geology 1001 quiz 1

Baked zone

What does contact effect create?

They look at the location of the geologic landscape and cross-reference what was happening at the time and try to find the reason for why the geologic landscape looks the way it does.

What does it mean when geologists apply trading location for time?

1) law of superposition 2) law of included fragments 3) contact effect 4) cross-cutting relationships

What four principles do geologists use to determine the sequence of past geologic events?

Taking measurements of a fault to determine which way the fault is moving and how much movement has occurred.

What is an example of a measurement?

Haven't seen what is happening to you take a guess on how river rocks have gotten where they are

What is an example of an interpretation?

Seeing facts (color, shape, size, etc.); paying attention to different angular shapes of rocks and how they could've been deposited.

What is an example of an observation?

4500 Ma

What is the Precambrian boundary age?

66 Ma (Dino extinction)

What is the cenozoic boundary age?

252 Ma (66 Ma- 80-90%)

What is the mesozoic boundary age?

541 Ma (232 Ma- Cambrian explosion)

What is the paleozoic boundary age?

Differentiation

What is the process that formed Earth's layers?

Formed: 4.6-4.5 billion years ago Evidence for its age: age of meteorites (4.5 billion), dated moon rocks (4.55 billion), oldest dates on earth's rocks (3.9 to 4.3 billion)

When did the Earth form and what is the evidence for its age?

At convergent plate boundaries where the tectonic plates crash into each other thrusting the continental crust upwards aka MOUNTAINS

Where would you expect the continental crust to be the thickest?

Law of included fragments

Younger rocks or deposits can include pieces of older rock.

Cross-cutting relationships

Youngest feature cuts older feature

Stratigraphic column

1 dimensional representation that describes the vertical location of rock units in a particular area.

Geologic map

Represent the distribution of different types of rock and surficial deposits as well as locations of geologic structures such as faults and folds.

Law of uniformitarianism

Use observations of the nature and processes that we see today to help us interpret the past and what we see in rock record.

Helps us to explain the landscape features of North America: 1) mountain ranges 2) valleys 3) volcano distribution 4) continental positions Geology provides ancient evidence of life Provides evidence of past global climate change

What are some ways geology helps to explain our world?

Natural hazards: 1) hurricanes 2) volcanoes 3) earthquakes 4) flooding 5) landslides Geologic hazards occur in specific locations for specific reasons

What are some ways geology influences our lives and where we live?

1) Deflects solar wind (plasma moving ~ 400 km/s); distorts magnetosphere 2) protects most solar radiation (UV/X-rays or solar energetic particles [seps])

What are the 2 things that magnetosphere does?

1) reversed many times 2) weakened in strength 3) last flip was 780,000 years ago

What are the 3 things that the earth's magnetic field has/has done?

1) weathering 2) erosion & transport 3) deposition 4) deformation & metamorphism 5) solidification/melting

What are the 5 possible stages of the rock cycle?

1) oceanic crust: basalt 2) continental crust: granite 3) mantle: mostly solid rock, but flows as a weak solid 4) core: iron, some nickel - outer core: liquid iron converts - inner core: solid

What are the compositional layers of the Earth? And their average composition?

1) shaded relief map 2) digital elevation models (DEMS) 3) topographic maps with elevation contours 4) contours 5) satellite images 6) geologic map

What are the different types of maps geologists use and their differences?

1) atmosphere 2) biosphere 3) geosphere 4) hydrosphere 5) clouds & precipitation 6) glaciers 7) flowing water 8) oceans 9) ocean currents 10) lakes 11) ground water

What are the major components of the hydrolic cycle?

Iron convection

Generates earths magnetic field

Interpretation

Compilation and synthesis of all of the available geological information in order to get an as precise as possible model of the mineral source.

Cross section

2D representation of subsurface

Block diagram

A diagram showing in schematic form the general arrangement of the parts or components of a complex system or process such as an industrial apparatus or an electronic circuit

Digital elevation models (DEMS)

A representation of the bare ground (bare earth) topographic surface of the earth excluding trees, buildings, and any other surface objects

Contact effect

A younger magma can bake or alter/change older rocks that it comes in contact with

Magnetosphere

Another name for the earth's magnetic field

Oceanic crust

Average composition is basalt & average thickness 6-7 km (thin), lines the bottom of ocean basins and narrow seas.

Continental shelves

Average composition is granite, average thickness is 35 Km, makes up our continents and continental shelves, there's less of this an oceanic shelves.

Mantle

Directly below the crust, extends to ~2900 depth, average composition is olivine (peridot-gem) and mostly solid rocks (but flows as a weak solid), some molten due to high temps

Sedimentary rock

Deposit of sediments; burial + lithification

Qualitative data

Descriptions (conveyed with words and sketches); geologists make observations and describe features qualitatively.

Isostasy

Equilibrium that exists between parts of the earth's crust, which behaves as if it consists of blocks floating on the underlying mantel.

Differentiation

The process in which a primitive planetary interior composed of a uniform distribution of material separates into layers of different density.

By how they are formed; 1) sedimentary 2) igneous 3) metamorphic

How are rocks classified? And what are the three major categories? (Hydrothermal is the fourth)

All three are ways to represent geological features in the subsurface

How does a block diagram, a cross section, and a stratigraphic column portray the geology?

By age and type of rocks, and regional geologic history Ex: 1) iron: iron mines in very old rocks; record change in Earth's early atmosphere 2) copper: copper mines are much younger; related to mountain building in the west 3) salt

How does geology influence the distribution of resources? Examples?

Topographic map with elevation contours

Imaginary lines connecting points having the same elevation on the surface of the land above or below a reference surface which is usually mean sea level

Satellite map

Large scale surface geological mapping that offers unique opportunity to investigate the geological characteristics of remote areas of the earth surface without the need to access the area on the ground

Law of superposition

Layers of rock are oldest at the bottom and youngest at the top.

Contours

Lines of equivalent equation, shows distribution of different rocks, vegetation

Outer core

Liquid; iron converts

There is _____________ to the rock cycle. There is ______________ or ___________. Most rocks don't go through the ____________ rock cycle.

No order; no start; finish; entire

Quantitative data

Numeric measurements in field or lab; when geologists take measurements, make observations, and collect samples to analyze data.

Hydrothermal rock

Precipitate formed from hot mineral-rich water

Numeric age

Precisely assign numbers (years, minutes, seconds, or some other units of time) to amount of the time that has passed.

Metamorphic rock

Preexisting rock changed due to increases in temperature and pressure

Shaded relief map

Provides an apparent three-dimensional configuration of the terrain on maps and charts by the use of graded shadows that would be cast by high ground if light were shining from the northwest

Relative age

Putting events in order (oldest to youngest) based on their relative position; no numerical age.

Observation

Seeing facts (color, shape, size, etc.) and making an assumption about them

Core

Sits directly below the mantel. Dominantly iron and some nickel with other trace elements.

Inner core

Solid; pressure is so high it causes iron to become a solid

Igneous rocks

Solidification of magma, lava

No correlation; extinctions; geologic history

The flipping and weakening of earth's magnetic field has _______________________________ to _________________________ or major events in ___________________________.

1,360 watts; 40 to 100

The magnetosphere helps protect us from harmful solar rays; the sun delivers _________________ per square meter (incandescent light bulbs radiate _________ to ___________ watts)

Hydrolic cycle

The movement of H2O (liquid, solid, gas) through Earth's spheres.

Rock cycle

The process which a rock can be moved from one place to another or converted into a different type of rock; possible events that can happen to a rock.

Crustal thickness; elevation

The relation between __________________________ and __________________ is isostasy.

Measurement

The size, length, or amount of something

Convection

Transfer of heat through movement

Meteorite; 4.53; 4.58

_______________ analyses support formation of the solar system and earth between ___________ to ____________ billion years ago.

1,000; 300-340

_______________ watts = approximately _________ - __________ F