Greek Final

xxxxx Democracy and Philosophy related?

NOT DIRECTLY! happened at same time. new physical laws, new law ideas lead not always lead to new policy. 1. geography. miletus east aegean, asia minor and NO KNOWN DEMOCRACIES DOWN THERE. tyranny then oligarchy 2. no traditions relate them. 3. nothing democratic about early philosophy,it was about cosmos 4. early demokratia no ties to new philosophers, who had political agenda. Heraclitus was actually hostile to the idea of demos ruling. 5. no causal but SUBTLE modes of thinking: SIMILAR: 1. imagine nontraditional reality, challenge status quo 2. absence of centralized religious authority common in polis where demokratia developed and where philos. no such thing as TOP RELIGIOUS OFFICIAL. closest thing was Delphi but even that not centralized. so in the absence made QUESTIONING BELIEFS EASIER 3. factor of polis - autonomous community competitive internal and external so encouraged free thinking and innovation! that a stagnant environment would not have. THEY ARE AKIN/SIBLINGS BUT NOT CAUSAL

herod 8.130-144

Next spring, what is left of the Persian fleet remains at Samos (130). The Greek fleet sails to Aegina under Spartan Leotychidas. Ionians urge fleet commanders to sail against Persians at Samos; but mutual fear keeps both fleets on opposite sides of the Aegean (132). Mardonius sends his agent Mys ("Mouse") to consult the oracles (133). Various oracular seats visited by Mys. Mardonius sends Alexander of Macedon to negotiate with Athens, urging them to accept an honorable settlement with Xerxes or face destruction (140). some Spartan envoys were in Athens at time of this appeal (141). Speech of the Spartan envoys, urging the Athenians not to make a separate peace with Mardonius and Xerxes (142). The Athenians reject Mardonius' offer, citing their faith in their bravery and in the gods (143). In response to the Spartan envoys, the Athenians remind them of the sacrifices Athens has made for Greece, and urge the Spartans to prep to fight a land battle in Boeotia.

hecataeus of miletus

PREDECESSOR! wrote works collecting/ rationalizing histories of famous families, genealogies, geography of Mediterranean ppl

Croesus

fifth generation of Gyges, was first foreigner to conquest and ally with greeks b4 then all Greeks had been free. ANCESTOR STOLE POWER SO HE GOT WHAT HE DESERVED misinterpretations of prophecies is common theme, use stories to tell stories about pride. IMPORTANCE OF CUSTOM. FORTUNE NEVER LASTS LONG!

euboea

fight at artemisium and another storm as they fried to sail around euboea to trap greeks, greeks knew how to choose shelter but 200 persians ships sunk, so down to 600 p ships where greek ships retreated to, same time leonidas at thermopylae told ground troops to run to.

Leonidas

fight over his body at Thermopylae parallels the fight over Patroclus' body in iliad. told greeks to go when heard persins had found another path and encircled them. bc knew sparta falls or king dies, INSPIRE GREEKS BC LEONIDAS WAS RELIGIOUS PAY WITH HIS LIFE TO FULFILL PRPHECY die for freedom!!!! 7.220.

Hdt Judgements

hes like a tourist. he says auction marriage is efficient but appalled that women had to lay with stranger. perceptive of other cultures unlike later historians who focus rigorously on politics and war so women and family are not necessary but to understand BROADER HISTORY we need culture. fascinated by geography, zoology, marvelous deeds, admires persian customs. which is odd bc they just invaded greece and brought peril. he liked that they were taught not to lie and sees how persians see greeks as sleazy. he was criticized for non greek superiority attitude bc he isnt blinded by nationalism unlike Aristotle who says non greek are natural slave.

historie

inquiry, investigation. derives from another words for "judge" so you inquire to make wise judgement. investigate: what happened and WHY!!!! about interpretation.

themistocles decree

decision to abandon city in herodotus 8.41 was after withdraw of art and therm. bc persians coming. in this decree in Troezen Peloponenese, inscribed stone, 200+ years later, maybe copied older original stone. "gods resolved by the Boule and the ppl... made the motion" city entetrusted to athena, men embark in 200 ships appease poseidon. different numbers than hdt but overall same idea. decree of what SHOULD happen hdt was what DID happen rare occasion bc we usually never get second perspective.

Smith's Zeno, parminedes student

paradoxes! adopted sytle of argument to refute opponents views by showing them contradictory conclusions known as indirect proof. applied as socratic method ethics 1. no motion since moving thing must get to the halfway point before reaching the end 2. achilles. running the slowest can never be caught by swiftest. bisection? 3. flying arrows rest. time is made up of moments. 4. masses moving in opp directions in a stadium past masses equal to them half a time is equal to its double if space/time are infin divis the concent of motion is obsurd (from 1. stadium and 2. achilles paraoxes) also absurd to suppose space/time are extended but not infinite divisiblr (3. flying arrow 4. moving rows paradoxes). possibility of motion must be rejected. reject senses!

DemoKratia

demos = the people kratos = power means demos must be supreme in deliberation of government. "ordinary citizens" not the elite. 1. Assemblies : gather with regularity to vote and hear. anyone in Demos. 2. Court of appeals has final say instead of magistrate decision. like solon reforms. demos!!! 3. new councils more representative to prepare business for assembles, the people who set agendas. demos were MORE POOR often stand in for lower class. DOES NOT INCLUDE SLAVES BC NOT CITIZENS. NOT WOMEN BC NOT THEIR PLACE. "freeborn male citizens" were demos. religion was only way for woman to contribute in public. Demos has no top office. they characterized their leadership by convincing assembly to vote for their policies thru debates then vote. a few ppl stuck out. criticized to be DEMAGOGUES by Aristotle. they pander and manipulate the assembly. but the accusation of demagogue means democracy existed! Cleisthenic reforms 507. led to athenian Democracy

isonomia

""equality before the law" Aristo said I'll leave if you ppl want or I'll lead, you decide! Otanes also endorsed this when Cambyses died right before Darius is king in 521.

Persian Constitutional Debate

"Tri-Partate" very much a Greek 5th century idea, this supposedely took place in 6th cent. Cambyses had dream borther Smerdes took throne so killed him. Then Magi also named Smerdes pretended to be brother and held a coup and he was found out bc he had no ears. so the conspirators overthrew him then had to decide what govt. Otanes: popular govt? Megabyzes: oligarchy! choose best men! aka us popular govt "let them ogvern Persia's enemies" aka athens Darius: one man to rule them all, the best. chosen by a horse neighing contest? (he trained the horse) conspirators favor Darius even though there was a young heir, Darius was part of Ach dynasty.

opening lines:

"display hman achievements so grety and marvelous not be forgotten by Greeks or barbarians (foreigners) to show WHY THEY FOUGHT. rarely says more than "persians say" pays atten to who tells you what. 1.5 i have no intention of passing judgement > leave it up to reader to decide. THEME fortune never remains in one place

herodotus

"father of history" inventor of the discipline, the first in western civilization. uses 'historie" inspired by hecataeus and homer! traveled especially athens. claims traveled to egypt, black sea. Often criticized for bias/inaccuracy.

First Demokratia Candidates

1. Chios - island in Aegean. Archeological evidence. inscription dated c. 570 "assembly of demos" "penalties for magistrates" on a rock dug up. "on 34d day of festival, choose 50 from each tribe to meet and conduct cases of that month" "popular council" "other business of the people" BUT don't know HOW council was chosen there have been previous nondemocratic assemblies in Greece like THersites. 2. Megara and its Colony Hereclea-Pontica. c 560. Literary Aristotle wrote "fall of democracy was due to defeat occasioned by disorder and anarchy" 1302b. 1304b "demos at Heraclea overthrown after foundation of colony by demoagogue injustice and they drove out nobles who came back to end rule of demos" COLONY EST. AS DEMOCRACY!! no detail about assembly officials etc and aristotle wrote in 4cent. 3. Cyrene- Herodotus 4.161 wrote of their reforms in 550. civil strife after defeat, a mediator came from another polis. DEMONAX

Themes

1. Greek admiration of other Peoples. learn from them innovate/adapt. Bronze Age Mycenaeans learned a lot from Minoans, Alphabet from Phoenicians, Orientalizing Art, Hdt interest in traditions 2. Nationalistic Pride. Hdt criticized for "lack of" when discuss Persian wars: GREEK ARE SUPERIOR! why show interest? cultural chauvinism. Lit set this in period. 3. Competition. between FAMILIES, POLEIS, success. WAR, ART -corinth or athens or oriental. Philosophy: challenging their mentors! HOPLITES developed helping in persian war in Thermopylae and Plataea w/ other cities means CLOSE BOND with citizens, cohesiveness of Hoplites. Spirit in politics, cooperate not DESPOTS!!! oligarchy/democracy, constitutions 4. self destruction. quarrelling. always infighting. dominate fellow greeks/see rival powers. Empire "help them from Greek" spartans not only rulers anymore CREATIVITY AND COMPETITION BIRTHED THE LEGACY OF GREECE!!!!

WHO OR WHAT WAS MOST RESPONSIBLE FOR GREEK VICTORY OVER PERSIANS!

1. Persian Incompetence, had overwhelming resources! 2. Greek home advantage bc knew terrain like thermopylae, made outnumber not matter 3. Gods 4. Chance/luck 5. Persians not listening ARROGANCE. hUBRIS didn't listen to omen to be defense, xerxes ignored much advise. 6. eventual greek cooperation. went from pulling out bc couldn't be leaderto Spartan leader Pausanias agreeing Athenians take left flank and Tegians take 3rd most honorable spot aka next to spartans 7. Athenians!!! Themistcoles? Persians were out to get theem specifically so extra motivation. Themis was the wooden wall and also Salmis idea. delivered naval victoryfor Greeks and shocked/scared persians. 8. Superior motivation theme: Freedom of greeks vs. slaves of despots being forced to fight. 9. Superior Greek Tactics: Artemisium draw them into narrow strip salamis plataea Mycal 10. Hoplite vs light infantry 11. Persians preoccupied. Greece mainland was TINY part of huge empire. once xerxes conquered athens as revenge he left mardonius in charge mabye didnt care as much. messenger mardonius sent we can take control AGAIN so not as invested in winning? 12.SPARTANS! Pausanius was good commander for Plataea, Eurybias for Artemisium!!! LEONIDAS GAVE UP LIFE AT MARATHON BC fulful prophecy. but spartans vs persians at plataea was the decisive battle. defeated them crucial moment

Parmenides of Elia early 5c

1. Way of Truth. nothing is not. can only speak of what is. CHANGE IS IMPOSSIBLE! your SENSES LIE! Neither was it/will it be because it IS NOW can't be created or destroyed bc it cant come from nothing. not divisible!!! all full and continuous. EVERYTHING IS ONE. but he is static: if it truly exits it is CONTINUOUS wrong to think of opposites. 2. Way of Opinion is wrong. contrasts way to see world. no light/dark. we always see change so it is harder to grasp. on the way to matter cant be created or destroyed but not quite. PURE THOUGHT PURE REASON DO NOT RELY ON SENSES

Was Herodotus Accurate?

1. he is the only written source we have for a lot of his info. 2. he depended entirely on his memory from his travels. (could've mixed up stories even) 3. he often was told the tales from natives, with broken greek or broken persian so translation errors 4. or the tales could be outlandish to begin with or he could be tricked LIKE WITH THE SKULLS : skulls on ground in two piles, persians shatter if tapped, egyptians dont crack bc sun baked their shaved heads. 5. word for hippo is water horse in greek, so he wrongly described greek one. but got lots of other stuff right. BUT 1. He's not concerned with details! He said: great deeds/causes of war and by my own experienee is his pupose. 2. we know where he said the monuments were they are, the only issues are numbers/measurements. not worried about precision. 3. tell worthwhile story/ LESSON!!!!! LOOK AT CONTEXT. 4. could be manuscript/copier ERROR!!!!

Battle of Salamis

480 Greek forces waited at Salamis - peloponense gatther at isthmus of corinth after thermop to stop persian progress. meanwhilte, athens was sacked. greeks argue salamis is where to fight. spartan commander Eurybiades even tho athenian had the ships listenened to them and themistocles. they end up fighting at salamis while xerxes watches them smash his fleet persians take trouble to surround greeks. 1/3 of squad so all egyptians were waiting to trap fleeing greeks but they never fled so persians attacked with 2/3 army only phoencians and ionians narrow channel caused confusion as greeks attacked from side bay and the persians rammed into their own ships. crushed. who got credit? themistocles xerxes fled to hellesponte, in panic thinking war was over. it was major defeat and couldn't support enormous land force 1. maybe he planned to lose and leave Mardonius to clean up the men 2. didn't plan to lose but didn't care bc plundered atthens which was goal NOT OVER YET! 479

herod 5.35-38

Aristagoras of Miletus, now unable to repay Persians Artaphrenes for the cost of the failed Naxos expedition, plans revolt. encouraged by secret messages from Histiaeus at Susa (using slaves' shaved heads); who is unhappy at Susa, wants to be home at Miletus, plans to instigate revolt, but play a double game. Ideas at Miletus: rebel, or to build a big navy by seizing the temple treasures of Croesus at Branchidae, rejected; men sent to Myos to seize the remnants of the Naxos expeditionary force. The Ionian Revolt begins, 499. Aristagoras institutes democracy at Miletus and throughout Ionia to get the people on his side, get rid of Darius' tyrants. How the cities treated their despots leniently, except Coes; Aristagoras seeks Spartan aid (38).

General Notes

Aristo during Ionian Revolt sough help 1. from Sparta. used map saying this could be yours! help us stop this expandng empire! sparta said no thanks bc 3 month journey and cleomenes said no to the bribes because they needed the troops to stay near to stop helot uprisings 2. asked athens bc supposedly ionians descended from athens, lied to the assembly "easier to trick 30k men than convince 1 man" he said dont worry the persians suck at fighting and emphasized the wealth to be gained so athens said yay. eretrians sent a ship and athens sent 20. (20 ships fro athens were beginning of trouble)

Passages and Authors

Aristotle, Constitution of Athens 2-3, 5-13 Aristotle, Politics 1273b36-1274a22 Plutarch, Solon 14-26, 29-32 Herodotus 1.59-64; 5.62-5. Aristotle, Constitution of Athens 14-19. Herodotus 5.66-78. Aristotle, Constitution of Athens 20-22. Aristotle, Politics 1302b21-34, 1304b19-40 (Megara and Heraclea Pontica), 1319b1-32 (Cyrene). Smith, Ancient Philosophy (Heraclitus to Zeno) Herodotus, Introduction (by J. Marincola) Herodotus 1.1-58, 78-105. Herodotus 1.106-2.110. Herodotus 3.1-38; 3.61-4.1; 4.44-47, 134. Herodotus 5.35-38,49-55, 73, 96-126; 6.7-21, 94-124. Herodotus 7.1-60, 99-105, 131-232. Herodotus 8.1-117. Herodotus 8.130-144; 9 (entire). Aeschylus, Persians (entire). Aristotle, Constitution of Athens 23-24. Plutarch, Themistocles 18-29; Cimon 6-13 Aristotle, Constitution of Athens 25. Plutarch, Cimon 14-19.

4.44-47

Darius explores asia, wants to know of River Indus with crocs, sends Skylax of Caryanda with ships, who sail east then west. in 30th month find egyptian king sent Phoencians to Libya. Round the coast, Darius subdues the Indians to use the sea. Europe is known in length, Complains its named after Europa, females. who set as boundaries to divide it the river Nile of Egypt and the Phasis in Colchis; who made the boundaries, or for what reason they gave the names. Libya is named for a woman of that country, and Asia from the wife of Prometheus, but Lydians called after Asias the son of Cotys. dont know whether Europe is surrounded by sea, nor does it appear. Europe however evidently belongs to Asia and did not come to this land which is now called by the Hellenes Europe, but only from Phoenicia to Crete, then to Lykia. Euxine was the most ignorant nation other than Scythia, Darius was preparing to march: The Scythian race is good at the most important human skill: hiding: don't have cities but huts. hunter gatherers, not farmers. these assuredly are invincible and impossible to approach. Their land and the rivers are their allies: Irrigation!

4.134

Darus had sent gifts but Scythians arranged for battle but chaos erupted after they chased a rabbit, by both armies. Darius asked what was this clamor arising; he said to those men to whom he was wont to say things at other times: "These men are rude and Gobryas was right thats gifts wouldn't work. we need counsel so we can safely retreat home." Gobryas then said: "by report I was told of their difficulty; when I came I saw them mocking us. At night let's make camp fires, spread rumors we're weak and then pack up and leave before either the Scythians make for the Ister to destroy the bridge or something be resolved by the Ionians which may be our ruin."

Thermopylae

Greeks wanted to stop Persians at vale of Tempe but scouts saw too many routes to cover so found a narrow passsage aka THERM!!!! bc mtns better tactically but no many city states were in way and defected to the persians. warships supplied land troops of persians. greeks only sent a few troops bc didnt think would need more bc so narrow, spartans sent only 300 bc celebrating FESTIVAL!!! hoplites enough to block passage and persians attacked. first days the perseians defeated in waves "immortal" bc replaced fallen units so same size the whole time. narrow passage and heavy armor vs light persian armor disadvantage bc tight formations. hard to stick speaers out. spartains did use tricks and tactics TERRAIN! motivation: greeks fight fo freedom. persians not as motivated bc enslaved/forced to send their men Ethialtes told persians of other path, so they came from all sides. Leonidas told all greeks to leaave except his men to fulfill his prophecy and save sparta. defeat of greece "Minor delay"

Hellenic League vs. Delian League

Hellenic League- during Persian war, those against persians. Delian League- led by Athens ARISTIDES, alliance on the offensive finish them off or should we leave them alone? how agressive should we be? Spread power. centered in Delos, sacred center. known as "League of Athenians and Allies" after Mycale, new ionian revolts@ hellenic didn't want to fight so athenians took over efforts with Delian league. Hellenic- offensive. Delian- PERMANENT ALLIANCE!!! free greek ities under persian rule and athens take vengeance, hellenic was offensive only. kinship with ionia and athens and THEY HAD NAVY POWER!!! these wars were naval

Harmodius and Aristrogeiton

Hipparchus made moves on Harmodius who didnt like him back and his lover Arist got mad. they hid weapons in Pana parade Harmodius and Aristrogeiton assassinated Hipparchus, meant to assassinate Hippias bc more political 514

Alcmeonid family /cleisthenes

Megakles family exiled from Athens after Peis is third tme in power. they are the ones who bribe the delphic oracle to tell the spartans to liberate athens from the tyranny. the family had just rebuilt a beautiful temple for them. they had previously attempted and failed to militarily take over. Peis first took power 560!

Seisactheia

"Shaking off of burdens" debts!!!! SOLON REFORMS 594

Militiades

1 of 10 Athenian Generals hero of Battle of Marathon bc convinced polemarch to break 5-5 tie of generals to convince Athens to attack Persians! shows how even in the military they had more than one person with power

Achaemenids

1. Cyrus- took over Medes so adopted many of their techniques. From Achaemenid family, ruling dynasty for generations. Took Mesopot then Asia Minor 2. Cambyses- son of Cyrus, mainly took Egypt 3. Darius- not direct heir but still Ach. family. went northward and began launch against greek city states in asia minor oast. EACH KING add to glory of inherited persian empire.

Battle of Plataea heroism

1. athenian Heroism theme on eve of destruction?? 2. freedom vs. fighting for a despot betray greek freedom/ 3. VENGEANCE over destruction of temples. 4. CULTURE of greeks want to build customs community blood bond speeches highlightthese themes.

Herodotus intro

11c CE lexicon "suda" preserves bio details: born in Halicarnassus, exiled by tyrant of Halicarnassus assumed he wrote/spent most of exile in Samos. wrote from 450-420s. Greek word historia meant investigation he wanted to preserve human achievements. most known as historian of Persian Wars as conflict between freedom and slavery, oriental and arbitrary despots and free Greeks where men were required to persuade fellow citizens and be responsible for the actions. got his info from Hecateaeus of Militus c.500 first Greek to attempt to order not simply chronicle the mass of Greek traditions the guiding thread in the work was the advance of persian power. not chronological. themes of retribution: Persian attack on athens in 490 was retribution for athenian participation in burning Persian provincial capital of Sardis in 498 hybris leads to nemesis (pride leads to destruction) hybris is seen as expansion of empire. instability of human fortune. "wise advisor" usually ignored. warnings by oracles or dreams, fate preexisting divine ordinance

Dionysia

2nd most important festival after Pan. WHERE TRAGEDy COMPETITIONS HELD!! begun by Peisistratids.

Peace of Callias

449 Peace of Callias. Athens and Persians Formal Treaty/Understanding that athens cease attacks on Persian if they stay away from Aegeans and coastal towns

Aeschylus' Persians

5th century got first tragedies. performed at Dionysis Festival as compeittion in quartet but this is our only remaining one. RELIGIOUS CONTEXT for Greeks. Earliest of 3 great tradgenians. the earliest surviving famous gragedy of Greek world. at end, how shall we recover such a loss? (end) translater conveyed mood and meter of this poem. EVERYONE concerned for xerxes after just saying liness such a stupid arrogand hothead as seen in herodotus. tragic hero? Atossa, mother, has most stage time to maybe make greeks sympathetic to mothers love for son, evven though he's an arrogant ass? Darius' ghost remarks on xerxes ruining the progress made by the persian dynasty before him. he comes across diferently. THEMES: atossa has terrible dream. 2 sisters: 1 greek dressed plainly, 1 persian dressed finely, quarrelling until Xerxes 'yokes' them. the asian/persian one is submissive but the greek one bucks off the yoke and hurts xerxes, predicting greece will not be tamed. DREAMS as means of communication. CLSASH OF TWO WORLDS. FREE VS ENSLAVE as persian happy to be yoked, greek wanted to be free. free vs. despotism. greek was simply dressed, shows impoverished. Evil-minded man told him he couldn't live up to you. PERSIAN KINGS MUST CONQUEST. Atossa and chorus- who will lord the greeks? they do not have masters? OVerdramatizes bc persians still rule middle east, just lost power in greece and later aegean. demaratus vs. xerxes: spartn code, don't need a master we are freee, but xerxes overconfident. 3x xerxes scorened for whipping Hellespont also in Herodouts. Parallels maybe bc herodotus took cues from this bc he published 420s, decades later, AESCHYLUS WAS AT SALAMIS!!!!!!! got other soldiers' POVs? The gods are punishing us for tragic hero. xerxes not tricked but gods angry at arrogance to cross Hellespont and temple desecration, conquer the whole world. DIVINE ELEMENT OF CAUSALITY vs specific ppl decisions. TWIST: from Persian POV? was audience expected to sympathie or exalt? emotional catharsis? athenians "help friends, harm your enemies" was their motto... still waging war on persians at this point. portray persians as victims but glorfiy Athens. against all odds? GLAD NOT THEM, THIS COULDVE BEEN YOU. political goal. Delian League led by Athens at the time, influence?

Dates 4/20

Aeschyleus' Persians Performed 472 Battle of Eurymedon 464

herod 3.1-38

After initial successes Cambyses goes crazy, tries to attack Ethiopia, fails, then he orders several executions. His first victim is the sacred Apis bull, who is mortally wounded by Cambyses in the thigh. has his brother Smerdis killed by Prexaspes, because dream says smerdis seize the throne. Nobody knows about this murder. His next victim is the son of Prexaspes, then a group of 12 noblemen. Finally, he ridicules the cult in an Egyptian temple, an incident that is the best proof that Cambyses was crazy, bc bad to ridicule foreign custom

plutarch cimon 6-13

After the Medes fled Hellas, Cimon was sent as a commander, before Athenians had obtained their sea empire, and while they were still under the leadership of Pausanias. During this campaign, the citizen-soldiers were admirably disciplined and more zealous than others; while Pausanias was holding treasonable conference with Barbarians, letters to the King, treating allies with harsh arrogance, and displaying wantonness of power and silly pretension. Cimon received bad guys with mildness, treated them humanely, before men were aware of it, secured the leadership of Hellas by virtue of character, not by force of arms. Most allies, bc they didnt like the severity and disdain of Pausanias, chose Cimon and Aristides, who won this following and sent to the Ephors to recall Pausanias, since Sparta had lost her prestige and Hellas was in confusion. It is said that a maiden of Byzantium Cleonicé was summoned by Pausanias for a purpose that would disgrace her. Her fearful parents abandoned her to fate, and she stumbled in the dark, knocked over a lamp and startled Pausanius who drew a dagger and stabbed her thinking her an enemy accidentally. After her death in consequence of the blow, she gave Pausanias no peace, but kept coming into his sleep by night in phantom form, wrathfully uttering this verse:— "Draw thou nigh to thy doom; 'tis evil for men to be wanton." The allies were outraged, joined Cimon in forcing Pausanias to leave the city. Driven from Byzantium, he had recourse to the ghost-oracle of Heracleia, summoning up the spirit of Cleonicé, besought her to forgo her wrath. She said soon his troubles cease on coming to Sparta, his impending death. Cimon took command of the allies and sailed to Thrace, bc heard Persian men of rank and king's kinsmen held possession of and were harassing greeks in Eïon. First defeated the Persians in battle and shut them up in the city; then expelled from their homes the Thracians who helped the Persians, put the whole country under guard, and brought the besieged to such straits that Butes, King's general, gave up the struggle, set fire to the city, and destroyed his family, treasures, and himself. Cimon took the city, but gained no memorable advantage bc most treasures burned with the Barbarians; but the surrounding territory was fertile and fair, this he turned over to the Athenians for occupation. The ppl permitted him to dedicate the stone Hermae, inscribed ON 1ST:— Athens and Eion men were valorious against Persians, they also fought famine, but their foes exited in despair. ON 2ND:— Athen leaders rewarded for breavery, eager future to figh for commonwealth. ON 3RD:—"With the Atridae of old, from this our city, Menestheus. Led his men to the plain Trojan called and divine. He, once Homer asserted, among well-armoured Achaeans, Marshaller was of the fight, best of them all who had come. Thus there is naught unseemly in giving that name to Athenians; Marshallers they both of war and of the vigour of men." Cimon not mentioned BY NAME. Neither Themistocles nor Miltiades achieved this, when the latter asked for a crown of olive merely, Deceleian Sophanes rose up and protested in assembly, ungracious, but it pleased the people of that day. "When thou hast fought out alone a victory over the Barbarians, then demand to be honored alone." Why then were ppl pleased with Cimon? Bc the others as generals were trying to repel enemies and avert disaster; but Cimon led them, able to ravage the land of their enemies, acquire fresh territories for settlement, for Eïon and Amphipolis. They settled Scyros too, which Cimon seized bc: Dolopians living there were bad farmers so they were pirates and robbed some Thessalian merchants who had cast anchor at Ctesium, and threw them into prison. Stole from those who helped them. When these men had escaped from bondage and won their suit against the city at the Amphictyonic assembly, the ppl of Scyros were not willing to make restitution, called to return plunder. The terrified robbers sent a letter to Cimon, urging him to seize the city, they would give it to him. This is how Cimon possessed the island, drove out the Dolopians, and made the Aegean a free sea. On learning that King Lycomedes had put to death ancient Theseus, son of Aegeus, who fled in exile from Athens to Scyros, Cimon sought to find his grave. Athenians once received an oracle bidding them bring Theseus' bones to Athens and honor him as hero. Scyrians would not admit the truth of the story, nor allow any search to be made. Cimon set to work ardently, discovered the hallowed spot, had the bones bestowed in his own trireme, and brought them back to the hero's own country after an absence of about 400 years. This was the MAIN REASON PPL LIKED HIM. PPL also cherished in kind remembrance a decision of his in tragic contests which became so famous. When Sophocles, still a young man, entered the lists with his first plays, Apsephion the Archon, seeing that the spirit of rivalry and partisanship ran high among the spectators, didnt appoint the contest judges by lot, but when Cimon and his fellow-generals advanced into the theatre and made the customary libation to the god, Archon forced them to take the oath and sit as judges, being ten in all, one from each tribe. So, the contest, bc of the unusual dignity of the judges, was more animated than ever. But Sophocles was victorious, and Aeschylus lingered then went off in anger to Sicily where he died, buried near Gela. Ion says coming from Chios to Athens, he was a fellow dinner guest with Cimon given by Laomedon, and over wine the hero was invited to sing, and was good, praised by guests as a smarter than Themistocles. That hero declared that he had not learned to sing, nor even to play the lyre, but knew how to make a city great and rich. Ion says the conversation turned to the exploits of Cimon, and his greatest deeds were recounted, the hero dwelt on one particular stratagem which he thought his smartest: When Athenians and allies had taken many barbarian prisoners at Sestos and Byzantium, turned them to him for distribution, he had a jail for the ppl and another for their rich adornments, his distribution was blamed as unequal. But he bade the allies choose one of the lots, the Athenians would be content with the one left. By advice of Samos' Herophytus to choose Persian wealth rather than Persians, the allies took the rich adornments, the prisoners for Athenians. Cimon came off as stupid, since the allies had their gold anklets, jacketsand purple robes to display, while the Athenians got naked bodies ill-trained for labor. But later, the friends and kinsmen of the captives came down from Phrygia and Lydia and ransomed EACH at a great price, so Cimon had 4 months' pay and rations for his fleet, and much gold from the ransoms was left over for the city. Already wealthy, Cimon gave the campaign revenues to citizens. He let strangers/needy citizens take fearlessly the fruits of his land; and gave a dinner at his house to which any poor man could come, which cost nothing and allowed him to devote himself solely to public affairs. Aristotle says that it was only for his own demesmen, the Laciadae, that he provided a free dinner. He was constantly attended by young comrades in fine attire, was ready to exchange raiment with an elderly citizen. These same followers also carried with them a generous sum of money, and in the market-place, they would quietly thrust small change into their hands. Yet Sparta's Lichas became famous among the Hellenes bc he entertained the strangers at the boys' gymnastic festival; but the generosity of Cimon surpassed even the hospitality/philanthropy of the ancient Athenians, for they spread abroad among Greece the sowing of grain, uses of spring waters, and taught mankind how to kindl fire. Cimon returned the fabled communism of the age of Cronus, — the golden age. Those who said this was flattery of rabble were refuted by his political policy, which was aristocratic and Laconian. He opposed Themistocles when he exalted the democracy unduly, like Aristides. Later he took hostile issue with Ephialtes, who tried to please the ppl by dethroning the Council of the Areiopagus, he remained unbought and unapproached by bribes, devoting all his powers to the state, without recompense and in all purity, through to the end. Rhoesaces, a Barbarian who had deserted the King, came to Athens with lotsa $, and being set upon by the public informers, fled for refuge to Cimon, and deposited at his door two platters, one filled with silver, the other with golden Darics. Cimon, when he saw them, smiled, and told him if he wanted Cimon as a friend, get rid of the money. The allies continued to pay their assessments, but did not furnish men and ships according to allotment, since they were tired of military service, had a great desire to farm. The Barbarians were gone and did not harass them, so they didn't man their ships nor send out soldiers. The Athenian generals tried to force them to do this, and by prosecuting the delinquents and punishing them, rendered their empire burdensome. But Cimon took the opposite course when he was general, and brought no compulsion to bear on a single Hellene, but accepted money from those who did not wish to go out on service, and ships without crews. So suffered the allies, caught the bait of their own ease to stay at home and become farmers or unwarlike merchants instead of warriors. Cimon made great numbers of Athenians man their ships, one crew relieving another, and imposed on them the toil of his expeditions, soon and by means of wages which they got from the allies, made them lords of their own paymasters. For those who did no military service became used to fearing and flattering those who voyaged, for ever under arms and training: before they knew it, they were tributary subjects instead of allies. No one humbled and reduced the haughty spirit of the Great King more than Cimon, for he followed him from Hellas and before the Barbarians had come to rest, he sacked and overthrew, or subverted and annexed to the Hellenes there, until Asia from Ionia to Pamphylia was entirely cleared of Persian arms. Learning that King's generals were lurking about Pamphylia w/ a great army + many ships, wished to make them afraid to enter the sea, he set sail from Cnidus with 200 triremes. These vessels were constructed for speed by Themisto; Cimon made them broader, put bridges between their decks, so their numerous hoplites might be more effective in their onsets. Putting in at Phaselis, a Hellenic city, but refused to admit his armament or even to abandon the King's cause, he ravaged its territory and assaulted its walls. But the Chians, who formed part of his fleet and were on friendly terms the Phaselis ppl, worked to soften Cimon's hostility and by shooting arrows over the walls with little documents attached, they conveyed messages of their success to the men of Phaselis. So Cimon made friends w/ them IF they pay 10 talents + join his expedition against the Barbarians. Tithraustes commanded the royal fleet, and Pherendates the infantry; but Callisthenes says that it was Ariomandes, who, as commander-in‑chief of all the forces, lay at anchor with the fleet off the mouth of the Eurymedon, waiting for 80 Phoenician ships to sail up from Cyprus, not AT ALL wanting to fight Hellenes. 5Wishing to anticipate their arrival, Cimon went to sea, prepared to force the fighting if his enemy didn't first. The enemy put into the river trying not to fight but Athenians followed, so enemy sailed out to meet them. Nothing was achieved by them on the water which was worthy of such a force, they put about and made shore, where most of them abandoned their ships and fled for refuge to the infantry which was drawn near; those overtaken were destroyed with their ships. The # of Barbarian ships in action was large, though many escaped and many destroyed, still 200 were captured by the Athenians. When the enemy's land forces marched down to the sea, Cimon thought it a vast undertaking to force a landing and lead his weary Hellenes against a larger, less tired foe. But he saw that his men were exalted by the drive/pride of victory, eager to come to close quarters with Barbarians, so he landed his hoplites, and they advanced to attack with shouts and ran. The Persians stood firm nobly, a mighty battle ensued, the Athenians slaughtered the Barbarians, then captured them + their camp, which was full of sorts of treasure. But Cimon, though he brought down 2 contests in one day, and had surpassed the victory of Salamis with an infantry battle, and Plataea with a naval battle, still went on competing with his own victories. Hearing that the 80 Phoenician triremes which were too late for the battle had put in at Hydrus, he sailed there. While Phoenician commanders knew nothing about the major force, were still in suspense and were more panicked at his attack, and lost all their ships. Most of their crews were destroyed with the ships. This exploit so humbled the purpose of the King that he made the terms of that notorious peace, by which he was to keep away from the Hellenic sea-coast as far as a horse could travel in a day, and was not to sail west of the Cyanean and Chelidonian isles w/ ships Some say the King acted through the fear. But in the decrees collected by Craterus there is a copy of the treaty in its due place, as though it had actually been made. And they say that the Athenians also built the altar of Peace to commemorate this event, and paid distinguished honours to Callias as their ambassador. By the sale of the captured spoils the ppl were enabled to meet various financial demands, and it constructed the southern wall of the Acropolis w/ the generous resources obtained from expeditions and though the building of the long walls, called "legs," was completed after their foundations, where the work was obstructed by swamps and marshes, were stayed up securely by Cimon, who dumped vast quantities of rubble and heavy stones into the swamps, paid himself. He beautified the city with the so‑called "liberal" and elegant resorts which were so excessively popular later, by planting the market-place with plane trees, and by converting the Academy from a waterless and arid spot into a well watered grove, which he provided with clear running-tracks and shady walks

Right to appeal

Appeal verdict to popular courts, PUBLIC PROSECUTIONS from Areopagus SOLON REFORMS 594

herod 5. 49-55

Aristagoras speech to Cleomenes uses a map of the world engraved on a bronze tablet says the vast wealth of Asia can be yours. Cleomenes, learns that Susa is 3 months journey inland, rejects. Tries to bribe Cleomenes, fails 2nd. Aristagoras goes to Athens, a democracy; the story of the Peisitratids.

Classical Sculpture

Art advances from stiff standing Kuroi in Archaic to lifelike range of poses in Classic. Life and energy, change in compossition. ALSO grave monumsnet carved. REALISM=real austerity, dignisty, sadness on graves. different states enhancedd advances. PLACID faces "otherwordly calm" idealized.

aeschylus' entire persians

Atossa: Mother of Xerxes and widow of King Darius. Ghost of Darius Xerxes: King of the Persians and son of Atossa and Darius. Chorus: Elderly members of the Persian Council of State. Messenger: Persian who informs Atossa and the chorus of the Greek victory and details of the fighting. 480 BC. The elderly members of Persian Council of State gather outside the palace in Susa, one of four cities serving as centers of government for the vast Persian Empire. These councilmen—along with Atossa, the mother of King Xerxes—are awaiting news of the war with the Greeks, fought to avenge a Greek victory over their forces ten years before on the plains of Marathon, Greece. they worry about the outcome of the latest fighting. When Atossa enters, she also expresses fears, saying, "Oft, since my son hath march'd his mighty host Against the lonians, warring to subdue Their country, have my slumbers been disturb'd With dreams of dread portent." The chorus leader advises her to entreat the gods to protect her son, her country, and her friends and to call upon the ghost of her dead husband, Darius, to bring victory to Xerxes. At the moment that they are speaking, a messenger approaches and announces that the Greeks have vanquished the entire Persian army. The chorus chants, "O horror, horror! What a baleful train Of recent ills! Ah, Persians, as he speaks Of ruin, let your tears stream to the earth. " The messenger says he observed the "heaps of dead" with his own eyes. The major victory was at Salamis, where Greek ships routed the Persian fleet. Thousands of Persian horsemen, spearmen, and archers also fell to the Greeks in land battles. Atossa says she cannot find words to express her grief. When she asks about survivors, the messenger says Xerxes lives. That news, says Atossa, is "a ray that brightens through the melancholy gloom." The man then recites a list of the names of great Persian chieftains and warriors who died in the fighting. He says, "Whoe'er of Persia's warriors glow'd in prime Of vig'rous youth, or felt their generous souls Expand with courage, or for noble birth Shone with distinguish'd lustre, or excell'd In firm and duteous loyalty, all these Are fall'n, ignobly, miserably fall'n. Persian survivors of the fighting scattered in different directions." Atossa laments that her foreboding dreams of defeat for the Persian horde have come true. She will seek comfort in praying to the gods and offering sacrifices for the dead. Noting that she cannot change the outcome of the war, she expresses hope for a brighter future. When her son returns, she says, her countrymen should offer comfort and assistance. After the chorus laments the Persian defeat, Atossa offers libations to the ghost of her husband, Darius, and to the gods—milk from a sacred heifer, honey, wine, the perfume from flowers. After the chorus invokes Darius, he appears as a ghost and asks what woes afflict the country. Atossa answers, "Ruin through all her states hath crush'd thy Persia" in a war on land and at sea against Athens. His son Xerxes led the forces but survived the onslaught, she recounts in detail. Darius says his son acted unwisely, thinking "that his power should rise above the gods, and Neptune's might." Now the greatness won by predecessors of Xerxes--including Cyrus, Mardus, Maraphus, Artaphernes, and Darius himself--is lost. The ghost tells the Persians to cease warring with Greece and asks Atossa to select a fine robe for Xerxes to replace his battle-torn garments. Then, he suggests, "with gentlest courtesy soothe his affliction." After the ghost returns to the tomb of Darius, Atossa exits to get the robe. Xerxes arrives with a few of his men. He bemoans his and Persia's ruin. "Ah me, how sudden have the storms of Fate, Beyond all thought, all apprehension, burst On my devoted head! O Fortune, Fortune! With what relentless fury hath thy hand Hurl'd desolation on the Persian race!" When the chorus asks the fate of certain heroes, he replies that all are dead. "Dismay, and rout, and ruin, ills that wait / On man's afflicted fortune, sink us down." The chorus and Xerxes end the play with a final lament on the misfortune of the Persians.

Four citizen classes

By wealth: Can move up in class!! Not birth determined but by wealth/horse. 4th class anyone could be part of, an assembly member. From then up the offices got higher. SOLON REFORMS 594

Bardiya (smerdis real brother)

Cambyses slew brother bardiya then hostile ppl according to stone. 521 darius became king!!!

herod 5.73

Cleisthenes and others recalled; Athenian embassy to Sardis in anticipation of war with Sparta fails when the satrap demands earth and water in return for aid.

Dates 3/28

Croesus is king of lydia - 560-546 Sardis captured by persians-546 birth of herodotus of halicarnassus -484

Persians

Cyrus and Cambyses. uses the thread of the persian empire growing to tie together all of his narratives and digressions.

Cyrus

Cyrus conquers Croesus and Lydians at Sardis. Hdt starts with Croesus bc he is the one who begins Greek/Asian disputes bc he conquered/alliances. oracle says fight persians defeat mighty empire grandson of Astyages leader of the Medeans

dream of xerxes and artabanus

DIFFERENT from others. not metaphoric, give him dirrect command instead of choice or imply. must happen, no need to interpret. WRONG ADVICE : GOD INTERVENTION????? "fate works out no matter how you try to oppose it" Persians came to power bc of dream of cyrus, ends with dream for xerxes. channels don't disappiont dad.

Athens Empire

Delian League, vengeance on Persians. Originally voluntary but became bais for new Empire. Small islands and coastal towns paid instead of providing ships. WEALTH POURING IN! train naval men, build shps, defeating persians. Allies notice that he "tribute" had to arrive annual on time and in full. They got angry if not. Members tried to leave, but "iron mass hasn't risen from sea" NAxos, Thasos left and athens beseiged and CRUSHED the cities to insist stay in the League. Now tributaries and big enough to have a fleet, lost if after athens attack. Foreign Policy controlled by Athens, internally autonomous poleis except if they rebelled then internal fighting btwn other poleis. Athens made their constitutions/sent officials/seized land, made them subjects. DELOS treasury moved to Athens bc Egyptian Expedition "it's safer and farther away there" were helping egyptians rebel against persians. now directly stored all the wealth/administered it from their OWN public temples. 454 saw this transition of voluntary to ATHENIAN EMPIRE! 449 Peace of Callias. Athens and Persians Formal Treaty/Understanding that athens cease attacks on Persian if they stay away from Aegeans and coastal towns. LONG TERM cease fire! to eliminate Persian threat. So why keep Delian League? MECHANISM TO WIN OVER AEGEAN! resources to maintain/expand empire, using excuses "Persians still out there" Radicalized their democracy. After Cleisthenes 507. Demos took charge in Assembly, see Decrees, Council 500, take charge of policy. By 480s regular OSTRACISMS! inluding THemistocles and a decade later Cimon. bc Cimon supported SPARTA > push war against persians, not liked bc Spartans relations bc Delians mistreated would ask Sparta for help but spartas felt LOSS OF STATUS as a new rival power in athens. Competitive anger. Cimon wished for Grk Cooperation. But Sparta had Helot Rebellion, Sparta in chaos in Laconia and Messenia and EARTHQUAKE left Sparta in disaster, they shut off helots in Messenia. Spartans asked Athens for help bc got good at siege warfare when crushing grreek delian rebellions. came but suggestions weren't taken or didn't work. Controversial to send help, cimon said help our yoke-fellows to greek unity! Spartans kicked out ONLY ATHENS lead to backlash on CImon. 1. OSTRACIZE him, 2. ATHENS ALLIANCE with Argives, major rivals of Sparta. 3. MEGARA on the isthmus switched from Sparta to Athens' side. Athenian Democracy now flourish bc Ephialtes attack Aereopagus that Cleisthenes and Solon left alone, its a council of elite old men. Disbanded it, removed members from arcchons, made them boule or assembly or worse, jury members. They had conservative perogatives, eliteism. Ephialtes was MURDERED but demos supported and kept this system. RADICALIZED by growth of empire, need for ACTIVe fleet, allowed lower classes to be paid and participate in ways poor couldn't previously other than paid jury, bc couldn't pay for hoplite armor. Athenina GLORY OF NAVY!! socially encouraged to participate.

Areopagus

Elite council (similar to gerousia in Sparta) Predates Solon but he left it untouched, you were on this council for life after been archon. authority to oversee the constitution, force of elite privilege. SOLON REFORMS 594

Boule

Established the council 400 with 100 reps from 4 tribes, were not geographically centered.SOLON REFORMS 594

Reasons NOT TO fight

Greece 1. Delphic Oracle. should I joined Hellenic League? you'll all die. told sparta "your polis will be destroyed OR one of your kings will die" Athens was told "doomed" got second prophecy "wooden wall will win" Argives and Cretans told don't fight. Delphians told "pray to winds" AMBIGUOUS/ negative. looked bad to oracle bc odds makers, gave rational responses just looking out for greeks. 2. Athenians and Sparts fought over who would lead resistance. leading milit power was sparta, athens was target so knew they had to fight. some elites competed over position, argos wanted to lead. Gelon of Syracuse wanted to lead expedition but that went to sparta. he said ok what about navy. sorry, that's athens. so syracuse went home. 3. some fleets "never made it" 4. autonomous states, xerxes said they need one ruler to bring them together

Pausanias

Greek commander for plataea, king regent who compromised and broughtt greek unity a bit. WAITED FOR 2ND OMEN TO ATTACK pious man.

herodoctus 1.106-215

Harsh rule of the Scythians in Asia Minor is ended after 28 years by Median, his son Astyages takes power whose daughter bears a son, Cyrus. Astyages is warned by 2 dreams about Cyrus, so he gives the baby to Harpagus to kill it. Harpagus decides not to kill the baby and instructs a herdsman to expose the baby but he decides to raise it; wife just gave birth stillborn, used body to fool Harpagus, at 10 Cyrus' identity was revealed: Playing King of the Hill, he beats the son of a nobleman; upon questioning by Astyages (his grandfather) his regal manner gives the secret away. Astyages confirms his suspicions by questioning the herdsman. Harpagus confesses how he was fooled. Astyages pretends to forgive Harpagus, but has his son roasted and fed to Harpagus. Cyrus is sent to Persia to live with his parents. An angry Harpagus sends a secret letter to Cyrus, urging him to lead the Persians in rebellion against Astyages, promising support of Median nobles. Cyrus agrees. Astyages puts Harpagus in command of the Medes; Cyrus' first victory is assured by defections among the Medes. Astyages is defeated and captured. The final bitter words between Harpagus and Astyages: you fool, you enslaved the medians. Cyrus rejects a peace offer from the Ionian Greeks. Assembly of Ionians at Mycale (Samos). The Milesians and islanders are temporarily safe from the Persians, who have no navy yet. The half-hearted support of Sparta for the Greeks of Asia Minor; the Spartan warning to Cyrus, and his scornful reply. Cyrus goes to fight his enemies to the east, leaves his deputies in charge of the coast. The Lydians rebel and besiege the Persian governor at Sardis. Cyrus complains to Croesus about the ingratitude of the Lydians and asks his advice. Croesus suggests emasculate the Lydians by making them singers, dancers, and salesmen, to save his countrymen. Cyrus agrees and sends orders to Lydia on those lines. Sardis is again in Persian hands. The Persians begin attacks on the Greeks of Asia Minor. Harpagus is Cyrus' general, besieges Phocaea; the Phocaeans evacuate the city by sea. Harpagus completes the conquest of the Ionian Greeks; the islanders surrender. Cyrus advances east to attack the Massagetae. Queen Tomyris suggests that Cyrus cease trying to bridge the Araxes, and that the two sides meet in a fair fight on either side of the river. Croesus says no, proposes to cross the Araxes, then set a trap for the Massagetae with a great feast, attacking as they eat. Cyrus accepts this plan; Croesus is sent back to Persia with Cyrus' son Cambyses. Cyrus dreams of Darius with wings looming over Europe and Asia, but misinterprets the dream. Darius' father is sent back to Persia to keep an eye on his son. The plan of Croesus succeeds; the Massagetae are defeated, and Tomyris' son is captured. Tomyris warns Cyrus to return her son and retreat, but he refuses. The suicide of Tomyris' son results in huge battle of the Persians and the Massagetae; Cyrus is defeated and killed. His corpse is abused by Tomyris.

plut themistocles 18-29

Honorable, from his memorable sayings and doings. city chose him to be admiral, he would not perform any public or private business at its proper time, but postpone it to the day he was to set sail, bc he did many things all at once and had meetings with so many men, he might be thought to be some great personage and very powerful. Saw the gold colars and bracelets on the the dead bodies of the Barbarians along the sea, didn't take for himself, said to friend: "Help thyself, thou art not Themistocles." Used to say Athenians did not really honora/admire him, but treated him like a plane-tree, running under his branches for shelter when it stormed, but plucked at thim when they had fair weather. When told by the Seriphian that it was the city not himself that got him his reputation, "True but neither should I, had I been a Seriphian, have achieved reputation, nor would you if you were an Athenian." Fellow general compared his 'great service' to themis's: "With the Festival-day, Thou art full of occupations and wearisome, but when I come, all enjoy at their leisure, richly provided for'; Festival-day replied: 'True, ... but had I not come at that day of Salamis, where would thou and thy colleagues be now?" Said his son was the most powerful of all the Hellenes; bc the Hellenes were ruled by Athenians who were ruled by himself whose was ruled by the boy's mother, and the mother by her boy. He offered a certain estate for sale, saying good neighbor.. Of two suitors for his daughter's hand, he chose the likely man in preference to the rich man, saying that he wanted a man without money rather than money without a man. He undertook to rebuild and fortify the city, by bribing/tricking the Spartan Ephors not to oppose the project. He came on an embassy, and when the Spartans brought up the charge that the Athenians were fortifying their city, and Polyarchus was sent expressly from Aegina with the same accusation, he denied it, bade them send men to Athens to see for themselves, not only because this delay would secure time for the building of the wall, but also he wished the Athenians to hold these envoys as hostages for him. Exactly what happened. When the spartans found out, they concealed their displeasure and sent him away unharmed. Next he equipped the Piraeus, bc he had noticed the favorable shape of its harbors, and wished to attach the whole city to the sea; thus in a certain manner counteracting the policies of the ancient Athenian kings who, in efforts to draw the citizens away from the sea and accustom them to live not by navigation but by agriculture, disseminated the story about Athena, how when Poseidon was contending with her for possession of the country, she displayed the sacred olive-tree of the Acropolis to the judges, and so won the day. But Themistocles fastened the city to the Piraeus, the land to the sea. He increased the privileges of common ppl against the nobles, and filled them with boldness, since controlling power came now into the hands of skippers, boatswains, and pilots. The bema in Pnyx, which stood looking TO the sea, was turned by 30 tyrants to look INALND bc they thought that maritime empire was the mother of democracy, and oligarchy was less distasteful to tillers of the soil. But Themistocles greater designs securing naval supremacy. When the fleet of the Hellenes was wintering in Pagasae after the departure of Xerxes, he lectured Athenians that he had a scheme which would be useful and salutary for them, but which could not be broached in public. So Athenians bade him impart it to Aristides alone to approve, then it would happen. Themistocles told Aristides that he purposed to burn the fleet of the Hellenes where it lay; but Aristides addressed the people, and said the scheme which he purposed, that none could be more morally wrong. Athenians ordered Themistocles to give it up. At the Amphictyonic or Holy Alliance conventions, the Spartans introduced motions that all cities who fought with/were switzerland against Medians/Persians be excluded from the Alliance. Themistocles, feared by excluding Thessalians, Argives and Thebans from convention, spartans would control the votes and carry through their wishes. Themistocles spoke for protesting cities, and changed the sentiments of the delegates by showing that only 31, mostly small, cities fought in war; intolerable to exclude the rest of Hellas, and the convention be at the mercy of the two or three largest cities. Spartans now especially ahted him, and they therefore tried to advance Cimon in public favor, making him the political rival of Themi. Allies also hated him bc tried to exact money from islands. When he demanded money of Andrians, made a speech to them and got reply as follows: he said he came escorting two gods, Persuasion and Compulsion; and they replied that they already had 2 gods, Penury and Powerlessness, who hindered them from giving him $. Timocreon, the lyric poet of Rhodes, assailed Themistocles a bitter song, that for bribes he had secured the restoration of other exiles, but had abandoned him, through a host and a friend, and all for money. The song runs thus: arististides is best of all men,themis is "liar, chet, traitor" steals from greeks, isthmus hates him too. Timocreon was sent into exile on a charge of Medising, and that Themistocles concurred in the vote, when Themistocles also was accused of Medising, Timocreon composed these lines upon him:— "i guess I wasn't the only one who made compacts with the Medes, hes a fox" Them was forced to allude in assembly to his own achievements, til he wastired, and he said to the malcontents: "Why are ye vexed that the same men should often benefit you?' " He offended the multitude also by building the temple of Artemis near his house, whom he surnamed Aristoboulé, or Best Counsellor, intimating thus that it was he who had given the best counsel to the city and to the Hellenes. Now where public officers cast out bodies of those who were put to death, and carry forth the garments and the nooses of those who hung themselves. A portrait-statue of Themistocles stood in this temple of Aristoboulé, which he appears to have been of heroic spirit, presence. He was OSTRACISED! curtailing his dignity and pre-eminence, thought to have oppressive power, and to be incommensurate with true democratic equality. WAY OF PACIFY /alleviating jealousy which delights to humble the eminent, breathing out its malice into this disfranchisement. Exiled to Argos. Leobotes the son of Alcmeon, of the deme Agraulé, brought indictment, Spartans supported him in the accusation. Pausanias, while engaged in his grand scheme of treachery, first kept it hidden from Themistocles; but when he saw him thus banished from his state and bitter, he made bold to invite him into partnership in sparta, showing him a letter he had received from the King, and inciting him against the Hellenes as a base and thankless ppl. Themistocles rejected the solicitation of Pausanias, refused the partnership; yet he disclosed the propositions to no one, nor did he give info of the treacherous scheme, bc he expected that Pausanias would give it up or that in some other way it would be found out. When Pausanias had been put to death under suspicion of disloyalty, letters and documents were discovered, cast suspicion on Themistocles. The spartans cried down, and athens denounced him, he was not present to plead his cause, but defended himself in writing, making use of earlier accusations against him. Once was slandered by his enemies before his peers— so he wrote, as one who ever sought to rule, but had no natural bent nor even the desire to be ruled, he could never have sold himself with Hellas to Barbarians, much less to enemy. The people, however, were over-persuaded by his accusers, and sent men with orders to arrest him and bring him up in custody to stand trial before a Congress of Hellenes. Themis heard in advance, and went to Corcyra, where he seen as public benefactor bc had served as arbiter in a dispute between them and Corinthians, settled the quarrel by deciding that the Corinthians should pay an indemnity of 20 talents, and administer Leucas as a common colony of both cities. Thence he fled to Epirus, Athenians and spartans pursued. DESPERATE he took refuge with Molassian King Admetus, who had been refused a favor insultingly by Themis earlier, was angry with him and wanted vengeance on him if he caught him. But Themistocles was more afraid of kindred and recent jealousy than of a long ago anger, so cast himself at the king's mercy, making himself the suppliant of Admetus in a way quite peculiar and extraordinary: He took the king's young son in his arms and threw himself down at the hearth; a form of supplication which the Molossians regarded as most sacred, and as almost the only one that might not be refused. It was Queen Phthia who suggested this form of supplication to Themistocles, and that she seated her son on the hearth with him; and that Admetus, so that he might give a religious sanction to the necessity of not surrendering the man, arranged beforehand and rehearsed the supplication scene. Thither his wife and children were privily removed from Athens and sent to him by Epicrates of the deme Acharnae, who, for this deed, was convicted and put to death by Cimon. Then, Stesimbrotus says he sailed to and demanded the daughter of Sicily tyrant Hiero in marriage, promising he would make the Hellenes sway; but Hiero repulsed him, so he sailed to Asia. THIS WAS UNLIKELY For Theophrastus, tells when Hiero sent competition horses to Olympia, and set up a fancy decorated booth, Themistocles made a speech among the assembled Hellenes, urging them to tear down the booth of this tyrant and prevent his horses from competing. Thucydides says that he made his way across the country to the sea, and set sail from Pydna, none of the passengers knew his identity, when the vessel had been carried by a storm to Naxos, where Athenians laid seige at the time. Terrified, he told the master and captain of ship his name, partly by entreaties and threats, declaed he would denounce/vilify them to the Athenians as having taken him on board at the start under bribes. This compelled them to sail by and make the coast of Asia. Of his property, much was secretly sent to Asia by his friends but the sum total of that which was brought to light and confiscated amounted to 100 talents, and yet Themistocles did not possess the worth of 3 talents before he entered political life. After landing at Cymé, and learning that many on the coast wanted to seize him - Ergoteles and Pythodorus, — for the lucrative chase and the 2 were fond of getting gain from every source, since 200 talents had been publicly set upon his head by the King, — he fled to Aegae, a little Aeolic citadel. Here no one knew him except his host Nicogenes, the wealthiest man in Aeolia, and well acquainted with the magnates of the interior. During this time, after the dinner which followed a certain sacrifice, Olbius, the paedagogue of the children of Nicogenes, becoming rapt and inspired, lifted up his voice and uttered the following verse: night shall speak, instruct thee, give thee victory. That night, a DREAM that a serpent wound itself along his body and crept to his neck, then became an eagle when it touched his face, enveloped him with its wings and lifted him a long distance, when appeared a golden herald's wand, where it set him down, freed from helpless terror and distress. He was sent away by Nicogenes, a scheme for his safety. Most barbarous nations, Persiansparticularly are savage/harsh in their jealous watchfulness over their women. wedded wives, and bought slaves or concubines strictly guarded, so no outsiders see them as they live in complete seclusion, and carried in tents with curtains on journeys. Such a vehicle was made ready for Themistocles to make his journey, while his attendants replied in every case to those who inquired, that it was a Hellenic woman, fair but frail, to one of the King's courtiers. Now Thucydides and Charon of Lampsacus relate that Xerxes was dead, and that his son Artaxerxes with whom Themistocles had his interview; but other historians have it that it was Xerxes to whom he came. Themistocles, at the threshold of the dreadful ordeal, had audience first with Artabanus the Chiliarch/Grand Vizier, said he was a Hellene, and he desired to have an audience with the King on imporant matters for which the king entertained the most lively concern. Whereupon the Chiliarch replied: "O Stranger, men's customs differ.. but all honor.. their own peculiar ways. Now you Hellenes admire liberty and equality, but in our eyes, the fairest of all is to honor the King, and to pay curtsy to him as the image of that god who is the preserver of all things. If you bow, it is in thy power to address the King; but if not, you need messengers instead. Themistocles said: "Artabanus, I will augment the King's fame/power, I will observe your customs and induce more men than do so now." Artabanus asks who he is and Themistocles said no one may learn b4 the King. after he made obeisance, the King ordered the interpreter to ask his name : Themistocles, Athenian exile, pursued by the Hellenes; Persians owe me for many ills, MORE for blessings, since I hindered the pursuit of the Hellenes, at a time when Hellas was brought into safety, and the salvation of my own home gave me an opportunity for showing some favor to you. Now I come prepared to receive the favor of reconciliation, or to deprecate the anger of one holds grudges. Killing me will just make the Hellenes happy. He spoke of serprent dream, how when he was bidden by the oracle of Dodonaean Zeus to proceed, he had concluded that he was thereby sent to him, since both were actually "Great Kings," and were so addressed. The Persian didnt reply, was struck with admiration at his bold spirit; but he congratulated himself over what he called the greatest good fortune, and prayed Arimanius ever to give his enemies such minds as to drive their best men away from them; He sacrificed to the gods, drank, and while sleeping called out thrice happily: "I have Themistocles the Athenian." Next day King introduced friends to Themis, who expected no good outcome, seeing guards at the gates bitterly disposed and insulting him. And Roxanes the Chiliarch, the King being seated and the rest silent, said angrily: "Thou subtle serpent of Hellas, the King's good genius hath brought thee hither." But when he bowed again, the King was nice to him and said he already owed him 200 talents, since he had delivered himself, it was only just that he should get the reward for his captor. The king promised him much more, bade him take heart, and gave him leave to say whatever he wished concerning the affairs of Hellas, with all frankness of speech. But Themistocles said his answers seemed straightforward but rolled up like a rug it was distorted, he had need of time. The King like the comparison, so Themistocles asked for a year: he learned Persian language sufficiently to have interviews with the King w/o interpretors. Outsiders thought these conferences concerned Hellenic matters; but since the king introduced many innovations at court and among his favorites, the magnates became jealous of Themistocles, since he made bold use of free speech with the King to their harm bc he enjoyed honors beyond other foreigners; he took part in the King's hunts and household diversions, he even had access to the queen-mother and became intimate with her, and at the King's bidding heard expositions also of the Magian lore. When Spartan Demaratus, being bidden to ask a gift, asked that he might ride in state through Sardis, wearing his tiara upright like Persian kings, Mithropaustes the King's cousin said, touching the tiara of Demaratus: this tiara covers no brains, you wont need zeus bc you already grabbed a thunderbolt. The King also repulsed Demaratus in anger at his request, and was minded to be inexorable towards him, yet Themistocles begged and obtained a reconciliation with him. Later kings, as Persia and Hellas came closer in relations, often asked for Hellene advisors, everyone promised writing,that he be more influential than Themistocles. Themistocles himself, now become great and courted by many, said to his children, when a splendid table was set for him: "My children, we should now have been undone, had we not been undone before." cities provided his food and clothing.

Medes

Kingdoms of Astayages and grandson Cyrus. Astayages marries off his daughter to a persian prince bc he has dream she has a baby who takes over world and sends Harpagus to kill baby. Cyrus is found out and sent back to Persia with his real parents and then with harpagus' cooperation he conqueres Medes but enslaves them.

Sardis

Lydian Capital, During revolt, based themselves at Ephesus, marched/captured Sardis, except citadel "accidently burnt Sardis down including temples" Athenians left bc disgusted they burned down a city and left ionians. it was a great ionian victory

herod all of 9

Mardonius learns Athenians not willing to agree, mobilizes his army and marches to Athens. Again, the Persians find the city deserted: they're settled on Salamis. They send envoys to the Spartans, reproaching them for lack of aid; they discover Spartans working on construction of wall across the Corinthian isthmus. Spartans understand their aloofness will force Athenians to make common cause with the enemy and that no wall can protect the Peloponnese against a naval attack, they send an expeditionary force, under commander Pausanias. On hearing the news of the Spartan advance, Mardonius orders the destruction of Athens. When the old city burns, he and his army return to Boeotia. Greek soldiers from almost every city gather on the Corinthian isthmus and then march to Eleusis in the NE, where they have a rendez-vous with the Athenian contingent. Finally, the allies move to N, across the Kithaeron mountains, the S border of Boeotia. Several engagements on several days. A Persian cavalry squadron tries to provoke the Greek contingent from Megara, is defeated. Greeks decide to leave the mountains and descend into the plain between the river Asopus and Plataea, where a large source in the middle of the plain will refresh them. Greek leaders quarrel about the honor to fight on the left, defensive wing. The Spartans assign this task to the Athenians; Pausanias rules that his countrymen will occupy the other, offensive wing. Both sides dont attack bc receive the same omens: they will be victorious when the other side attacks first (and moves away from its water supply). Mardonius is in a hurry. His supplies are running out, he can see the Greek army growing every day and one of his advisors has already suggested to return to Thessaly and bribe the Greek leaders. Mardonius overrules his seers by quoting one of the responses of the Greek oracles he had consulted during the winter. To stop the growth of the other army, he unexpectedly and successfully attacks a large supply train in the Kithaeron. Short cavalry charges are meant to provoke his enemies into battle, but the Greeks wisely resist temptation. One night, the Macedonian Alexander visits the Athenians, telling them that the Persians will attack at dawn. Immediately, the Athenian officers inform Pausanias who understands that if the Persians attack, it is safer to have the well trained Spartans on the defensive left wing to counter the Persian main force, and to post the experienced Athenians - already victorious at Marathon - on the offensive right wing. At dawn, the two contingents change positions, but Mardonius' spies tell him what has happened, and he changes his wings too. When Pausanias hears this, he orders his troops to go back to their original positions, a measure that is copied by Mardonius. A Persian messenger insults the Spartans: they are cowards if they leave all the fighting to the Athenians. Pausanias' men do not respond to the provocation. the day passes without fighting, Mardonius is anxious to attack. During the night, the Persian mounted archers attack the source between Plataea and the Asopus, to force the Greek troops to go back S to sources on the slopes of the Kithaeron mountains. They stand their ground until retreat to the wells at night. Mardonius learns that his opponents have fled, and thinking he won the battle, orders pursuit Greeks. he attacks the Spartans. Pausanias sends a messenger to Athenians, who start to move from the plain immediately N of Plataea to the E, where the Spartans are under pressure. However, they are intercepted by Mardonius' Greek allies. Spartans are in great danger, with the divine help of the goddess Hera, they regroup and attack the Persian contingent in front of them; Mardonius is killed. Soon, the Persians flee. Their reserve, commanded by the coward Artabazus, immediately leaves the battlefield and returns to the Hellespont. When the news of the Persian flight reaches their allies, they retreat to their camps on the boards of the Asopus. Herodotus says Spartans are unable to take it until the Athenians arrived. After looted and the dead have been buried, the Greeks move N, to Thebes, which had supported the Persians. After a three week's siege, the leaders of the pro-Persian party are brought to Corinth and tortured to death. While these events took place at home, the Greek navy under Spartan king Leotychides was still at Delos. 3 envoys from Samos arrive, asking for assistance to liberate Ionian Greek cities in Asia. They promise that the Ionians will revolt as soon as they see the navy of the allies. The omens are favorable and Leotychides agrees to move to Samos, and when they arrive, the Persian garrison sails away to he mainland, to the Mycale peninsula, where they join forces with the army that Xerxes had led back to Asia. Even though Samos is now liberated, the escape of the Persians is a disappointment to the Greeks, who decide to pursue the enemy, sail along the south coast of Mycale and disembark. Meanwhile, the Persians send away their distrusted Ionian allies: the soldiers from Miletus are ordered to guard the passes in the mountains and the men from Samos are disarmed. Having landed, Greeks march against their enemies. Spartans occupy the right wing; Athens on left. During their advance, they find a herald's scepter - a strange object to find on the seashore, and think it is a divine sign, signifying that other Greeks had been victorious at Plataea. The Athenians are the first to reach the Persian camp, and incite each other to attack before the Spartans reach the site. Soon, they take camp; the Persians try to save their lives by fleeing into the mountains, but the Milesians who guard the passes have become their enemies. Some Persians survive and reach Sardis. When the battle is over and the Spartans have arrived, the camp is looted and the Persian navy destroyed. Greeks return to Samos, where they discuss next moves. The Spartans propose evacuate the cities of the Ionian Greeks and bring the population to the Greek mainland; the Athenians object and accept the Ionian Greeks in a league against Persia. The battle of Mycale fought at more or less the same time as the battle of Plataea. From a military POV, its significance is the Persian navy -already damaged at Salamis- was eliminated. The real significance was political: the Greek cities in Asia were liberated and accepted in a league with Athens. This league was directed against Persia, but soon changed into an Athenian empire. After the victory at Mycale, the Greek navy sails to the Hellespont, where Greeks discover the bridges already destroyed. Leotychides says this means that they can go home. The Athenians decide to stay and lay siege to Sestus, a small but important citadel at the entrance of the Hellespont. Their commander is Xanthippus, and eventually takes the city. The Persian commander Artayctes is caught and crucified on the spot where the abutment of Xerxes' bridges had been. This short logos ends with an anecdote on one of Artayctes' ancestors, Artembares, a contemporary of the great king Cyrus. When the latter had defeated the Median king Astyages, Artembares had suggested to migrate to a more fertile country. Cyrus had objected, saying that rich soils produce weak warriors. This final logos is extremely short (nine sections), which suggests that the Histories are unfinished. This can be corroborated by Herodotus' repeated but unfulfilled promise to tell a tale about Assyria. Likewise, the announcement to describe the death of the traitor of Thermopylae, Ephialtes is wrong. But the 2 concluding stories are well chosen. Xanthippus' action meant the beginning of the Athenian empire, which was to dominate the fifty years between the Persian War and the publication of the Histories. And Cyrus' remark summarizes how Herodotus thought about military power (Croesus' advice to Cyrus). To him -and to any Greek of his age- it was clear that the Persians had been brave warriors in the days of Cyrus and Cambyses, but that they had succumbed to the luxuries of peace; the Greeks had won the war against the Persians because they inhabited a poor quarter of the world.

Zenos early 5c

PARADOX! to show impossible to create or destory. contradict reality to show senses fool us and supports Parmenides. 1. paradox of parts. if world is made of many things they cant all be infinite size, they would be finite and could be divisible infinitely NOT POSSIBLE. 2. achilles. motion doesnt exist. we can never catch something that is ahead of us yet achilles can outrun a turtle. think of movie matrix: we think our reality is truth but its a lie. THESE PARADOXES are glitches in matrix @ deja vu, hint world is wrong

Dates for 3/9

Peisistratus first seizes Athens - circa 560 Death Peisistratus - 527 Hipparchus assassinated - 514 Hippias driven out by Spartans - 510

The ISTHMUS

Peloponnese gather at isthmus of corinth after thermop to stop persian progress.

satrap

Persian Governor, the 20 satrapies

Herod 1.59-64 and 5.62-5

Pisistratus and Megacles and Lycurgus all against each other. cut himself and pretended enemies drove him out of town, vote for bodyguards is only occasion btwn solon and tyranny of assembly voting.athenians guarded him and captured the Acropolis! meg and lyc drove him out once, meg brought him back if pis married his daughter, chariot with fake athena. exiled for not sleeping with the daughter. he made his way up in eretria, thebes: gave money. said oracle said he had to rule so was ruler for third time! Hippias was still tyrant, athenians bribed oracle to tell spartans to liberate athens so they sent Anchimolius but help from thessaly and killed the spartans! cleomenes the spartan leader tried again and besieged the city before retiring back to sparta

Smith's Heracleitus

Presocratic. oracular style of writing makes interpretation difficult. "obscure" authored single book: "On Nature" divided into 3 sections: 1. cosmos 2. politics 3. theology listen to logos not me, but ppl don't understand logos, nature loves to hide itself, learning doesn't mean intelligence: Hesiod taught most humans but can't tell that day and night are one. "all things are one" the world is ever changing fire cosmos not made but was/is/will be ever changing fire gods are same. character of a human is his divinity. no arrogance. fight for laws as if city wall.

herod 7.99-105

Queen Artemisia of Halicarnassus; her wisdom and courage (99). Xerxes reviews the troops on land and sea (100). Xerxes questions Demaratus on what to expect from the Greeks (101). Greece is poor, but brave and free; Spartans will fight to death even if vastly outnumbered (102). Xerxes doubts bc has superior numbers (103). Demaratus explains Spartan code: no retreat. army goes thru Thrace.

Battle of Plataea Debates and Speeches

RAMP UP drAMA key members to persuade each other allow hdt to emphasize themes and what is at stake like freedom. he choose which to convey, makesu p dialogue so can we trust it?? Alexander of MAcedonian (ancenstor of great) cooperated when overrun by persians, came to athens with deal from Mardionius after Thermopylae. Spartans woriried so made speecht o athens saying bad idea, athens tells persians we want our freedom and would never join you. athens tells sparta 8.144 they burned our tembles and we need to build greek nation so no peaces with xerxes so long as one athenian lives. Persians invited to Theban dinner party where a Persian says we're all gonna die anyway its fated, he cries but cant warn or do anything bc mardonius in charg CONTRAST greek assemblies, demokratia. 1st sign of their falling. 2nd was beached on mycale bc gave up naval bbattle and run away 9.16 "no one can prevent gods... no one would believe us even if it were true" they're gonna die

herodotus 1.1-58,

Rape of Io by Phoenician traders as Persian version of origin of East-West conflict. Reciprocal rapes of Europa and Medea by Greeks. Rape of Helen; negotiations fail. A Phoenician version of Io story makes her responsible. Hdt. reserves judgement; he will tell the history of states large and small, with an awareness of human instability. Croesus of Lydia (ruled c. 560-546 BC) was the first eastern king to encroach on Greek freedom: Croesus: how Lydian sovereignty passed from the Heraclidae to Croesus' ancestors. Candaules offers his servant Gyges a chance to peep at his wife, Candaules insists, Gyges spies on the queen, who notices him. The queen summons Gyges, and offers him a choice: die himself, or kill the king and marry her. Gyges chooses to be king. Gyges' rule is endorsed by an oracle. The revenge of the Heraclidae is predicted. Gyges invaded Miletus. next, Ardys, Sadyattes and Alyattes. Alyattes' soldiers after 12 years of not burning temples, accidentally burn the temple of Athene; Alyattes falls ill. An oracle advises rebuilding the temple. Alyattes is tricked into thinking the Milesians have plenty of food, so he makes peace and builds new temples. The death of Alyattes; his silver bowl at Delphi. Attacks by Alyattes' son Croesus on Ephesus and other Greek cities of Asia Minor. Croesus conquers all Greeks on the coast, but decides not to use his navy against island Greeks. Solon visits Croesus, is asked to name the luckiest man he knows, tells Croesus the story of Tellus of Athens, to illustrate true nature of happiness. Solon cites the unpredictability of human affairs in explaining why he refuses to call Croesus fortunate, is dismissed. How divine anger (Nemesis) got Croesus. Dreamt son Atys killed by an iron spear, Croesus tries to change Atys' life to domestic. Croesus gives purification and refuge to a Phrygian Adrastus, who he sends with Atys who insists on helping fight a boar. Adrastus accidentally kills Atys with a spear. Croesus invokes Zeus in three aspects (god of hearth, purification, and friendship) to punish Adrastus; but Croesus forgives Adrastus, who commits suicide. Croesus consults various oracles about challenging the growing power of Persia. Croesus tested the veracity of the different oracles, Delphi won by knowing he boiled a tortoise and lamb. Lots of offerings to Delphi Apollo by Croesus and to Amphiaraus in Thebes. Greek oracles consulted by Croesus re attacking Persia reply that he will destroy a great empire, should ally with most powerful Greek state. Croesus pleased. Croesus asks the oracle about the length of his rule; the oracle suggests he flee when a mule is king of Persia. Croesus deliberates whether to ally with Athens or Sparta.

herod 8.1-117

Roster of Greek ships at Artemisium (1). Eurybiades the Spartan commands the fleet; allies change mind of having athenian in charge (2-3). Upset by Thermopylae, Greeks want retreat; Themistocles is bribed by the Euboeans to stay (4). The Spartan and Corinthian commanders are quieted by Themistocles (5). Persian fleet prepares to attack the Greeks at Artemisium (6). A detachment of 200 Persian ships sails around Euboea and surprise the Greeks (7). A deserter jumps off a Persian ship and informs the Greeks of Persian plan. Next day, when the detachment fails to appear, the Greeks decide to attack the main fleet (9). The Greek fleet is surrounded by the enemy ships. Ionian Greeks under Xerxes pity the encircled Greek fleet (10). Greek strategy: a tight circle of ships explodes outwards. successful! (11). Night falls, another violent storm destroys the 200 P ships in Euboea (13). 53 triremes arrive from Athens as reinforce; a minor skirmish takes place (14). Next day, the Persian fleet attack in crescent formation (15). They fight an inconclusive battle with heavy losses on both sides (16). MVPs were the Egyptians Persian side, and the Athenians on Greek side (17). The Greeks retreat south (18). On Euboea beach, Themistocles plans to split the Ionian Greeks and Carians from Persian coalition by leaving inscribed messages urging them to defect (19). An oracle is ignored by the Euboeans (20). News of the defeat at Thermopylae reaches the Greek fleet (21). The Persian fleet advances; occupy the northern tip of Euboea (23). Xerxes arranges the corpses from Thermopylae to appear as if the contest had been even, then displays them to his troops, not Fooled (24-25). Persians surprised when hear Olympic games have no cash prize (26). embassy is sent by Thessalians to Phocians demaning surrender or they'll have the Persians decimate Phocis, where Delphic oracle is; the Phocians had hurt the Thessalians in border war (27-28). Phocis is overrun by the Persians without a battle; atrocities of the Persian troops against people, property, and temples (31-33). Xerxes divides his troops; one to Boeotia aim at Athens, other makes for the Delphic sanctuary (34-35). Delphi is evacuated; Apollo says will protect the temple treasures (36). gods attacked the Persian troops, and (wit Delphians help) drove them off The Athenians plan to evacuate Attica, so halt the Greek fleet at Salamis, but the Peloponnesians are planning to make their stand at Isthmus of Corinth (40). A hasty decision to evacuate Attica is carried out (41; but epigraphical evidence (the "Decree of Themistocles") may be proof that the decision had in fact been made much earlier). The Greek fleet is reinforced from Troezen (42). Catalogue of Greek naval forces at Salamis (43-48). Peloponnesians; Athenians (and how the Plataeans got left behind); Megarians, - Aeginetans and other islanders; the total is 378 ships. A war council is held at Salamis; the Peloponnesians urge retreat to the isthmus (49). The Greeks at Salamis learn that Xerxes is in Athens; Thespia and Plataea are destroyed. The Persians find a few Athenians barricaded on the Acropolis, which these Athenians think is the oracle's "wooden wall" (51). Xerxes' difficulty in taking the Acropolis, temples ransacked destroyed. Some Athenian exiles in Xerxes' camp sacrifice on the Acropolis; the miraculous growth of an olive tree at Erectheum (54-55). The council at Salamis votes retreat to isthmus (56). Themistocles is urged by Mnesiphilus, an Athenian, to prevent this retreat so convinces Eurybiades, the Spartan commander, to reconvene the council (58). Friction between Themistocles and Corinthians (59). Themistocles argues for the strategic advantages of fighting in the narrow waters near Salamis (60). Corinthians furiously debate Themistocles, "a man without a country", but Themistocles appeals to Eurybiades, and hints that the Athenian fleet may desert the alliance (62). Eurybiades is convinced; the council decides to fight at Salamis (63). An earthquake, and prayers (64). The story is told by Dicaeus the Athenian concerning the divine apparition of the procession for Demeter and Kore; clearly a bad omen for Xerxes (65). The Persian fleet nears Salamis with increased numbers. Xerxes hold a conference with his commanders, all favor sea fight at Salamis, except Queen Artemisia of Halicarnassus, urges Xerxes to wait and allow the fragile Panhellenic coalition to break up; points out the worthlessness of some of his allied forces (68). Xerxes is pleased with Artemisia's advice, but doesnt follow it (69). Persian fleet proceeds toward Salamis; Greeks feel cornered (70). A wall which was built across the isthmus of Corinth, and the different Peloponnesians who participated in the construction (71-72). continued debate at Salamis, since some commanders still want retreat to isthmus (74). Themistocles sends a double-agent to Xerxes, says that he is a defector, that the Greeks are in disarray and about to retreat, and that a swift Persian attack would be sure of success (75). Xerxes swallows the bait. Persian troops land on Psyttaleia to kill any shipwrecked Greeks who might swim ashore, and the Persian fleet is positioned to block the egress from the bay (76). A defense of the veracity of oracles (77). Aristides arrives at Salamis, tells Themistocles that the Greek fleet is hemmed in (79). Themistocles urges him to tell the allied commanders himself, but he is not believed. account is confirmed by the crew from Tenos; for this the Tenians were later inscribed on the Delphic victory tripod (82). The Greeks prepare to fight with encouragement from Themistocles (83). The battle begins. An Athenian/Aeginetan controversy over which ship struck first (84). Disposition of ships (from Greek perspective): Athenians on the right against Phoenicians, Spartans on the left against Ionians. General success of Greeks: Athenians and Aeginetans (86). How Artemisia escaped death by ramming a ship of her own side, luck. Xerxes watch from shore (88). Casualties occur on both sides; but the Greeks' ability to swim saves many. How some Phoenician captains, whose ships were accidentally sunk by their own, tried to blame the Ionians, and were executed when a Samothracian ship proved the loyalty of the Ionians to Xerxes (90). The Persian fleet is confused, the Athenians and Aeginetans cooperate(91). How Polycritus the Aeginetan proved himself, and reproached Themistocles for doubting him (92). Aristides uses some hoplites to retake Psyttaleia (95). The battle ends with the retreat of those Persian ships not yet destroyed; prophecy fulfilled (96). Xerxes return to Persia; his ruse: appear that he intends to stay (97). Xerxes sends a message home (98). At Susa yay for capture athens, sad over over the defeat at Salamis (99). Mardonius tells Xerxes stay fighting in Greece or go home and leave Mardonius in command of 300k troops (100). Xerxes consults Artemisia about Mardonius' offer who advises that Mardonius stay , then Xerxes will have nothing to lose if Mardonius fails(102-3). The Persian fleet retreats (107). Themistocles argues for sailing to the Hellespont and breaking the bridges; Eurybiades argues against this, bc Xerxes would be more dangerous if trapped in Europe (108). Themistocles acquiesces, points out that the gods have punished Xerxes for his impious, hubristic actions (109). Themistocles allegedly has an ulterior motive: future good will of Xerxes, should he need it. He sends a secret message to Xerxes saying he convinced the Greeks not to hinder Xerxes' retreat (110). Andros refuses to contribute money for greeks, besieged by the allies, led by Athens (111). Themistocles uses his position to extort money from other islands (112). The Persian army retreats north to Thessaly; Mardonius selects his troops (113). A demand by the Spartans for reparations is laughed off by Xerxes with a threat (114). The march of Xerxes back to the Hellespont, and the many deaths in the army from plague and hunger (115). The story of the the Thracian king who blinded his sons for serving with Xerxes (116). The army crosses the Hellespont by ships, since bridges destroyed by storms (117).

Hektemoroi

Share croppers. Poor Athenian class, farmed land for wealthy and gave them a portion of the crops or else they would be enslaved. Owed debts.

Cleomenes

Spartan King who overthrew Hippias. competition broke out in political clubs for authority.

Tisamenus

Star Status from Elis, negotiates with Spartans before battles for best contract to win 5 contests. he would preside over omen beforehand. only non citizen to be granted citizenship alongside his brother, shows how much sspartans wanted best soothsayer

Behistun Inscription

Stone discovered in 19th century written by Darius on how it happened mAYBE: Darius killed Smerda and launched the coup himself. bc Cambyses had dream Darius had wings and would overtake throne so sent his dad to watch over him in Persia. 521 darius became king!!!

Athens and Sparta CONFLICT

Strife and War among POLEIS. alliances split Grk world. Sparta and their feared hoplites with the Pelop.League vs. Athens, who gained naval/rivalry power FROM PERSIAN WAR. navy democracy wealth DELIAN LEAGUE.

6.94-124

The First Persian Assault on Greece: Marathon, 490 BC Meanwhile Darius, urged by Peisitratids, makes a new force to assault Greece, this time under the command of Artaphrenes the younger and Datis (94). This force sails across the Aegean, avoiding Athos, and successfully attacking independent Naxos (95-6). The Delians flee, but Datis sends them a friendly message and makes a generous offering at the temple (97). An earthquake in Delos tells the coming troubles of Greece; names of the Persian kings translated (98). All the Cyclades surrender and contribute troops, except Carystos; the Persians besiege Carystos, they surrender (99). Darius' first objective was Eretria, then Athens; in response to an appeal from Eretria, Athens told their colony Chalcis to defend Euboia; but after learning that the medizing faction at Eretria planned to surrender, the cleruchs (colony) told to escape to Oropus (100). The Persians arrive and besiege Eretria for 6 days, until the city is betrayed from within and Persians sack it, burn the temples and enslaving the people (101). Under instructions from Hippias, the Persians sail to Marathon (102). Athens marches to meet them under 10 generals, the chief commander being Miltiades son of Cimon; the three Olympic victories of Cimon (103). Miltiades had ruled Cardia; he escaped from the Phoenicians and Chersonese (104). Phidippides the runner sent to Sparta to ask for aid; he met Pan on the way, who complained of being dishonored by Athens; is the reason for Pan's shrine at the Acropolis (105). Phidippides arrives in Sparta after one day and night (150 miles); the Spartans can't send aid until Carneia festival is over (106). The Persians at Marathon; Hippias guides them, he has an ominous dream, arrives and has a sneezing and coughing fit, and loses a tooth (107). The Plataeans join the Athenian force; how Plataea came to be under the wing of Athens, Plataea appealed to Sparta for help against Thebes, but Cleomenes told her to look to Athens; the Corinthians tried to prevent a fight, and instructed Thebes to let Plataea and any other cities of Boetia be independent; but the Thebans attacked, and were beaten by Athens, setting Asopus river as border between Thebes and Attica (108). Dissent among the Athens generals if face the Persians; Miltiades makes appeal to polemarch Callimachus, the deciding vote favor to fight (109). The other generals make Miltiades generalissimo, but he delays joining battle until his proper turn (110). The arrangement of the Athenian line according to tribe; the Plataeans on the left wing; the line is strong on the wings and very thin in the center, so as not to be outflanked (111). The Athenian line charges the Persians at full run; the Persians are without their archers and cavalry (112). The center is broken, but Athens wins on the flanks, which then circle back and drive the Persians to the ships; Callimachus dies. The Persians take to their ships (minus 7 captured) and sail round Sunium; the Alcmaeonids had planned this with them (115). The Athenian troops return in time to prevent an assault on the city (116). Casualties: 6400 Persian, 192 Greek. The story that an Athenian, Epizelus, was blinded when he witnessed the passage of a god fighting on the Persian side (117). Back in Asia, Datis is forced by a dream to return a golden statue to Delphium in Thebes via Delos (118). Darius is lenient towards the prisoners from Eretria, and resettles them inside Persia near an oil well, which miraculously also produces salt and asphalt (119). The Spartans arrive at Athens after the full moon, and go home again after viewing the Persian dead (120). The innocence of the Alcmeonids proven by their role in getting rid of the Peisistratids, which was much more significant than that of Harmodius & Aristogeiton (123). The signal to the Persians was to be a shield held aloft; this was done, but not by the Alcmeonids (124).

herod 7.1-60

The anger of Darius over Sardis is increased by the Persian defeat at Marathon; his preparations to invade Greece (1). The quarrel over succession by two of Darius' sons, Artabazanes and Xerxes (2). Demaratus, the ex-king of Sparta, and Darius supports Xerxes. influence of Xerxes' mother Atossa was critical (3). revolt of Egypt against Persia kills Darius; Xerxes now king (4). Xerxes prepares to crush Egypt, ignore Greece; his cousin Mardonius advises him to punish the Greeks, and get revenge on Athens for Marathon, hes just bored and desired power. The Persians are urged to invade by the Thessalian kings and the exiled Pisistratids. Onomacritus the corrupt seer feeds Xerxes fake oracles encouraging the invasion; Xerxes agrees (6). The Egyptian revolt is crushed (7). Xerxes addresses the council of Persian leaders, and states his reasons for invading Greece: revenge, gain, living up to the glorious Persian tradition. His hubristic dream of world domination. A prize is offered to the general who produces the best troops (8). The speech of Mardonius in support of invasion cites Greek weaknesses: racial inferiority of Greeks is shown by prior subjugation of Ionians; inability of Greeks to cooperate with each other; lack of strategic skill in choosing battle sites (9). The speech of Xerxes' uncle Artabanus against invasion cites risks: Persian army could be cut off if the bridge over Hellespont is destroyed; hastily planned schemes fail; Zeus punishes the too mighty; Greeks are wrongly characterized by Mardonius, urges xerxes to stay home even if the army goes; Mardonius is challenged to stake his sons' lives on the outcome (10). The angry reply of Xerxes; artabanus is a coward; the Greeks will attack Persia unless they are destroyed (11). Xerxes changes his mind, and decides not to invade. A dream phantom tells him he should invade, but he ignores it. The change of plans is announced the next day (12-13). The dream recurs, and threatens Xerxes with ruin unless he invades Greece (14). Xerxes tells Artabanus about the dream, and asks him to sleep in his bed to see if he gets the dream too and tells Xerxes his moral philosophy; the true nature of dreams, which are not prophetic or divine, just mental images (16). Artabanus, in Xerxes' bed, has the same dream; he is converted and joins the war party (17-18). Another dream portends world domination by Xerxes. Preparations for war begin and last four years (19). Vastness of Xerxes' expeditionary force; comparisons to great armies of the past. Rivers are drunk dry by his troops (20-21). The canal by Mt. Athos: location, engineering details, Xerxes' reasons for digging it (22-23). En route to Sardis, the army stops at Celaenae (26). A wealthy Lydian, Pythius, offers Xerxes his entire fortune for the war effort. His generosity is rewarded (27-29). The army journeys on to Sardis (30-31). Xerxes sends a message to Greece, demanding surrender (32). The bridges over the Hellespont are begun, then ruined by a storm (33-34). Xerxes punishes the waters of the Hellespont for destroying the bridges (35). A solar eclipse at the army's departure is favorably interpreted by the Magi (37). Pythius asks Xerxes to allow his eldest son to stay home from the war (38). Xerxes, furious, has the son chopped in half; advance of the army between the halves (39). March of the army from Lydia north to Mt. Ida; a storm kills many men (42). Xerxes visits Troy, and makes sacrifices; there is superstitious panic among the troops Xerxes and Artabanus meditate on the uncertainty of human success (45-46). Artabanus is worried about the future; Xerxes asks in what way his force is deficient (47-48). Artabanus says Xerxes has two enemies: the land and the sea. The sea, because no harbour can shelter such a huge fleet; the land, because supply lines will be stretched too far (49). Xerxes replies that great success requires great risks(50). Artabanus advises Xerxes not to make the Ionian Greeks in his army fight mainland Ionian Greeks (51). Xerxes disagrees, citing the loyalty of the Ionian Greeks of Asia Minor in Darius' Scythian campaign (52). Exhortations of Xerxes to the Persian commanders (53). Ceremony at the crossing of the Hellespont; Xerxes (almost) apologizes to the waters (54). The crossing of the Hellespont is described (55). A local man impiously likens Xerxes to Zeus (56). Bizarre omens at the crossing are ignored by Xerxes (57). The army proceeds north into Thrace and halts at Doriscus. (58-59). The army is counted: the total is 1.7 million

Attica

The region in which Athens was, all of Attica was brought together.

Heraclitus from Ephasus late 6thc

The riddler or the Obscure. CONTRADICTORY! misanthropic, "we rely on logos but we don't understand logos" opposites are the same! "Logos" means account of something. rationalize. unifying principle. it is conflict that brings unity. you can't have a game without two opposing teams. "the road up and down is the same" you can go up and go down the same road. "mortals are immortal immortals are mortal" we remember the dead they live on in memory and you emotionally die. "disease makes health pleasant" don't know what you have til its gone. EVER CHANGING FIRE fire makes up world because the flame flickers and always changes. you never step in same river twice. cosmos was is will be ALWAYS LIT/EXTINGUISHED. criticisms: see smith

arist const 25

The supremacy of the Areopagus lasted for about 17 years after Persian wars, gradually declining. But as the strength of the masses increased, Ephialtes, son of Sophonides, w/ a reputation for incorruptibility and public virtue, who had become the leader of the people, made an attack upon that Council. First he ruined many of its members by bringing actions against them with reference to their administration. Then, in the archonship of Conon, he stripped the Council of all the acquired prerogatives from which it derived its guardianship of the constitution, and assigned some of them to the Council of 500, and others to the Assembly and the law-courts. In this revolution Themistocles aided, who was a member of the Areopagus, but was expecting to be tried before it on a charge of treasonable dealings with Persia, made him anxious that it should be overthrown, and he warned Ephialtes that the Council intended to arrest him, while he informed the Areopagites that he would reveal to them certain persons who were conspiring to subvert the constitution. He then conducted the representatives delegated by the Council to the residence of Ephialtes, promising to show them the conspirators who assembled there, and proceeded to converse with them in an earnest manner. Ephialtes, seeing this, was seized with alarm and took refuge in suppliant guise at the altar. Every one was astounded at the occurrence, and presently, when the Council of 500 met, Ephialtes and Themistocles together proceeded to denounce the Areopagus to them. This repeated similarly at the Assembly, until they succeeded in depriving it of its power. Ephialtes was assassinated by Aristodicus of Tanagra. The Council of Areopagus lost its guardianship of the state.

9 archons

Top officers, top 3 had big responsibilities like war leader but all 9 convened own courts. Served for 10 years. Solon reforms they served one year terms. Their decision was final until Solon said verdicts could be appealed to popular courts: Solon's most democratic reform. The whole assembly met as a court. SOLON REFORMS 594

Peisistratus (14-19 Arist Const)

Trickery: faked wounds to get bodyguards who helped him take city (against solons words) 1st exile by Megakles, return in chariot with "Athena" saying he had to be in power. 2nd exile he became wealthy and gained support in Eretria and Thebes and retook ATHENS he was benevolent and constitutional "obey law or lose citizenship". He died and his sons ruled. love drama and revenge Hippias killed and exiled many people. spartans received many from oracles to stop Athens tyranny. whole dynasty lasted 49 years

Herodotus 5.66-78

Two great powerful men in Athens were Cleisthenes and Isagoras. Cleisthenes named new 10 tribes after Athenian Heroes. Cleom called for cleisth and other athenians to be sent out called them "the accursed" bc seen as cylon who was a failed attempt at a tyrant.

Aristagoras

Tyrant governor placed in charge of Miletus by the Persians. He failed to capture Naxos using their funds and was scared of what they would do to him, so he decided "i'll rebel instead of paying them back" so sent messages to Histias, another Milesian who was taken to Sardis to help king by shaving servants' head, write message, then have hair grow back and send them to each other organzing the rebellion. SELFISH. Miletus chose him to organize the revolution after freeing the cities of their tyrants.

Athens Ascending

Why classical age began around 490... Major naval power post persian war, led delian league.

herod 7.131-232

Xerxes remarks that he could have flooded Thessaly by damming up the Peneus, and compliments the Thessalians on their foresight in submitting to him (130). Delays in Macedonia; the ambassadors sent to demand surrender return to Xerxes (131). List of Greek states who medized (surrendered) Thessalians, Locrians, and almost all Boeotians; the other Greeks vow to punish them (132). Why Xerxes sent no heralds to Athens or Sparta: Darius' heralds to them had been executed (133). How Spartans atoned for this impiety: two Spartans were sent to Persia for execution (134). The 2 lecture Hydarnes, the Persian governor of Ionia, about Greek freedom and he refuses to execute them (136). The lack of Greek unity (138). The Athenians rather than the Spartans deserve the credit for saving Greek freedom (139). The Delphic oracle to the Athenians seems to predict disaster (140). A second more favorable oracle mentions the "wooden wall" (141). Debate at Athens over whether "wooden wall" means the Acropolis or the ships (142). Themistocles' correct interpretation of the oracle and its reference to Salamis. He convinces the Athenians to abandon Attica and prepare for a naval battle with ships he had persuaded Athenians to build 200 warships for use previously (144). Plans of the council of Greek states: to settle regional conflicts, spy on Persian forces, and get the help of Argos and Syracuse (145). Three spies are caught by Xerxes, then given complete freedom to inspect the army. Xerxes' reasons for so doing. Anecdote of the grain-ships, Athenians (146-47). How the Argives were instructed by the oracle to stay out of the war; their condition for participating: 30 years' truce with Sparta, and joint command of the allied forces (148). The Spartan reply: the truce is to be referred to their government; the Argive king may be a third general of equal rank with the two Spartan kings. Argos refuses (149). Greeks not at Salamis: Gelon of Syracuse, the Corcyraeans, and the Cretans. An embassy is sent to Gelon, tyrant of Syracuse. How his ancestors, from Telines, became priests of Earth Goddesses (153). How Gelon began as a bodyguard to Hippocrates of Gela, died conquering other Sicilian cities(154). Gelon's coupe in Gela, and his conquest of Syracuse(155). Syracuse grows rapidly brought in ppl from other cities (156). The Greek envoys appeal to Gelon for help and he offers massive military aid, IF HE IS COMMANDER inchief (158). objections by Spartan envoy, Gelon offers to command ONLY navy (159-60). Athenian command of the Panhel naval forces. (161). Gelon's envoys are dismissed AND sends ships to Delphi with treasure, prepared to surrender if the Persians win (163). Corcyra sends 60 ships to Greeks, but arrive at Salamis late. The Corcyraeans allege weather problems, but Hdt. thinks stayed away deliberately (167-68). How the oracle advised the Cretans not to take part, including a riddling reference to Minos, the mythical king of Crete. The Cretans of old had reason to regret their first Panhellenic alliance, the one against Troy (170-71). The Thessalians promise to fight, but request aid to hold the mountain pass by Mt. Olympia against the Persians (172). Allied forces occupy the pass, but decide not to try to hold it after learning from the Macedonians about Persian strength. Knowledge of other routes south available to the Persians was decisive (173). The decision to abandon Thessaly forces the Thessalians to join Xerxes (174). So pass of Thermopylae is chosen (175). The fleet is instructed to wait at Artemisium. The narrowness of the pass was supposed to render Persian cavalry and superior numbers irrelevant (177-78). The Delphic oracle advises prayers to the winds, which are made (179). Two Greek patrolers are captured by Persians, and a marine is murdered (180). Another marine fights, is respected P.O.W. (181). A third trireme, Athenian, is abandoned on shore, and the crew escapes (182). The Greek fleet retreats from Artemisium to Chalcis, putting Euboea between them and Persians. Persian troubles with a sunken reef (183). "Numbers" of the Persian ships 1207 (184). Numbers of Xerxes' army: over 5 million, half of them combatants (185-86). Camp followers are not included in total; numbers determined by the food and water consumption of army (187). A storm destroys a number of Persian ships off the coast of Magnesia (188). Athenian prayers to Boreas, god of the N wind, responsible for the storm. The aetion for Athenian worship of Boreas (189). 400 Persian warships are destroyed in the storm (190). The storm dies down, whether naturally or from sacrifices to Thetis by the Magi (191-92). The Greek fleet, encouraged, resumes its station at Artemisium. The Persian fleet sails south into the bay of Pagasae (193). 15 Persian ships, stragglers, are captured by the Greek fleet, taken prisoner (194-95). Xerxes holds horse races in Thessaly (196). Xerxes' army close to Thermopylae. The roster of the Greek troops at Thermopylae (201-3). Family history of Leonidas, the Spartan basileus and commander (204). Leonidas king on his brothers' deaths. Leonidas decides to use Theban troops, test their loyalty (205). Religious and festival obligations keep most Greek states from sending larger troops to Thermopylae (206). A last minute impulse to retreat is quelled by Leonidas (207). Xerxes sends scout, inspects Greek position, and reports that Spartans are combing their hair and exercising (208). Demaratus, the exiled king of Sparta, explains to Xerxes that Spartans are preparing to fight and die. Xerxes doubts him,is sure the Greeks will retreat (209). Xerxes sends the Medes into the pass on the 5th day, many killed (210). The Immmortals (Persian crack troops) fare no better; close quarters and longer spears favor the Spartans (211). Spartan success next day; the pass is held (212). Ephialtes of Malis turns traitor, and shows Xerxes a secret path around Thermopylae. Persian troops cross via the Anopaia Pass, and prep to surprise Leonidas in the rear (217). Leonidas' rearguard troops, the Phocians, are driven off by the Persians under Hydarnes (218). Leonidas learns he is surrounded. Some Greeks flee; rest are dismissed by Leonidas, except for his own Spartans. How the Delphic oracle had predicted the incident, and why Leonidas chose to dismiss the allied troops (either your polis or your king will die) (219-20). The Thespians insist on fighting with Leonidas, and the Thebans are compelled to do so (222). Persians are massacred in the last stand of Greeks (223). The dead on both sides include Leonidas and Persian nobles; all 300 Spartans (224). Spartan troops are overwhelmed at last by superior numbers (225). Anecdotes illustrating the brave spirit of various Spartans (226-27). Quotation of verse inscriptions (epitaphs) from Thermopylae (228). Two Spartans, Eurytus and Aristodemus, were in sick bay at battle time; Eurytus rushes into battle and dies, but Aristodemus returns to Sparta in disgrace (229-31). The case of Pantites, another disgraced Spartan

Oligarchy

a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution. changed with Solon reforms 594

Harpagus

advisor of Astayages of Medes, told to kill his grandson but couldn't do it, gave it to shepherd and wife to raise. astyages found out and fed him his own cooked son., so he sought revenge by helping cyrus rebel and conquer medea.

Const Arist 5-13

both rich and poor agreed to give power to Solon as mediator. he wrote poem advising rich not to be greedy avarice and pride. freed the people then made future for loans of security, made laws, shook off burdens, establish const. Athens ceased to use Draco code EXCEPT for homicide laws. divided people into FOUR property classes magistracies selected by lot and boule/council with reps from each tribe. IMPORTANT 1. nobody borrow money on security of anyones freedom 2. anyone might seek redress on those wronged 3. right to appeal to/vote in courts that control constitution people have power to decide he went abroad bc ppl complained lol

Cimon 14-19

certain Persians who would not abandon the Chersonese, called in Thracians to help, despising Cimon, who sailed from Athens with his 4 ships and captured their 13, drove out the Persians, overwhelmed the Thracians, and Athenians settled Chersonese. When Thasians revolted from Athens, he defeated them in sea-fight, captured 33 ships, besieged and took their city, acquired their gold mines and their territory on the opposite mainland for Athens. This base was perfect to invade and cut off Macedonia.Bc he wouldn't do it, he was accused of being bribed by King Alexander, and was prosecuted, his enemies forming a coalition against him. Before his judges he said he wasn't a citizen of another state doing favors for that polis in another polis, courted and paid for services, but rather of Spartans, whose temperate simplicity he lovingly imitated, counting no wealth above it, but embellishing the city with the wealth which he got from the enemy. Elpinicé came with a plea for Cimon to the house of Pericles, since he was the most ardent accuser, and that he smiled and said, "Too old, too old, Elpinicé, to meddle with such business." But at the trial he was very gentle with Cimon, only once accused him, as if it were a mere formality. Cimon was acquitted at this trial. During the rest of his political career, he mastered and constrained the people in its onsets upon the nobles, in its efforts to wrest all office and power to itself. When he sailed on milit service, the populace got beyond control: they shocked the established political order and ancestral practices, and under the lead of Ephialtes they robbed the Council of the Areopagus of all but a few of the cases in its jurisdiction, made themselves masters of the courts, plunged the city into unmitigated democracy, Pericles in power and embracing the populace. When Cimon came home, and in his indignation at the insults heaped upon the reverend council, tried to recall again its jurisdiction and to revive the aristocracy of the times of Cleisthenes, they banded together to denounce him, and tried to inflame the people against him, accusing him of being a Spartan sympathiser. It was to these calumnies that the famous and popular verses of Eupolis about Cimon had reference:— "He was not base, but fond of wine and full of sloth, / And oft he 'ldº sleep in Lacedaemon, far from home, / And leave his Elpinicé sleeping all alone." YET he took so many cities and won so many victories, it is clear he was mindful of his business, no Hellene either before or after him would have surpassed his exploits. He was at first pro-Sparta. He named one of his sons Lacedaemonius. Spartans liked him, who were hostile with Themistocles, and preferred that Cimon have more power in Athens. The Athenians were glad to see this at first, since they reaped no slight advantage from the good will which the Spartans showed him. While their empire was growing, and they were busy making alliances, they were not displeased that honor and favor should be shown to Cimon. He was the foremost Hellenic statesman, dealing with allies and acceptably with the Spartans. But afterwards, when they became more powerful, and saw that Cimon was strongly attached to the Spartans, they were displeased threat. He praised Spartans especially when he had occasion to chide or incite them: "But the Spartans are not of such a sort." He awakened the envy and hatred of his fellow-citizens. The strongest charge against him arose when Archidamus reigned Sparta, a greater earthquake made many chasms, and demolished the entire city of Taÿgetus except 5 houses. It is said that while the young men and youths were exercising together in the interior of the colonnade before the earthquake, the youths chased a hare, but the young men remained behind, on whom the gym fell, killing them. Their tomb is called Seismatias. Archidamus at once saw the citizens trying to save the choicest valuables out of their houses, ordered the trumpet to give the signal of an enemy's attack, in order that they might flock to him at once under arms. This was all that saved Sparta at that crisis. Helots hurriedly gathered from all country with intent to despatch the surviving Spartans, but finding them armed, they withdrew to their cities and waged open war, persuading many Perioeci also so to do. The Messenians besides joined in this attack upon the Spartans. Spartans sent to Athens request for aid. Ephialtes opposed the project, begging Athenians not or restore a RIVAL city, let haughty Sparta be trodden by men. Cimon persuaded the people to go forth with many hoplites, exhorting them "not to suffer Hellas to be crippled, nor their city to be robbed of its yoke-fellow." After aiding the Spartans, he returned home through the Isthmus of Corinth, when Lachartus upbraided him for having introduced his army before he had conferred with the citizens. "People who knock at doors," said he, "do not go in before the owner bids them"; to which Cimon replied, "And yet you Corinthians forced your way in under arms to Cleonae and Megara" He was allowed to pass. Again Spartans asked for Athenian aid against the Messenians and Helots, they went, but their dashing boldness awakened fear, and they were singled out from all the allies and sent off as dangerous conspirators. They came home in a rage, at once became hostile against Laconizers, above all Cimon. ostracised him for ten years. The Spartans encamped at Tanagra on their march home. Here the Athenians confronted them, bent on fighting,and Cimon came in arms, to join his own tribe, eager to repell Spartans. But the Council of 500 learned of this and, since Cimon's foes accused him of wishing to confuse the ranks then lead the Spartans in an attack; they forbade the generals to receive Cimon. He begged his other friends charged with laconizing to fight sturdily against the enemy, and by their valor dissipate the charge. 100 Athenians died, including these men, leaving behind a great yearning sense of their loss, and sorrow for the unjust charges made against them. For this reason the Athenians welcomed back Cimon, partly bc they remembered his usefulness, and bc the turn of events favored his cause, the defeat at Tanagra, expected in spring-time an armed force of Peloponnesians would come against them, so they recalled Cimon from his exile. The decree which provided for his return was formally proposed by Pericles. To such a degree in those days were dissensions based on political differences of opinion, while personal feelings were moderate, and easily recalled into conformity with the public well-being. Even ambition, that master passion, paid deference to the country's welfare. Cimon returned, he stopped the war and reconciled the rival cities. After peace was made, since he saw the Athenians wished to be on military expeditions; also bc he wished that they should not exasperate the Hellenes generally, nor by hovering around the islands and the Peloponnesus with a large fleet bring down upon the city charges of intestine war, and initial complaints from the allies, he manned 200 triremes to make another expedition with them against Egypt and Cyprus. He wished to keep the Athenians in constant training by their struggles with Persians, and to give them the legitimate benefits of importing into Hellas the wealth taken from their natural foes. All things were now ready and the soldiery on the point of embarking, when Cimon had a dream. He thought an angry bitch was baying at him, and that mingled with its baying it uttered a human voice, saying:— "Go thy way, for a friend shalt thou be both to me and my puppies." The vision being hard of interpretation, signified his death: A dog is a foe of the man at whom it bays; to a foe, one cannot be a friend any better than by dying; the mixture of speech indicates that the enemy is the Mede, for the army of the Medes is a mixture of Hellenes and Barbarians. After this vision, when Cimon had sacrificed to Dionysus and the seer was cutting up the victim, swarms of ants took the blood as it congealed, brought it little by little to Cimon, and enveloped his great toe. But since he could not get out of the expedition, he set sail, and after detailing 60 of his ships to Egypt, the rest made for Cyprus. After defeating at sea the royal armament of Phoenician and Cilician ships, he won over the cities round about, and then lay threatening the royal enterprise in Egypt, he had in mind the dissolution of the King's entire supremacy, and all the more bc he learned that the reputation and power of Themistocles were great among the Persians, who had promised the King that when the Hellenic war was set on foot he would take command of it. It is said Themistocles killed himself due to despair of his Hellenic undertakings, since he could not eclipse the good fortune and valor of Cimon. But Cimon, while vast conflicts and holding his naval forces in the vicinity of Cyprus, sent men to the shrine of Ammon to get oracular answer from the god to some secret question. No one knows what they were sent to ask, nor did the god give them any response, as the enquirers approached, he sent them away, saying that Cimon was with him. Hearing this, the enquirers went to the Hellenes camp near Egypt, they learned that Cimon was dead, and on counting the days back to the utterance of the oracle, he was already w/ the gods. He died while besieging Citium, of sickness. But some say it was of a wound he got while fighting the Persians. As he was dying he told those about him to sail away and to conceal his death. Neither the enemy nor allies understood what happened, and the force was brought back in safety "under the command of Cimon who had been dead for thirty days." After his death no further exploits against the Persians were made by any Hellenes general, who were swayed by demagogues and partisans of civil war, with no mediator, they clashed together in war. This afforded the cause of the King a respite, but brought to pass an indescribable destruction of Hellenic power. Son afterwards Agesilaüs carried his arms into Asia and prosecuted a brief war against the King's generals along the sea-coast. Even he could perform no great and brilliant deeds, but was overwhelmed in his turn by a flood of Hellenic disorders and seditions and swept away from a second empire. So he withdrew, leaving in the midst of allied and friendly cities the tax-gatherers of the Persians, not one of who had been seen within 400 furlongs of the sea, when Cimon was general. His remains were brought home to Attica, there is testimony in the funeral monuments to this day called Cimonian. People of Citium also pay honors to a certain tomb of Cimon bc in a time of pestilence/famine the god told them to revere/honor him as a superior being.

Artemesium: Victory or Draw?

climax of persian wars!! artemisium was naval took place simultaneously as thermopylae. gives us number of ships, more than half from athens, like 300 total vs 1.2k persians obvious exaggeration. but NUMERICAL DISADVANTAGE used triareme ships, 3 levels of rowers stacked on top of each other, with steerers. athenians had used money after marathon to build navy, interpretted second prophecy of 'wooden walls' to mean ships!!! not acropolis. by themistocles. so go to war with persia via sea. spartans not naval so athens took lead storm whipped up destroyed so now 800 persian ships left. fight at artemisium and another storm as they fried to sail around euboea to trap greeks, greeks knew how to choose shelter but 200 persians ships sunk, so down to 600 p ships fighting 2 engagements, 2nd was longer at art, hdt treats itas a draw, but greeks destroyed lots of persians that weren't caused by storms. but athenian fleet seriously damaged, greeks WITHDRAW. if they won they could've stay and defend land, could've blocked persian from fleet from aiding land forces. brave greeks were a surprise bc persians realize how can we adjust to their home advantage?

Politics Arist 1273b36-1274a22

councils and magistracy existed before Solon, but he created democracy out of them. Solon gave ppl power to elect those into office. 4 classes were established. SOLON REFORMS 594

Mardonius

cousin, it'll be fun, let's invade. self bc wanted to be governor

Massagattae

cyrus mounts campaign against mass after assyria. 1.201 bc he believes 1. belief in superhuman origin 2. success in previous campaigns were the motivations. CROSS THE RIVER ARAXES! do we build bridge, fight on my side or hers?

Battle of Plataea Omens and diviners

divination often before battle was real practice, HDt not exaggrate. Spartans sacrificed before leaving itsthmus then as approach boetia, then b4 battle then 2x in battle do sacrifices based on internal organs show god approval or not. Spartans had Tisameneus. Persians used greek Soothsayer hegasistratus from Elis, who cut off foot to escape Spartans so mainly for revenge and money, he interpretted omens for them. "DUEL BETWEEN DIVINERS" who will be right? at PLATAEA!!!!!

Gaumata (Smerdis Magi)

fake smerdis aka Gaumata led ppl in rebell but found out fake bc no ears. I SLEW GUAMATA! My god Ahuramazda granted me king bc I prayed. just bc inscribed doesn't mean it's true....521 darius became king!!!

otanes

first to realize smerdis isn't real smerdis bc he never called persians to private court and never left the building, part of 7 juntas. isonomia

Ephialtes

greek traitor!!! told persians of goat mountain path for money, a way to go around thermopylae. Greeks heard persians coming from all sides so stay or go??

Cambyses in this reading

he was crazy! he shot right hand man son to make a point, married sister, killed sacred calf god of Egyptians HDT SAYS CRAZY TO RIDICULE ANOTER CUSTOMS/RELIGION murderous evil. if not evil, just stupid. all hostile views of cambyses from every source. DEATH.

Acropolis

head part in athens that Peis seized

Xerxes

invades Greece 480 crazy. wishy/washy stubborn. said to brand a river the Hellespont bc it wrecked his bridge but bad bc rivers associated with gods. impious, doesn't follow advice. had artabanus sleep in his bed to check if he also got phantom dream to invade greece. Darius was going to invade Greece, but Xerxes had to quell issues in Egypt first.

OSTRACISM

law once a year at demos assembly. vote if you want to vote on ostracism. everyone then writes a name of someone they don't like could be corrupt or fear or jealous. most seen name is thrown out of athens for 10 yeras. assert control over elites if they were a danger to the demos. Cleisthenes 507

Council of 500

new representatives in council of 500. from council of 400 with 100 reps to 500 with 50 reps from the 10 geographic tribes for all parts of attica to be equally represented. they prep assembly agenda Cleisthenes 507

HDT lessons

not always clear 1. fortune changes. 2. story of cyrus: can't avoid fate? revenge. astyages tried to do all these things to stop the dream from coming true but by trying to prevent it, he actually brought about the fate. 3. great civilizations rise and fall. 4. cyrus believed he had superhuman origins 5. Arrogance/Assumptions 6. CROSSING A BOUNDARY!!!!

Smiths Pythagorus of Samos

not much math butreligion. reincarnation! soul immortal! changes into other kind of living lthings. abstinance. don't eat "sacred" foods. pythagoreans saw numbers as a part of nature with water. numbers and harmonies consistent with attributes. opposites: infinite vs finite, odd even, right left male female light dark

artemesia

queen of halicarnassus, under persian rule. warns xerxes of greeks. had to fight for persians. "greeks are as better at fighting as men are to women" ironic bc she waas smart woman? undercut him? suggest greek are better sea ffarers bc persians used phoenicians and egyptians!! warned him not to go, uses her feminize persian force, his men fight like women. brings out arrogance of xerxes ignored her advice.

eurybiades

spartan commander who ultimately listens to themistocyles, wanted to send troops away and not fight but once persians were coming they had no choice they culdnt leave

Persian Empire and Persian Kings

stretched from greek mainland all the way to india, encompass all of middle east. Cyrus 559 - 530 BC Cambyses 530 - 522 Darius 521 - 486 BC

demes

ten local subdivisions in each tribe, made up the trittyes Cleisthenes 507

10 new tribes trittyes

these 10 were geographic by attican region to be more representative from Cleisthenic Reforms 507

Smith's Parmenides of Elea (The Eleatics)

wrote in verse not prose 3 parts 1. Proem 2. Way of Truth: What Is is in cosmos and nothing is not. 3. Way of Opinion: humans have a necessary and unnecessary form. unnecessary is opposite in character, the necessary is like the eternal flame. all things have named in Light and Night and are applied according to their powers. all is at once full of light and night equally since neither of them shares in nothingness dismiss the senses as unsound measures of reality

Mardonius 4/18

xerxes right hand man in charge of greek mianland conquering, hot head

why persians lost

1. tactics: try to surround Greeks and prevent escape, crush with their numbers. but at artemesium the crescent formation wings around to cut aorund, the greeks responded with a circle, pointing out and sail out to attack. lots tried to sail away. others were waiting for greek ships farther out tryihng to escape so half of navy missed any action bc greeks didnt try to flee. 2. size persian was problem bc MIXED ORIGINS@@ avoid entangle bc alwways narrow channels around, ionian, egypt, phoenician language and naval traditions communications hard. greeks more homogenous. so logistical nightmare 3. homefield advantage of greeks. knew where to go /predict when storm. kind of tactic: deploy ships in circle attack outwar very skillful manuever which surprised persians. daring of greeks to attack. 1st battle of art confused them, night fell b4 persians at full force so miinor greek victory. knew good places to fight with narrow passages. 4. not as outnumbered b storms and battle losses. greek reinforcements made number 600 to 300 at art and salamis. not as major advantage 5. WEATHER!!! destroy most ships than greeks. god was doing everything possible 8.13 other divine signs like pray to wind, divine dust cloud signal defeat of persians. divine role??? determine history? NO CONTEXT means god is zeus.

Battle of Mycale

100 greek ships bc athenians mostly at plataea. greek and persian 300 fleets handing back, persians at samos. wanted to see what happened at Plataea until asia minor Leoticadus new king to command navy new received messenger from asia minor ionians saying we'll revolt persians if you attack we fight for you!!! Persians sent away "untrustworthy ships" mostly ionians, bc artemisium. landed at mycale bc thought would do better on land. Samians and milesians betrays persians by blocking their path from the beaches as greeks landed and slaughtered them MycALE SIGNALLEd NEW IoniAN REVOLT!!! what should we do? spartans wanted them to come home ot mainland but ionians and athenians agreed they should fight for their freedom especially while persians were weak. Hellenic league added samos lesbos chios miletus. with victories, routes of aegean for persia disintegrated. fiw years, persia lost cotnrol of the area. bc Plataea and Mycale.

"First Pelo War"

461-445 BC. Just Athens and Sparta and their allies. Sparta dragged in reluctantly bc Spartans couldn't pass Argos and Megara on the way to attack Athens, so Athen used FLEET but Sparta won at Tenagra bc Hoplite battle. Boeotia rebelled against Athens, Megara switched back to Spartan side. "30 yr peace deal" 445 bc Athens knew it was losing. no decisive winner when treaty made. said both sides kept possession they had at BEGINNING of war. 2nd war broke out 430s. GREATEST TERRIBLE GREEK WAR lasted 27 years and laid seeds for destruction of Greece. we are entering the storm!!

Battle of Marathon

490 Most venerated battle "western civilization itself saved at marathon" john stuart milll but actually it was only INIITAL ACTION (after cyrus) on greek mainland. PERSIAN GOAL WAS NOT TO CONQUER BUT FOR REVENGE on Ionan revolt, plundering cities. 1. Athens and Eretria were main targets bc Athens had gone to Persians for help with Sparta and they would "give earth and water" for help from the Persians, so when Athens helped in Ionian Revolt, Persians saw it as backstab. 2. wanted to expand persian empire, each new king set off on new conquests. 3. athenians sent ambassadors to persia for help against spartans "give us earth and water and we'll givey ou help" so athenians were technically subjects and allies so outraged when he learned they helped Ionians. 4. Former tyrant Hippias of Athens went to Persians and said make me the tyrant for your and I'lll control them! they ignored him. Athens had 10k hoplites against 200k (exaggeration) Persians. unreliable #s. Persians had plundered Eretria then sailed to Marathon. few Plateans and Athenians were up on high ground, not moving in deep plain where the Persians were set up. Days went by with no fightng 1. Generals argued if they should fight. the militidas convinced Cal to fight, come down and formed battle line. 5/10 generals didnt want to fight, wanted to wait for allies! SENT FAMMOUS MESSENGER TO SPARTA WHO SAID SORRY WE'LL COME AFTER OUR FESTIVAL IS OVER 2. had high ground literallly advantage bc fewer soldiers and the hoplite armor was bulky. didn't want persians to surround them with mobility, wanted them to come uphi.. 3. Persians not attack bc strong defense of athens wanted to wait for athens to come down so tricked them by "sending men to ships to plunder elsewhere" which scared athenians so they decided ok we need to attack now. Athenians surprised Persians by actualy coing down, strong on flanks charging at a run and hurry to engage the persians so not enough time to surround them and forced persians to coem to battle maybe if they werent ready. persians slaughtered and fled. only 192 athens deaths, 6k persians died. persians fled to swap or ships, with hoplites after them they had no where to go. real test for greek survival to come. mainland greeks were major roadblock, made persians pause because the greeks weren't fighting on their own land for once. signal to spartans that athens was strong and could be leaders of mainland, which was sparta's current position, when came late after the battle was over and saw the dead persians.

Battle of Lade; Miletus Destroyed

494 Persians needed control of sea. Ionian alies left after a weak bc driven hard "i'd rather live under persian rule than train this hard" on ships. lazy! needed coordination and pracitce becuase hundreds of ships involved. Seeing this, Samians noticeed disunity and accepted the offer the Persians made to ex-tyrants to be rewarded if joined Persians or avoided the battle. The Chians fought bravely but still defeated. Miletus, wear revolt began, was destroyed, thus ending revolution. Left coastal cities vulnerable. cconsider city well-being over all ionian cause was why many cities abandoned the battle. Cities left and revolutino failed bc: 1. selfish 2. lack of unity 3. following wrong ideas (started to avoid punishment for not being able to pay back the persians, then built off hatred of persian rule) 4. unwilling to train hard. 5. not glorious start. some good intention and capability but ultimately flawed.

Ionian Revolt

499-494 Aristagoras communicates with predecessor tyrant Histias in Persia, Aristo tyrant of Miletus and the whole Asian coast was taken over by Persia, they were unpopular with cities bc made them pay tariffs and tributes. 1. Removed Persian-placed tyrants. Aristo let the cities decide to do what they wanted with their own tyrant, most killed. 2. established isonomia. During revolt, based themselves at Ephesus, marched/captured Sardis, except citadel "accidently burnt Sardis down including temples" Athenians left bc disgusted they burned down a city and left ionians. it was a great ionian victory and cyrpus joined the cause, only phoenecians stayed with persians and added to their navy, making persian navy HUGE next move was on Lade/Miletus SET STAGE FOR GREEK MAINLAND BATTLE AND GREEK VS PERSIANS AND GREEKS

arist const 20-22

After Peist. driven out, the rival leaders were Isagoras, a partisan of the tyrants, and Cleisthenes of the Alcmeonidae. Cleisthenes called in the people by giving the franchise to the masses. Isagoras found himself left inferior in power, invited Cleomenes to Athens, and persuaded him to 'drive out the pollution. Cleisthenes retired from the country, and Cleomenes expelled 700 Athenian families, then attempted to dissolve the Council and set up Isagoras and his partisans as the supreme power. The Council resisted, the populace flocked together, and Cleomenes and Isagoras took refuge in the Acropolis. The people besieged until the 3rd they agreed to let Cleomenes and his gang leave, they summoned Cleisthenes and other exiles to Athens. The people obtained command of affairs, Cleisthenes was their chief/popular leader. Natural bc the Alcmeonidae expelled the tyrants 3 years after the expulsion of the tyrants, in the archonship of Isagoras, his first step was to distribute the Attican population into 10 tribes replacing the existing 4, to intermix the members of different tribes, and so more ppl have a voice. Next he made the Council of 500 instead of 400, each tribe now contributing 50, whereas formerly each had sent a 100. He divided the country into thirty groups of demes, from the districts about the city, the coast, and the interior, called the trittyes and assigned 3 of them by lot to each tribe, so all had one of each of 3 localities, demes determined citizenship, not family name. These reforms made constitution more democratic than Solon's, whose were disused by the tyranny, while Cleisthenes substituted new ones to secure the goodwill of the ppl. When the people had now gained confidence 2 yrs after winning Marathon they used the law of ostracism. Originally passed as precaution against men in high office, bc Pisistratus took advantage of his position to make himself tyrant. For 3 years they ostracized friends of tyrants, but began to remove others, any one who was more powerful than was expedient. Talk of Themisticles and bribes. all the ostracized persons were recalled, bc of xerxes' army.

arist polit 1302b21-24, 1304b19-40, 1319b1-32

Another cause of revolution is fear. Either men have committed wrong and are afraid of punishment or are expecting to suffer wrong from their enemies. This at Rhodes the notables conspired against the ppl thru fear of the suits brought against them. Revolutions are caused by the intemperance of demagogues stir the public up against them. At Cos the democracy was overthrown when notables combined. Heraclea overthrown after the foundation of the colony drove out the notables who came back and put an end to democracy. Same in megara as notables were driven out so democracy could confiscate their property but the exiles returned and established oligarchy. The last form of democracy is one that cant be borne by all states and wont last unless well regulated by laws and customs. The right thing would be to make no more additional when poor exceeds notables and the middle class bc then constitution becomes disorderly and then the notables grow excited and impatient of the democracy as in Cyrene.

herod 6.7-21,

At the Panionium, the Ionians resolve to allow Miletus to be besieged, gather for a sea battle at Lade (7). total 333 ships (8). The Persian generals, worried at Ionian ships, appeal to the deposed ionian tyrants, asking them to persuade the Ionians not to fight with promises of leniency or horrible threats; the Ionians reject the appeals both secretly and individually (9-10). Phoenician chief commander Dionysius drills the Ionians until they become discontented and refuse to man their ships LAZY (12). Seeing the disunity, the Samians decide to honor a deal made by deposed tyrant, Aeaces to submit to the Persians (13). The battle begins, and most of Samian fleet deserts; the Lesbians desert when see the Samians gone (14). Heroism of the Chians in a losing cause; they brought 100 ships (15). Some Chians escape to Ephesus, where they are mistaken for invaders and slain by Ephesians trying to protect their women at Thesmophoria (16). Dionysius becomes pirate as he escapes to Sicily with three captured ships (17). Persians besiege Miletus and take the city in 494 BC (18). How the capture of Miletus fulfilled an oracle. Captured Milesians resettled by Darius near the Tigris, and their land colonized (20). Greece mourns for Miletus; Phrynichus fined by Athenians for making them cry at his Miletou Halosis (21).

Ephialtes

Athenian Democracy flourish bc Ephialtes attack Areopagus that Cleisthenes and Solon left alone, its a council of elite old men. Disbanded it, removed members from archons, made them boule or assembly or worse, jury members. They had conservative prerogatives. Ephialtes was MURDERED but demos supported and kept this system. RADICALIZED by growth of empire

Cimon

Athenian, conservative, aggressive military leader in Delian League. lead campaigns including Battle of Eurymydon, curshed Persians on land AND SEA, forced persians out of aegean and was fighting south. OSTRACISM VOTE!!! had too much power

Her 2.1-110

Cambyses now Persian King. His invasion of Egypt. Why does the Nile rise and fall in a regular seasonal pattern ? (a) that the flooding is caused by the Etesian winds, and (b) that infusions of water from the river called Ocean are responsible (c) that the flooding is caused by melting snow. Travelling down the Nile one reaches the island of Tachompso, and then the city of Meroe. The story of how the Egyptians known as Asmacks, or "Deserters", came to settle among the Ethiopians. The chief female deity of the Egyptians is honored with bull sacrifices. The Egyptians sacrifice only bulls, never cows, which are sacred to Isis. There is an elaborate burial ritual for dead cattle. Why do the Egyptians of Thebes sacrifice goats instead of rams? Because Zeus Ammon once disguised himself as a ram to meet with Heracles. Heracles is originally an Egyptian god and part of their pantheon of twelve, not a Greek hero. Most Greek gods are borrowed from Egypt; exceptions are Poseidon, the Dioscuri, Hera, Hestia, Themis, the Graces and the Nereids. Poseidon is Libyan. The Greek gods pantheon was shaped by Homer and Hesiod, not earlier than 850-825 BC. The Egyptians originated Greek divination and religious assemblies. The Egyptians also originated the Greek custom of ritual cleansing before entering a sacred precinct after sex. Not many animals in Egypt so killing is punishable by death, dead cats are embalmed, dogs are buried, they are like spartans in dress and respect for elders. each day/month for a god. The Egyptian priests say Paris and Helen were blown off course on their way to Troy and shipwrecked in Egypt and took refuge at the shrine and denounced him as a rapist.

arist cons 23-24

City grown gradually with time and democracy; but after the Persian wars the Council of Areopagus once more developed strength and assumed the control of the state, acquired by the cause of the battle of Salamis, not a formal decree. When the generals were utterly at a loss how to meet the crisis and made proclamation that every one should see to his own safety, the Areopagus donated money, distributing eight drachmas to each member of the ships' crews, allowing them on board. so people bowed to its prestige; and during this period Athens was well administered. At this time they devoted themselves to the prosecution of the war and were in high repute among the Greeks, so that the command by sea was theirs, in spite of Spartan opposition. The leaders of the people during this period were Aristides, and Themistocles, son of Lysimachus, clever reputation as clever estatesma and Themistocles, son of Neocles, who appeared to devote himself to the conduct of war, Accordingly the one was usually employed as general, the other as political adviser. The rebuilding of the fortifications, although they were political opponents, bc pausaniaus brought discredit on sparta, it was ARISTIDES who guided public policy in defection of the Ionian states from the alliance with Sparta. he made first assessment of tribute from various allied states, 2 yrs after the battle of Salamis, in the archonship of Timosthenes; and took the oath of offensive+defensive alliance with the Ionians: each cast masses of iron into sea. Seeing the state growing in confidence and wealth Aristides advised the people to lay hold of the leadership of the league, and to leave country districts to settle in city. ALL ABLE TO gain a living in city: by army, garrisons, public affairs; could be leaders. This advice followed; the ppl had assumed supreme control they treated allies imperially, except the Chians, Lesbians, and Samians. These maintained to protect their empire, leaving their constitutions untouched, and keep land they had. Athens secured proceeds of the tributes, taxes, contributions of the allies more than twenty thousand persons were maintained. There were 6k jurymen, 1,600 bowmen, 1,200 Knights, 500 members of the Council, 500 guards of the dockyards, besides fifty guards in the Acropolis. There were some 700 magistrates at home, and 700 abroad. When Athens went to war, there were in addition 2,500 heavy-armed troops, 20 guard-ships, and other ships which collected the tributes, with crews amounting to selected 2k men, and there were ppl maintained at the Prytaneum, orphans, gaolers, all were supported by the state.

herod 1.78-105

Cyrus decides to advance into Lydia and surprises Croesus; excellence of Lydian soldiers. Battle of Sardis; Cyrus uses camels to defeat the Lydian cavalry. Sardis under seige. Urgent requests of Croesus for aid from allies. The Spartans are victorious over Argos, the Spartans too late to help Croesus. Sardis taken by Cyrus. Croesus, about to be burned alive, explains Solon's wisdom to Cyrus. Cyrus is moved and orders Croesus removed from pyre. The Lydians say Apollo sent a rainstorm to put it out. Croesus blames the gods for his decision to attack. oracle says I said a mighty empire will fall not which one. Cyrus fulfilled the prophecy dooming the descendants of Gyges. how the Scythians crossed into Asia Minor. Scythians are the masters of Asia, attack Egypt without success. How some Scythians destroyed a temple of Aphrodite and were forever cursed with STDs.

Peisistratus

FIRST TOOK POWER 560 3 polit factions after Solon left: Lycurgus, Megakles, and Peis. Athenian Unity was falling apart, leaders of Attica tried for power. (see wounding, bodyguard, driven out, back in if marry Meg's daugther, back in with fake Athena from HDT) kicked out 2nd time because "unconventional sex" he didnt want children, so gathers wealth and mercenaries from Eretria and Thebes, comes back to Athens. lands near Marathon bc had the support of the "hill men". P supporters said don't flee, you won't be hurt. come closer to hear me! guards took their weapons. 1st thing he does is impose tax. benevolent tyrant. adopted Solon's laws without councils etc and nice to struggling citizens, good relations with both nobles and commoners unlike periander who killed all aristocrats. (solon was oligarchy) established circuit courts to go around attica and monitor villages. tied attica to athens. expand aqueducts, build agora (public marketplace athens first), gave loans to farms to keep them happy, mint dracma (coins). pottery!!!! red figure!!! stay quiet and out of wars. began FESTIVALS. ATTICA WAS NEVER DIVIDED AGAIN.

herod 5.96-126

Hippias appeals to Artaphrenes, who commands the Athenians to take Hippias back; they refuse and consider themselves at war with Persia. Aristagoras goes to athens saying they're ancestors of miletus, persuades the assembly to send 20 ships.Athenians arrive with a Eretrian troop bc Miletus helped Eretria in their war with Chalcis; Aristagoras plans a march on Sardis. The Ionians mass at Ephesus, march and take Sardis (498 BC); Artaphrenes besieged in the acropolis. The Ionians prevented from plundering the city by a fire, which drives the Lydians and Persians into the center of town, the Ionians withdraw, the city is burnt. A temple at Sardis burnt, becomes pretext for 480 sacks; a Persian force meets the Ionians at Ephesus and defeats them. The Athenians abandon the Ionians, who continue revolt, taking Byzantium, winning most of Caria south of Lydia. In Cyprus, the Onesilus deposes brother king Gorgus, then joins the ionian revolt and beseiges the last loyal persian polis Amathus (104). Darius hears of revolt, and wants vengeance on Athenians (105). Darius questions Histiaeus, who denies rebel involvement, asks to be sent to Miletus, promising to deliver Aristagoras; Darius agrees (106-107). Meanwhile in Cyprus Onesilus gets reinforcements from the Ionians, and a Persian force w/ Phoenician ships go to Cyprus (108). Ionians will face the Phoenicians at sea, while the Cypriots resist the Persians on land (109). The armies line up near Salamis. Onesilus plans with his Persian generals' servant to kill the man's horse when it rears up (111). The Ionians win in the sea battle; Onesilus kills the Persian general, but then is killed himself, and the Cypriots are defeated, allegedly because of the treachery of the men of Curium (112-113). The Ionians sail back to the mainland, and eventually (497 BC) Cyprus falls and cities of the mainland and the Hellespont to Persian generals; Darius heads for Caria (116-117). The Carians prepare to meet the onslaught; a proposal to fight with the Maeander river at their backs is rejected (118). The Carians are beaten by superior numbers; some take refuge at a shrine of Zeus (119). Ionian reinforcements arrive, and another battle won by Persians (120). Carians ambush the Persians by night on the road and destroy their force (121). Further successes of the Persians in north: Cius and Troy fall; Clazomenae and Cyme are next (122-123). Aristagoras consults the Ionians: to stay or migrate en masse to Sardinia or Myrcinus (124). Hecateus suggests fortify Leros as possible retreat. Aristagoras disregards, goes to Myrcinus, where he is killed by Thracians (126).

Battle of Plataea Tactics

Pausanius, spartan commander and regent compromises with athenians and tegians by giving athens left wing 2nd most honorable nad tegians 3rd most hornorable as spartans obviously got right flank. Decded athens should fight persians s changed formation then mardonius changed then a then m again. send messenger "i didnt know spartans were sucgh cowards" spartans said NOTHING. ramp up drama. mardonius is arrogant hot head. AcTIONS WILL SPEAK FOR THEM. pausanius didn't want to be barbaric. ATHENS always looks good bc hdt got his info largely from atheninans. SOURCE BIAS?? boetia not far from thebes bc spartans holed up in pelopon. Mardonius sacked athens a second time and returned to boetia. Spartans, corinthians, athenians etc made way to platea. all waiting to attack Greeks because 1.outnumberd 2. everyday mroe reinforcements Persians 1. omen said they could nly win if they were on the defenseive so COULD NOT ATTACK FIRST 2. started to learn from therm marathon that heavily armed confrontation bad so they sent light scouts caVALRY!!!!! to hurt the greeks on their ridge This caused the greeks to move back, mardonius took this aas retreat and ATTAckEd CRUciAL BATTLE persians against spartans tough marodnius was brave despite advantage ofdiscipline and phalanx. eventually spartans kill and defeat mardonius, disitintegrate resto f persian armies!!! lasted hours. start middle of night. spartan omen originally ALSO SAID DEFENSE SO ASKED FOR SECOND SACRIFICE WHICH SAID OK NOW ATTACK

Dates 3/21

Probable Democracies Chios, Megara and Hereclea, Cyrene -mid 6th century Isagoras archon at Athen - 508 Cleisthenes institutes reforms at Athens - 507

3.61-4.1

The Magi seize the throne at Susa by passing off as Smerdis, the real one dead. in Syria, Cambyses hears of King Smerdis. He questions Prexaspes, who says he killed Smerdis. Cambyses tries to ride for Susa, but accidentally jumps on his sword and gravely wounds himself with gangrene. come true dream of king smerdis and prophecy that he would die at Ecbatana in syria. He appeals to Persians not to let the empire fall to Medes. the nobles believe this smerdis IS the brother of Cambyses. So Smerdis the Magian wins support by granting tax breaks and freedom from military service to the subject nations. Otanes, a noble Persian, suspects Smerdis and sends his daughter who is one of Smerdis' wives to see if Smerdis has no ears, proves he is Magi and not of Cyrus. A junta of 7 nobles plans to overthrow the Magi. Darius wants to strike, Otanes wants to wait. The Magi hire Prexaspes to reassure the ppl that king Smerdis is the son of Cyrus. Prexaspes agrees, but instead tells the truth then commits suicide by jumping from walls. The junta approaches the palace, encouraged by a bird omen. They walk past the guards; kill eunuchs who try to stop them and kill both Magi. Then run into the streets, killing every Magian and announcing the news; soon all the Persians are killing Magi, and holiday called the "Slaughter of the Magi" commemorates. The victorious junta debates whether to alter the constitution of Persia. Otanes argues that monarchy is the worst form bc absolute power corrupts, so proposes isonomia 'equality before the law' . Megabyzus agrees monarchy bad, but wants oligarchy bc mob cannot be trusted with affairs of state; the Best men will best govern. Darius agrees that isonomia no good, but argues that monarchy is the ideal, since the others only lead to political unrest. Otanes doesn't run for King. The 6 junta running for king make ground rules about King's privileges; they agree that whoever's horse neighs first in the morning will be King. Darius' groom Oebares prepares a trick: mates Darius' horse that night, the next day leads him past that spot, the horse remembers passion and neighs, and Zeus confirms the outcome with a flash from clear sky, Darius becomes King of all Asia except the Arabians; sets up a massive stone monument with an inscription commemorating his accession. The Persians themselves do not pay taxes to Darius. A few nations do not pay with money but with gifts of various kinds; these are Ethiopia, Colchis, and Arabia. The future of the Achaemenid empire. Darius divides the country into 20 satrapies (districts); all their names and what kind of tribute they have to pay to the king.

Isagoras

became archon in 508 and was FAVORED BY THE SPARTANS. but Cleisthenes made demos support him by promised reforms so Isagoras called in Cleom for help and took small force to invade athens, drove out cleisth supporters and tried to dissolve this council but the council RESISTED!!! the demos rallied with them and besieged the Acropolis, humiliating but letting Cleom return home. Cleo then coordinates with thebans and Calmedians for a joint invasian with Peloponnese League to attack athens for ISagorus. but Pelo Leauge says nah I dont wanna help you put a tyrant in so cleo never invades. Athens forged new government IN POPULAR RESISTANCE, fought to keep this government!

disunity of Greek army

Xerxes has massive army greece is fragmented, many city states gave in to persians to avoid being plundered as persians made way to athens/thermopylae. 7.138 "all too willing to accept persian domination" predicatable not stand together bc most were in path of persians blundering b4 others had organized to defend mainland

Classical Culture

`Lit, Philo, art explosion. SEEDS splanted in archaic age which produced progress. Classical is when most influential greek achievements were, whta we've read has set this up. compare Pericles to Cleistehnes or Solon, Parminides to Plato (know vs. not know) began with EARLIER ideas! New forms of literature. HDT account critical to understand Archaic period. Post HDT, explosion of HIstoriography. Dramatic Lit invented in late Archaic. Early tragedies include "persians" CLASSICAL invent COMEDY IN ATHENS. no examples in archiac period.art advances advanced architecture: TEMPLE parthenon on athens acropolis. grandeur and delicacy compared to archaic temples which were broad.

Panathenaea

a festival that Peis made bigger and grander! also the one that Hipparchus was assassinated at in 514. showed that tyrants began festivals and stimulated a flourishing culture.

Spartans beseige 510

anchimoleus failed, then king cleomines beseiges hippias in acropolis, forces him out. spartans free athens but theyre not celebrated as rescuers bc thats not patriotic.

Artabanus

artabanus sleep in his bed to check if he also got phantom dream to invade greece. against invasion. not good idea bc they can fight. don't go too far!!!!! xerxes originally angry at him calls him coward then phantom dream tell him to invade. another dream says why have u not changed your mind?? willing to take divine signs. invade greece bcc angry, impious Pythias was super generous (lydian king) but asked if his oldest son could not fight, stay behind to rule and continue family line. xerxes said no and cut his son in half and used the halves as a threshold to march the army through. IRRATIONAL TYRANT!!!! otanes had said lone rulers were drunk with power. quick to anger, bad guy, irrational. arrogant. has to embody these. pride goes before the fall. says "LAND AND SEA WILL BE GREAT ENEMIES TO PPL" FORESHADOW critiques endlessly expanding empire "bc my duty to my dad is why i expand" said xerxes. FLAW WITH ROYAL IDEA TO EXPAND. connects to them of quickly rise and fall, fortune never stays in one place.

Judging Herodotus

as a source. too entertaining to be accurate? where did he get persian versions? criticizes and adds his own opinions. certain times he gives 2 POVs to add credibility, tries to be transprent say "these ppl say this but these ppl say that" abrupt ending, no big flourish does this mean missing pieces? promised to talk about ____. NO! come full circle with THEMES final story is retreat of Xerxes then back to CYRUS the great king being advised to take up Persians to fertile territory we conquered. Cyrus says fertile rich land mean WEAK MEN, Good ending. warn greeks not to be arrogant like persian dynasty and conquer. don't develop ego after defeating persians. CONTRAST. greece is a poor land so much had strong men! THEME: EMPIRES RISE AND FALL. cyrus began war, xerxes ended war. persians was struccture of whole book, so tied story together. doesn't end > shows changes

Aristides

athenian politician, opposed themistocles influence. He was known as being most just and honest. THemistlces was tricksy. He formed the LEAGUE AND WHAT THEIR OBLIGATIONS WERE towards Athens, shps, men, or annual donations to league treasury.

themistocles

interpretted wooden walls to mean ships we must fight at sea. said ionians were best in fleet Hero or snake?? deceptive! stays at artemisium bc bribed lby locals to stay then bribed by euboeans and used that money to bribe ppl to fight for greeks. uses other ppls ideas like Nesaphillus and takes the credit. HOWEVER WENT BEHIND GREEK BACKS BUT FOR GOOD REASON sent messenger to xerxes saying hey you should come surround salamis bc we're so uncoordinatted. smart bc they were good and knew right places to ffight but others argued for other location so he took matters into his own hands. narrow waters of salamis. persians thought they could trap greeks. 1. Greek home advantage especially if they knew persians were coming 2. prep for persians coming 3. resolves Eurybiades argument we have to fight because they are here. you can't send your troops away. SNAKE 1. self serving. he won either way. if greeks won, its bc he took initiative. if persians won, he 'told' xerxes what to do so he maybe safe traitor. 2. he concocted plan using greek strengths. but didn't tell other greeks about message. like odysseus: right idea, bad execution but still outcome. do everythinghe can maybe not morally right but clever. hdt only had negative views to draw from so taint account. at the time the greeks loved him bc ddint know about bribes like hdt did.

Themistocles

leader in athens, rely on plutarch's bio on him. known as making deals behind backs and bribes. tricksy. schemes to REBUILD ATHENS WALLS post war. Deliean League unknown influence. build harbor, permanent naval power. island states bullied for money contributions, vengeance bc they were ex persian supporters. or potential allies for Delian league. OSTRACISM VOTE!!!

Pythagorus of Samos late 6thc

many followers wrote things and attributed them to him but this is what we know he did: 1. Transmigration of souls. reincarnation! 2. events repeat in cycles. 3. use math to explain world in dissonance / harmony with music. 4. PHILOSOPHY LIFESTYLE according to tenants like vegetarian and abstinence. "accusmata" sacred bc came from Pythagorus. withdrawn from day to day world to spend time pondering philosophy

DEMONAX

mediator for Cyrene and set up a democracy. "3 tribes, 1. Thera, 2. Peloponnese and Crete, 3. and the surrounding islands" He selected King Battus' lands and priestly offices then "he turned over to the people as a WHOLE all other responsibilities of the king" Aristotle wrote: "founder at cyrene. new tribes should be established, private rites turned into public ones, citizens mingle with each other. extreme form of democracy"

xxxxx modern vs ancient democracy

modern: everyone votes then they yield the power the ppl have no say after voting so we vote again if we dont like who we elected. no direct role. we have REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY ancient: DIRECT DEMOCRACY. economic reform was not part of demokratia calls for redistributions of land like solonian reforms rarely happened. certain offices required wealthy status like a treasurer bc had to know how to handle money and "wouldn't take bribes" bc already wealhty lol k 1. short terms usually one year 2. limited authority 3. ppl decided/ approve literally everything. archon existed but routes cases to demos. officials are checked at end of year and if caught doing illegal they are put on trial. reconciled existence of social disparities. Athenian assembly met a few times a month not everyone came to every meeting. wealthy and those who lived near could go often but poor couldn't afford to leave work so payment for public service like jury duty was made to encourage poor to participate!!! local communities also determined citizenship in village meetings bc smaller, more familiar with each other. same: freedom and equality all citizen equal under the law we need this to function and elites still have advantages. wealthy rarely threatened as a class. the next generation has major advantage bc name recogntion. checks and balances!!!

Cleisthenes

of the Alcemeinids who bribed the oracle to tell the spartans to invade. wanted to win but lost to Isagoras in 508. Cleisthenes turning point promise: 1. invented new tribles from 4 to 10 tribes. these 10 were geographic by attican region to be more representative. 2. new prepresetatives in council of 500. from council of 400 with 100 reps to 500 with 50 reps from the 10 geographic tribes for all parts of attica to be equally represented. they prepared assembly agenda for demos. 3. Ostracism. 4, not slash citizenship roles, if you are currently a citizen you shall stay a citizen. FIRST INSCRIBED DECREES BY COUNCIL AND DEMOS!!!! 507 we don't know his purpose as founder of Athenian democracy. 1. take demos as political supporters to gainsupporters to gain power after losing archon to Isagorus 2. genuinely wanted to bring power to demos as an altruistic democratic patriot 3. Tie attica together based on geographyc, no more regional factions. REGARDLESS fighting off the spartans SET DEMOCRACY INTO MOTION

Const Arist 2-3

oligarchic, poor were slaves to rich. solon was first champion of people. primitive constitution before draco, rights depend on birth and wealth. earliest powerful position: King Archon, Polymarch, Archon

Queen Tomryis

queen of mass. warned "abandon your enterprise, it wont end wwell, rule yours dont cross the river" he believed he couldn't be stopped (just like croesus beleived he was fortunate) sought vengeance when cyrus captured her son, her son killed himself in captivity so she waged war and killed him. VENGEANCE!!!! just like ast/harp vengeance.

Plutarch Solon 14-26

resolve disputes and make laws. bc recent tyrants .remove debts on land became known as "the alleviation" SOLON REFORMS 594 1. repeal all Draco laws except homicide. 2. asses property qualifications created classes 3. another council (boule) with 100 from each tribe bc poor now more assertive bc no debts. everyone has to take a side. illegal to slander a dead person. "Adapt his laws to the situation not situation to the laws" so punish unemployed ppl about women: punish for raping women/selling daughters, excluded prostitutes. Nothing exported bc they needed all resources, except olive oil could be traded. Only those banished or those who brought whole family could become citizens. "Day of the old and new" about moon??? sought Athens' permission to live abroad for 10 years. first egypt where made friend with king Philocyprus,

Egypt

respects ancient traditions bc achievement means you hvent been destroyed or declined@ LOVES TO CONVEY ACHIEVEMENTS OF MEN. greeks had own venerated traditions. spends book 2 on egypt even though not critical to greek persian war bc GRET EMPIRES CAN FALL cambyses defeated them easily. OPPOSITE customs so telling Greeks about Greece by telling from outside perspective. monuments, agriculture, nile flooding, marriage.

Peisistratids

sons Hippias, Hipparchus took power. no revolution: unusual for tyrant death, shows he wasn't hated. Hippias: oldest, most political. Hipparchus promotes arts, temples, festivals. after hipparchus assass, hippias now tyrant and harsh. Hipparchus assassinated 514

Eurymedon

the Persians began assembling a large army and navy for a major offensive against the Greeks. Gathering near the Eurymedon, it is possible that the expedition aimed to move up the coast of Asia Minor, capturing each city in turn. This would bring the Asiatic Greek regions back under Persian control, and give the Persians naval bases from which to launch further expeditions into the Aegean. Hearing of the Persian preparations, the Athenian general Cimon took 200 triremes and sailed to Phaselis in Pamphylia, which eventually agreed to join the Delian League. This effectively blocked the Persian strategy at its first objective. Cimon then moved to preemptively attack the Persian forces near the Eurymedon. quickly routed the Persian fleet gathered there. Most of the Persian fleet made land-fall, and the sailors fled to the shelter of the Persian army. Cimon then landed the Greek marines and proceeded to attack the Persian army, which was also routed. The Greeks captured the Persian camp, taking many prisoners, and were able to destroy 200 beached Persian triremes. This stunning double victory seems to have greatly demoralised the Persians, and prevented any further Persian campaigning in the Aegean until at least 451 BC. However, the Delian League do not appear to have pressed home their advantage, probably because of other events in the Greek world that required their attention.

Tyrannicides

the name given to Harm and Arist bc spartans drove Hippias out, they murdered Hipparchus so technically they liberated athens from the tyrants. better than rewarding the spartans... made government transition to democracy more organic, shocking change so downplayed events. 514

Hellenic League

those willing to fight. romanticized but acccurate bc such bad odds made it very heroic.

Demaratus

warns overconfident xerxes, he was exiled spartan king, said even 1000 spartans would stand and fight not surrender, xeres ssays inconceivable they'll not fight and if they do they won't prevail. 7.103 LESSON: CONTRAST BTWN GREEKS AND PERSIANS. greeks choose to fight freely, willing. not slaves whipped to battle.