Geology final
S wave
"shaking" particle motion at right angles to the direction of wave travel
sill
A _ is formed when magma intrudes between existing sedimentary layers
fault creep
A few sections of the San Andreas Fault exhibit a slow, gradual displacement known as_.
disconformity
An _ exhibits sedimentary layers that are parallel to each other above and below an erosive surface.
under pressure rises above the aquifer level
An artesian system is present when groundwater_
isotope
An atom that has more or fewer neutrons that it should
first, the limestone was laid down, then intruded by the igneous dike, and lastly the sandstone was deposited
An igneous dike cuts through limestone, but not through the overlying sandstone. Which of the following statements is most accurate?
Seismograms
Are records of seismic waves
are able to transmit water great distances from recharge to discharge areas
As shown by the South Dakota example, artesian systems_/
The location on the Earth's surface directly above the point of slippage
Describe the epicenter
deformation
Following the deposition of a sequence of sedimentary rocks, which event is the first to occur to produce an angular unconformity?
igneous activity has occured more recently in the area
Geysers are more common in the western United states because_
Surface waves
Have the slowest velocity
The water table elevation decreases
How does the water table change around a pumping water well?
Water table will fall
How will the water table respond when there is a drought?
the limestone is the oldest and the succession is comformable
If a limestone, a shale, and a sandstone are deposited in that order without interruption, which of the following is true?
blocks of rock will slide relative to one another along a fault, causing an earthquake
If the stress applied to the rock is greater than rock strength, what happens?
The water table is lower than the stream surface
In a losing stream,_
glaciers
In terms of freshwater storage, groundwater is second only to which of the following sources?
a well for industrial purposes is drilled proximal to a smaller, domestic well
In which situation does the cone of depression need to be taken into account?
Moment magnitude scale
Measures the total energy released during an earthquake by determining the average amount of slip on the fault, the area of the fault surface that slipped, and the strength of the faulted rock
zone of saturation
The _ is the point in the subsurface where 100% of the pore spaces are filled with water
increases the hydraulic gradient
The cone of depression _ near a wall
down; normal
The hanging wall moves _ relative to the footwall in a _ fault.
Near subduction zones
The highest magnitude earthquakes typically occur?
the zone of saturation
The majority of groundwater is stored within which of the following zones?
The amount of damage to structures caused by an earthquake
The modified mercalli intensity scale rates earthquake intensity by?
hypocenter
The name of the site where slippage begins and earthquake waves radiate outward is called the _.
wave speed
The names primary and secondary refer to?
at the focus or hypocenter
The slippage of an earthquake starts_
penetrate well below the regional water table surface
To ensure a continuous supply of water, a well must do what?
false
True or false Groundwater migrates from areas of low pressure to areas of high pressure
False
True or false: Tsunamis travel as a single wave across the ocean
false
True or false: the first life on earth developed during the Cambrian Period.
The rate of decay of atoms in container A is greater than the rate of decay of atoms in container B.
Two containers hold the same radioactive isotope. Container A contains 1000 atoms, and container B contains 500 atoms. Which of the following statements about containers A and B is true?
porosity
Volume of pore space in a material
limited to a short span of geologic time, but widely distrubuted
What are the characteristics of an index fossil?
a dimple in the water table surface due to water pumped faster than an aquifier can be replenished
What best describes the cone of depression
Reversing the direction of flow in the aquifer subsidence saltwater contamination
What can result from excessive pumping of groundwater?
surface waves
What do we call seismic waves that are transmitted along the outside of earth?
cenozoic
What era are we currently in?
spring
What groundwater feature forms where the water table intersects with the Earth's surface, creating a natural outflow of groundwater?
parent isotopes turn into daughter isotopes
What happens during radioactive decay?
matching up rocks of similar age in different regions
What is correlation?
The shape that the water table takes on near a pumping well
What is the cone of depression?
The amount of time over which the number of parent isotopes decreases by half
What is the scientific definition of a half-life?
seismic
What is the term for stored-up energy released by earthquakes?
0.62%
What percentage of Earths water is in the form of groundwater?
94%
What percentage of earths liquid freshwater is in the form of groundwater?
A dike trunscates layers in a sedimentary succession
What scenario requires a geologist to use the principle of cross cutting relationships?
fault scarp
When a fault is expressed at a surface, it is called a _.
when the cone of depression of a second well intersects the deepest part of Well A
When might a well, Well A go dry?
drawdown decreases with increasing distance from the well
When water is pumped from a well, drawdown occurs. Which of the following is a true statement regarding drawdown?
Circum-Pacific Belt
Where is the zone of the greatest seismic activity on earth?
cross-cutting
Which concept could be used to relatively age date an igneous intrusion?
nature of surface material steepness of the slope intensity of rainfall
Which of the following are factors that will influence infiltration of groundwater?
organisms with overlapping ranges and geologically short lifespans
Which of the following characteristics is the most desirable for constraining the relative age of rocks?
aquitards must be present both above and below the aquifer
Which of the following is a requirement for an artesian system to exist?
the distance between two wells that penetrate the zone of saturation
Which of the following is necessary to calculate hydraulic gradient?
offset fences
Which of the following might be seen where strike-slip movement has occured?
shaking particles at right angles to the direction of travel
Which of the following motions best describes the movement of S waves as they travel through rocks following the release of energy during an earthquake
S waves
Which of the following types of seismic body waves travel only through solids?
Unconsolidated sediments
Which of the following would be the most unstable during an earthquake?
The zone of soil moisture
Which of the following zones is the location of the most biological activity?
P waves
Which of the three types of seismic waves travels through rock with the greatest velocity
convergent
Which tectonic boundary is responsible for the most powerful and destructive earthquakes recorded?
Liquefaction
Which type of earthquake destruction can cause houses to sink into the ground?
Surface waves
Which type of seismic waves generally cause the most structural damage as they travel through Earth?
Pore spaces between rocks and sediments
Worldwide, the largest percentage of fresshwater readily available to humans is stored in?
aftershocks
_ are smaller earthquakes of lesser magnitude that follow a major earthquake
Megathrust; convergent
_ faults are associated with _ plate boundaries
nonflowing artesian well
a _ is located where the pressure surface is above the aquifer, but below the ground.
aquitard
a perched aquifer is located directly above an_
seismic gap
a region without seismic activity for one or more centuries
igneous dike, sandstone, metamorphic rock
a sandstone contains inclusions of metamorphic rock. An igneous dike cuts both the sandstone and inclusions. List the rocks from youngest to oldest
Precambrian
a term used to define 88% of earth's history prior to the start of the paleozoic era
trace fossil
a worm burrow is an example of which type of fossilization?
permeability
ability to transmit water
the fault is the youngest because it cuts through all the sedimentary layers and basalt
an igneaous dike cuts across existing sedimentary layers and erupts at the surface, creating a layer of basalt. the basalt, as well as all the layers below, are then cut by a fault. Which statement is tue?
principles of superposition and later continuity
an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks is exposed in a large river canyon. Which two principles would be demonstrated by the rock
Seismometers
are instruments that sense earthquake waves and transmit them to a recording device
P waves
compression and expansion
high to low pressure areas
groundwater flows from _
the periods of the time scale were constructed based on ranges of fossil organisms
how is the geologic time scale related to the fossil record?
all of the organisms had to be alive when the rock was deposited
if a rock contains ten different kinds of fossils, which of the following must be true
all of the sedimentary units must have been deposited and lithified before being cut by the fault
if a sequence of sedimentary units is cut by a fault, what does the principle of cruss cutting relationships tell a geologist.
flowing artesian well
if a well is drilled into an aquifer where the pressure surface is both above the aquifer and the ground, a _ is formed.
50:50
if one half-life has lapsed, what is the radioactive parent to stable daughter isotope ratio?
permineralization
petrified wood is an example of what type of fossil preservation?
fossil range
the period of time when an organism first and last appears in the sedimentary record
fossil succession
the principle of _ states that organisms succeed one another in a definite, determinable order that can be used to recognize a specific time.
younger
the sedimentary layers above an erosive surface are _ relative to all rocks present below the surface
true
true or false: The fossil record is biased toward preserving organisms with hard parts.
the organism is burried quickly
what conditions favor fossil preservation?
putting events in order from first to last
what is the definition of relative dating?
when the amount of water flowing toward the well equals the amount of water being pumped out of the well
when will a cone of depression stop enlarging?
folded sedimentary layers were originally laid down flat and later deformed
which of the following describes the principle of original horizontality?
alpha particle emission, beta particle emission, electron capture
which of the following includes all common types of radioactive decay?
erosive surface
which of the following is a common feature that all unconformities exhibit?
younger sedimentary strata overlie uplifted and weathered igneous or metamorphic rocks
which of the following is an accurate description of a nonconformity?
a stream running across an irregular surface
which of the following is associated with an erosive surface
groundwater moves over large distances, over longer timescales
which of the following is true regarding groundwater as you move deeper below the surface?
more daughter products accumulate over time
which of the following statements regarding radioactive decay is true?
scallop
which organism from the video is the least useful for relative dating
granite
which rock is best suited for radiometric dating?