing divide between the children of the well-to-do as compared to children from working-class and poor families.

Which of the following is an example of amalgamation?

a majority group and a minority group merging to form a new group

The one-drop rule argued that

a person with any Black African ancestor was labeled Black.

Wendy Roth's multidimensional typology of race crucially points out that

a person's racial classification may differ significantly across the dimensions.

The 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act included which of the following?

a requirement that all able-bodied adults work after receiving two years of benefits a lifetime limit of five years of welfare benefits

According to Max Weber, the word class refers to a group of people who have

a similar level of economic resources.

Racial formation is

a sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, given meaning, or destroyed.

An inaccurate or unreliable image that is generalized to all members of a group, without recognizing individual differences within the group, is called

a stereotype.

For Max Weber, which of the following is the ideal form of a party? (It is organized explicitly to maximize resources and accomplish goals as efficiently as possible.)

bureaucracy

Racist beliefs in society

can exist even if they are not explicitly stated.

Which of the following are some of the advantages White people in the United States have and take for granted?

cashing checks without suspicion being around people of their own race

Which of the four general systems of stratification tends to be closely tied to religion?

castes

Income inequality is a basic characteristic of the ______ system.

class

In Max Weber's view, social stratification is driven by

class, status, and party.

Established in the United States in the nineteenth century, the "one-drop rule"

classified people as Black if they had at least one ancestor who was Black.

Karl Marx theorized that the proletariat could create social change with

collective political action.

The use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo is known as ______ racism.

color-blind

A minority group is a group that has members that are

considered subordinate with limited power or control over their lives.

In cooperative circumstances, interracial contact between people of equal status will cause them to abandon old stereotypes. This is the premise of

contact hypothesis.

According to Pierre Bourdieu, cultural capital

could be used as power, since some forms of culture are more highly valued than others.

Hate crimes include

crimes motivated by race or religion. vandalism of property, in some circumstances.

Resources that are related to how people view the world, their tastes, and their languages are known as ______ resources.

cultural

White ethnics often

face many of the the same types of social issues that other minority groups in the United States face, although not all.

Assimilation could lead to the

death of a culture across generations.

Recent controversies surrounding immigration

debate the legal and economic ramifications of illegal immigrants.

Discrimination is the process of

denying someone opportunities and rights for arbitrary reasons.

Participation in status groups often

determines how others view you, including both positive and negative estimations of honor

Relative poverty is a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be ______, compared with the nation as a whole.

disadvantaged

When people refuse to hire highly qualified people of a different race and instead hire a less qualified applicant who is of their own race, it is called

discrimination.

In a pluralistic society, minority groups

do not have to forsake their traditions.

It is easier for a country like Switzerland to be a pluralistic society because it

does not have a single national language.

Minimum-wage earners constitute a social class because they share the same

economic position

Which group is distinguished from others primarily on the basis of particular cultural patterns?

ethnic group

Racial profiling is any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on a person's

ethnicity. race.

The United States never truly experienced a "melting pot" of different groups because it

excluded some groups from joining.

According to Karl Marx, which of the following will inevitably lead to the destruction of the capitalist system?

exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie

The Vietnamese treatment of their Chinese minority in 1979, Serbian "ethnic cleansing" during the 1990s during which Croats and Muslims were driven from their homes are examples of

expulsion.

When it comes to genetic variation, the biological differences within what we think of as racial groups are _____ the differences between those two groups. Multiple choice question. lesser than

greater than

Caste systems are most closely associated with which of the following religions?

hinduism

Which of the following is the type of social mobility people experience when they move from one social position to another of the same rank?

horizontal

Which of the following is considered to be slavery in the twenty-first century?

illegal immigrants being forced into labor under threat of deportation

One of the challenges we face with regard to stereotypes is that we are frequently unaware of our underlying _____ and the consequences that they have in our treatment of others.

implicit biases

The federal government's total assets are its wealth, while the yearly revenues it receives constitute its

income

A sign of institutional discrimination is the

income inequality among members of different ethnic and racial groups.

To what does Robert Putnam attribute the growing opportunity gap in the U.S.?

increased educational segregation increased social network segregation increased neighborhood segregation

Max Weber's definition of life chances involves the opportunity to provide oneself with all of the following except

intellectual independence

Changes in the social position of children relative to their parents contribute to which of the following kind of mobility?

intergenerational

Amalgamation occurs when

intermarriage among different groups over several generations creates new groups.

A woman who enters the paid labor force as a teacher's aide and eventually becomes superintendent of the school district experiences upward mobility of which of the following kind?

intragenerational

The city of Tornillo, Texas has become infamous in the debate over immigration because of

its child detention facilities.

Individuals described as being ethnocentric have a tendency to

judge other cultures by their own group norms and practices. have a negative attitude toward other cultures they view as inferior.

Genocide is the practice of

killing an entire group of people in a nation in a deliberate fashion.

The single most unifying force among Arabs is the Arabic

language.

Immigration policies in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s

led to the killing of Jewish refugees instead of their rescue.

Compared with slavery and caste systems, social classes are

less rigid.

Karl Marx's theory of dominant ideology means that certain classes control the

means of capitalist production in a society. ideas promoted within a society through religion, education, and the media.

The classic American "rags to riches" story is an example of belief in

meritocracy.

In Wendy Roth's multidimensional typology of race, _____ is the race others perceive a person to be based on information they gain through interaction.

observed interaction-based race

Discrimination of minorities in workplaces

occurs throughout work situations, from hiring decisions to representation in boards of directors.

Racism is the belief that

one race is superior and others are inferior.

Ethnocentrism is the belief that

one's own culture and way of life is superior to all others.

An _____ system of stratification allows for social mobility between strata.

open

Institutional discrimination occurs when

opportunities and equal rights are denied to individuals and groups as a result of society's daily operations.

Max Weber saw class as being closely related to life chances, or the

opportunities people have to create good lives for themselves.

An interesting aspect of cultural capital is that

parents often pass it down to their children.

Noted NAACP leader activist Walter White self-identified as Black. However, in order to infiltrate white supremacist groups, he claimed to be White, which is an example of

passing.

Which of the following groups is underrepresented in the poverty population when compared to the population as a whole?

people 65 and older

Cultural capital consists of tastes, attitudes, perspectives, and other aspects of culture that

people exchange when interacting with others.

Capitalism is an economic system in which

people pursue economic activity for the accumulation of profit.

Max Weber used the term status group to refer to

people who share the same perceived level or prestige.

Which of the following would be an example of racial profiling?

police officers pulling over any cars driven by young black men

American scientists (most notably) argued that humans did not descend from common ancestors. This is a(n) _____ model.

polygenesis

Being suspicious of or hostile to an entire category of people constitutes

prejudice.

The upper-middle class is composed mostly of which of the following groups?

professional

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which is binding on all members of the United Nations,

prohibits slavery, although it still occurs.

Which of the following are the social classes that Karl Marx focused on in his analysis of a capitalist society?

proletariat bourgeoisie

Henri Tajfel and others explored how we elevate the significance of perceived physical differences in order to segregate insiders and outsiders. Which of the following are common elements of this process?

social categorization

Which of the following are the four major systems of stratification sociologists focus on?

social classes castes estates slaver

When we tie our identify, or sense of self, to our connection with our fellow insiders by thinking, acting, and speaking alike, we are taking part in

social identification.

Stratification always results in which of the following?

social inequality

A person from a poor background who rises to a position of prestige, power, or financial reward has experienced

social mobility.

The movement of individuals or groups from one social class position in a society's stratification system to another is called

social mobility.

A complex measure that studies multiple aspects of a person's personal and professional life and his or her relation to class is known as

socioeconomic status.

Racism in the United States

still exists in numerous forms, ranging from subtle to violent.

When people identify only sporadically with their heritage, rather than having deeper ties to it, they are engaging in

symbolic ethnicity.

Muslims consider Arabic to be important because

the Qur'an was originally written in Arabic.

According to Max Weber, the term party refers to

the capacity to organize in order to accomplish some particular goal.

Which of the following is an example of racial formation?

the creation of a reservation system for Native Americans

An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified employee because of gender, race, or ethnicity is called

the glass ceiling.

We can trace efforts to categorize race on biological terms back to

the mid-1700s

The major migrations streams today flow into which of the following areas?

the oil-rich areas of the Middle East North America the industrial economies of Europe and Asia

In 2015, what world leader took the step of taking responsibility for atrocities committed against Native Americans?

the pope

In an aristocracy,

there are limited opportunities for social mobility.

Intergenerational mobility is declining because

there is no longer such a stark difference in the level of education between generations

What was/were the primary goal(s) of the eugenics movement in the U.S.?

to keep the "biologically inferior" from reproducing to encourage the "biologically superior" to reproduce

True or false: Early attempts to place humans into a taxonomy disagreed on the numbers of races, and the races themselves.

true

Sociologists define pluralism as

various groups in a society having mutual respect for one another's cultures.

Which of the following describes the type of mobility that involves moving to a higher social position or falling to a lower one?

verticle

A large portion of the Native American population in the United States died in the nineteenth century because of

violent battles and diseases.

An inclusive term that encompasses all of a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property is

wealth

Based solely on the idea of life chances, which group would have the greatest chance of survival in times of danger?

wealthy and powerful people

The advantages White people take for granted that minority groups do not have access to is known as

white privilage

What did peasants have to do under the estate system in exchange for military protection and other services from the nobles?

work for free on leased land

Asian Americans are often cited as a model or ideal minority group

yet there is great disparity among the different levels of success achieved by specific Asian Americans.