Geology

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At a delta _______?

-Stream gradient decreases -A single channel breaks into multiple, radiation distributary channels

If a 50 year flood occurs on the Mississippi River in 201, what is the probability that a flood of the same magnitude will occur in 2011?

2%

The oldest oceanic crust is approximately _______ years old

200 million years

What percentage of seawater, on average, consists of dissolved salt ions?

3.5%

For dry sediments, the angle of repose is typically between _____ and _____ degrees

30;37

The average depth of the abyssal plains below sea level is about _________?

4.5 KM

Approximately what percentage of the Earths surface is covered with water?

70%

The discharge of a river traveling though a humid region will typically _____ downstream; the discharge of a river traveling through an arid region will typically _____ downstream

?Increase;Decrease

Which type of coastline usually has a broader continental shelf?

A passive continental margin

Which has greater competence?

A small mountain stream

___________ make up a majority of the ocean floor worldwide?

Abyssal plain

Which of the following factors decreases the risk of mass movement?

Adding vegetation to the side of a hill

To the geologist, ____________

All landslides are mass movements, but not all mass movements are landslides.

As the velocity of flow decreases, ________

All of the Above

Coastal California is particularly susceptible to mass wasting because of _________?

All of the above

Conditions such as ________ may exacerbate a developing slump?

All of the above

Mass movement along coastal cliffs in southern California is so common because _______?

All of the above

__________ are surface features indicative of a developing slump

All of the above

____________ may help prevent stabilize slopes to prevent mass wasting?

All of the above

Major oceanic surface currents travel ________?

At an angle to prevailing winds as a result of the Coriolis effect

Which river is a threat to capture the flow of the Mississippi River through stream piracy?

Atchafalaya River

________ occur(s) when debris or snow mixes with air to form a chaotic cloud.

Avalanches

The lowest elevation to which a stream can downcut is the ___

Base level

The form and topography (depth profile) of the ocean floor is termed ________?

Bathymetry

____________ in sedimentary rock may become a failure surface

Bedding planes

Moisture among sediment grains ________

Can promote stability if present in small amounts, but promotes mass wasting if sediment is saturated

Braided streams _________

Consist of a series of intertwined channels that are overloaded with sediment

Which portion of the sea floor is most steeply sloped?

Continental Rises

The shallowest portions of ocean found along the margins of continents are the ___________

Continental shelves

Which of the following types of mass movement takes place most gradually?

Creep

The outer edge of a meander, where material is being eroded, is a(n)

Cut bank

The principle difference between a debris flow and a debris slide is the _________

Debris flow contains abundant water, whereas the debris slide is dry

The density of seawater increases with ______ and _______

Decreasing temperature; increasing salinity

In uniform sediments with a relatively constant slope at the surface, a __________ drainage network is expected?

Dendritic

Compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is _________

Denser

On a bathymetric map, contour lines connect points of equal _____

Depth of the sea floor below sea level

Slope stability is determined by which two forces?

Downslope and resistance

Unstable slopes start to move when the ______ force exceeds the _______ force that holds the material in place

Downslope; resistance

If currents are largely directed toward shore, the area is likely to experience _____

Downwelling

___________ may form parallel to slope surfaces in granite and become a failure surface

Exfoliation joints

All flooding events occur so rapidly that there is no time to alert people in harm's way

FALSE

All flowing water on the continents' surfaces is confined to stream channels

FALSE

All the water in rivers and streams arrives directly from rainfall runoff?

FALSE

Coastal processes are of interest to geologist, but affect relatively few people because less than 10% of the world's population lives within 10 km of the sea coast

FALSE

For the Earth as a whole, ocean water temperatures vary more than surface-air temperatures.

FALSE

High tide occur simultaneously at all coastlines around the world, except for minor effects on bays

FALSE

If a stream cuts though flat-lying sediments to reach an anticline produced in an ancient orogenic even, the course of the stream will likely be unaffecteed

FALSE

Mass wasting always involves sudden movement of material downslope

FALSE

One of the most problematic aspects of landslides is that large-scale, cataclysmic examples are the norm, whereas small-scale landslides are much more rare.

FALSE

Scientist have determined that Mars has actively flowing water-filled stream channels

FALSE

Slumps typically arrive intact at the bottom of a slope?

FALSE

The deltas of all major rivers consist of multiple radiating lobes of sediment in a "bird's foot" configuration, similar to the Mississippi River delta

FALSE

The major oceans, such as the Atlantic, have been present since the Precambrian

FALSE

The sediment load of a stream consists of only those grains that are fine enough to stay in suspension

FALSE

Well-rounded sand has a larger angle of repose than irregularly shaped gravel

FALSE

A guyot is a(n)

Flat-topped seamount

Which of the following increases the risk of mass movement?

Flooding the sediment with water to the point of saturation

The flat-lying area surrounding a river channel is termed the _______

Floodplain

__________ in metamorphic rock may become a failure surface

Foliation planes

Composition

Geologist distinguish among different types of mass wasting based on factors such as the _____ of the moving material and the rate of movement.

The slope of a stream surface measured between two points along its course is the ____________.

Gradient

The principle difference between a debris flow and a mudflow is the _________

Grain size of the moving mass

The principle difference between a debris slide and a debris avalanche is the ________

Grain size of the moving mass

The immediate cause of incidents of mass movement is ________

Gravitation

Meandering streams ___________

Have a channel that is highly sinuous (curvy)

Ephemeral streams _________

Have flowing water either episodically or during a portion of the year

Pirate streams ________?

Have increased their drainage areas

The deepest segments of the ocean floor are found _______

In trenches associated with subduction zones

The dissolved cations sodium, potassium and calcium are ______?

Introduced to the ocean by the inflow of rivers

The stream gradient of most rivers ________

Is greater near the source than near the mouth

The principle difference between a lahar and a mudflow is the __________

Lahar contains pyroclastic debris from a volcanic eruption

________ are likely to occur along volcanic slopes

Lahars

Moving away from its headwaters, the flow of a stream usually becomes more _______

Laminar

Ground shaking can transform wet sediment into liquid-like slurries in a process known as ___________

Liquidifaction

The base level of a tributary would become ______ if a dam and reservoir were constructed where is flowed into a trunk stream

Lower

Which trench includes the worlds deepest sea floor (more than 11 km below sea level)?

Marianas trench

V-shaped stream valleys result from the downcutting of stream erosion and ____________

Mass wasting on the valley sides

Which of the following types of mass movement is least coherent (most like a liquid)?

Mudflow

Within a meander, where is sediment most likely to be deposited?

On the inner banks of the meander

A meander that is cut off to become completely isolated from the main channel, by which retains water, is a(n) _________

Oxbow Lake

With time, a river may erode terrain to produce a low-lying plain termed a(n) _______

Peneplain

The inner edge of a meander, where sediment is deposited, is a(n) _______?

Point bar

In the region immediately surrounding an isolated volcano, a ______ drainage network is expected

Radial

In a region with prominent orthogonal sets of joints, a _______ drainage network is expected

Rectangular

__________ can occur where undercutting waves remove support beneath sea cliff overhands

Rock falls

Strictly speaking, which of the following types of mass movement is a landslide?

Rock slide

Which of the following types of mass movement is likely to move most rapidly?

Rock slide

Gyres __________

Rotate clockwise in the Northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern hemisphere

At a waterfall, where two sedimentary lithologies are juxtaposed, which lithology is more likely to form the cliff over which the water falls?

Sandstone

A _________ may form at the head of a slope

Scarp

Ultimately, the base level of a stream valley can be no lower than _________

Sea level

Which type of bedrock provides the greatest risk of landslide?

Shale

The principle difference between a slump and a debris slide is the __________

Shape of the path taken by the moving mass

At the equatorial ocean basins, sea surface temperatures may reach 30 degrees or greater; at the sea floor 4KM to 5KM below, the temperature is _______

Slightly warmer

Which of the following types of mass movement always travel down a curved surface?

Slump

________ occur(s) when a semi coherent mass of material moves downslope on a failure surface

Slumps

________ occur(s) where thawed sediments move downslope over permafrost

Solifluction

__________ occur(s) when regolith moves slowly downslope due to freezing and thawing?

Solifluction

All else being equal, water will flow faster in a stream that has a _______

Steep stream gradient

All else being equal, water will flow faster in a stream with _______

Straight channel

________ may trigger tsunamis

Submarine mass movements

Between subaerial and submarine mass movements, we have a much better historical record of ________.

Submarine movements

A 100 year flood is more catastrophic than a 50 year flood.

TRUE

All regions are susceptible to mass movements?

TRUE

Although the Nile River is longer, the Amazon River has the greatest discharge of any stream on Earth

TRUE

Fires and deforestation may lead to slope failure

TRUE

Geological evidence suggest that many millions of years ago, the Amazon flowed toward the west rather than the east

TRUE

In cold, dry, mountainous climate, rock glaciers consisting of rocks held together by a smaller volume of ice can slide down slopes

TRUE

Tectonic activity destabilizes the ground?

TRUE

Submarine mass movements have been found along hot-spot volcanoes and active plate boundaries. These massive slumps have been attributed to _________.

Tectonic activity

The deepest part of the channel, where the stream flows fastest is the ______________

Thalweg

Which has greater capacity?

The Mississippi River

The distinction between a valley and a canyon is _________

The sides of a canyon are more steep than those of a valley

Compared to continental lithosphere, oceanic lithosphere is ________?

Thinner

In a region characterized by a parallel series of ridges and valleys, a ___________ drainage network is expected

Trellis

The primary stream fed by tributaries within a drainage basin is termed a _______

Trunk stream

A rock slide in a reservoir triggered catastrophic flooding of the landscape below which dam?

Vaiont (Italy)

The shape of a delta is primarily determined by _______

Whether river currents, wave-driven currents, or tidal currents are locally predominant

Most of the igneous rocks within oceanic abyssal plains are _____

covered by clay and the skeletal remains of microplankton

The two most abundant rocks with oceanic crust are ____ and _____

granite;gabbro

Which type of mass movement includes a large proportion of ash derived from a volcanic eruption?

lahar

Saline ocean water is _______ than fresh water, and provides ______ to objects floating in it

more dense;more buoyancy


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