Growing and flowing
ATP
a special molecule used by cells for energy. It is made within the mitochondria. You can think of the mitochondria as the energy factory or power plant of the cell.
Role water molecules play in process of photosynthesis
(H2O) is a compound of two atoms of oxygen and one atom of hydrogen. Water moves up through roots from the soil to leaves. Some water molecules will play a key role in photosynthesis. Others will simply move through the plant and out the stomata and enter the atmosphere as water vapor in the process of transpiration. Those water molecules that will be important in the food making process of photosynthesis are split by light energy into O and H atoms. The oxygen atoms join in twos to form O2 molecules and leave the leaf through the stomata, adding molecules of oxygen gas to the atmosphere. The hydrogen (H) atoms combine with carbon dioxide (CO2) molecules to make sugars (like glucose) which are food for the plant and other organisms.
Bee behavior
1) they forage pollen and receive nectar in return. 2) They sacrifice themselves when they become sick because they do not want to infect the rest of the hive 3) when a female worker bee fins pollen, she communicates her pollen to other bees by dancing
chlorophyll
A green molecule which uses light energy from sunlight to change water and carbon dioxide gas into sugar and oxygen; it absorbs the sunlight and then uses sunlight to change water, carbon dioxide and, nutrients from the soil. It processes the ingredients to make sugar (plant food) and oxygen
photosynthesis
A process by which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into food energy (sugar), oxygen and water. It occurs so that plants can have energy and humans get oxygen
Food Chain
A series of organisms, each dependent on the next, for food & energy ● Grass (captures sunlight) Rabbit Hawk
Food Web
A system of interlocking and interdependent food chains
how do abiotic factors affect biotic factors in an ecoystem
Abiotic factors determine the biotic factors living in a particular habitat. Abiotic factors like temperature, water availability, humidity, type of soil, light intensity, wind affect what type of species will grow in particular habitat. The occurrence of a species, their growth, behavior, reproduction all these aspects are regulated by abiotic factors.
Producer
Algae and green plants that produce organic compounds (glucose) from inorganic compounds (carbon dioxide, water, sunlight) ● Use sunlight to make their own food during photosynthesis
chloroplast
An elongated cell organelle containing chlorophyll where photosynthesis takes place.
Decomposer
An organism that breaks down organic matter, like decaying animals or plants, and returns nutrients to the soil
Consumer
An organism that obtains energy by eating other organisms ● Herbivore = consumer that eats only plants ● Carnivore = consumer that only eats other animals ● Omnivore = eats both producers and other consumers
Transpiration
Evaporation of water from plants
What is a tropism? .
Growth toward or away from a stimulus. Plants may not be able to move, but they are able to change how they grow in response to their environment.
chemical equation for photosynthesis
H2O + CO2 + light = O2 + C6H12O6
how are humans and animals opposite of photosynthesis
Humans and animals do the exact opposite of photosynthesis. They breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. This means that we give plants more carbon dioxide, and they give us more oxygen. Without plants we wouldn't be able to survive, but there is enough carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that plants would still exist without us!
what are the basic needs for all living things
In order to survive, animals need air, water, food, light and temperature
what are the reactants of cellular respiration
Oxygen and glucose
Comparing Equations:
Photosynthesis Equation: H2O + CO2 + light O2 + C6H12O6 Respiration Equation: O2 + glucose H2O + CO2 + energy
what is the difference between photosynthesis and respiration
Photosynthesis and respiration are reactions that complement each other in the environment. They are in reality the same reactions but occurring in reverse. While in photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water yield glucose and oxygen, through the respiration process glucose and oxygen yield carbon dioxide and water. They work well since living organisms supply plants with carbon dioxide which undergoes photosynthesis and produces glucose and these plants and bacteria give out oxygen which all living organisms need for respiration. Photosynthesis requires light; respiration does not require light Comparison chart In respiration, Oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released. In photosynthesis, Carbon dioxide is absorbed and oxygen is released. Main function of cellular respiration is the Breakdown of food and Energy release. Main function of photosynthesis is the Production of food and Energy Capture. Respiration occurs in all living organisms (plants and animals). Photosynthesis occurs in plants, protista (algae), and some bacteria.
Types of Tropisms
Phototropism ○ Gravitropism ○ Thigmotropism
How is phototropism beneficial to a plant?
Phototropismis important for two main reasons: It increases the probability of stems and leaves intercepting light for photosynthesis and of roots obtaining water and dissolved minerals that they need.
Ecosystem
Plants and animals in a specific location that interact to survive ● Ecosystems contain living and non-living things (biotic & abiotic) ●
Photosynthesis
Process that algae and plants use to produce food
how do plants reproduce
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants involves the production of male and female gametes, the transfer of the male gametes to the female ovules in a process called pollination. After pollination occurs, fertilization happens and the ovules grow into seeds within a fruit.
why does energy decrease as you move towards the top of the energy pyramid
The amount of energy at each trophic level decreases as it moves through an ecosystem. As little as 10 percent of the energy at any trophic level is transferred to the next level; the rest is lost largely through metabolic processes as heat. If a grassland ecosystem has 10,000 kilocalories (kcal) of energy concentrated in vegetation, only about 1,000 kcal will be transferred to primary consumers, and very little (only 10 kcal) will make it to the tertiary level. Energy pyramids such as this help to explain the trophic structure of an ecosystem: the number of consumer trophic levels that can be supported is dependent on the size and energy richness of the producer level.
effect of plants on the atmosphere
The atmosphere is full of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, meaning that if it is in the atmosphere, it holds heat close to the earth, which makes our planet warm. If we didn't have carbon dioxide, we wouldn't be a warm planet, we would be cold like the moon. If we had too much carbon dioxide, we would be like Venus, which is a really hot planet. Plants keep our atmosphere from getting too much carbon dioxide and heating up by turning a lot of it into oxygen.
role roots play in photosynthesis
Water moves from the soil up through the roots to be used in the leaves as photosynthesis occurs. Food can also be stored in roots.
food web
a model of the feeding relationships between many different consumers and producers in the ecosystem
why is a food web a better model to describe the movement of energy through an ecosystem
because it is a model of the feeding systems between many different producers and consumers
relationship between bees, plants and our environmennt
bees pollinate plants, which gives the plants energy to grow, the plants grow fruits and vegetables to feed organisms like humans which make up our environment.
what are the reactants of photosynthesis
carbon dioxide, water, light and energy
where does photosynthesis take place
chloroplasts
role of chloroplasts
conduct photosynthesis
ovary
contains ovules, has seeds inside; this turns into the fruit and seeds we eat
what is the purpose of photosynthesis
converts reactants into energy
sepal
cover outside of a flower bud, protects flower before it opens; green petal-like parts at the base of the flower; they help protect the bud when it developes.
ecosystem
describe a particular environment and all the living things that are supported by it
food chain
describes the feeding relationship between many different consumers and producers in the ecosystem
which biome would have plants with no leaves to help reduce water loss during photosynthesis
desert biome
Omnivore
eats both producers and other consumers
transpiration
evaporation of water from plants
male flower parts
filament anther stamen
which acquatic (water) biome are you likely to see a plant that is flexible enough to withstand the pressures of moving water
freshwater biome
what are the products of photosynthesis
glucose and oxygen
flowering plant
has both male and female partss
bee products made in China and shipped to USA
honey, wax, royal jelly, venom, and pollen
photo
light
biotic
living things in an ecosystem
stigma
located in the center of flower, receives pollen grains for germination; sticky surface; traps and holds the pollen
style
long ybelike structure holding stigma
stamen
male part of flower, comprised of filament and anther, is pollen producing part of flower
pollen
male sex cell that donates half of the DNA to make a seed; it a powdery substance, usually orange or yellow in color that gets carried by pollinators.
in which aquatic biome are you likely to see a plant that is very salt tolerant
marine biome
where does cellular respiration take place
mitochondria
negative tropism
movement away from the stimulus
positive tropism
movement towards the stimulus
abiotic
nonliving things in an ecosystem
role of Stomata
open and close to allow the intake of carbon dioxide and the release of oxygen.
word equation for cellular respiration
oxygen + glucose = water + ATP + carbon dioxide
anther
part of stamen producing pollen
things causing bees to die
pesticides, parasites and poor nutrition
how does a flower protect itself
petal and sepal surrounds the flower
basic flower parts
petal, sepal
callidy collapse disorder
phenomenon that has emptied bee hives
female flower parts
pistil, stigma, style and ovary
Explain how tropisms can help a plant survive
plants need light and water for photosynthesis. They have developed responses called tropisms to help make sure they grow towards sources of light and water.
Respiration
process that plants and other living organisms use to turn glucose or starches into energy
synthesis
putting together
thigmotropism
response to touch
honey bees
responsible for about 1/3 of the food produced in america
ecology
scientific study of how organisms interact with their environment and all the other organisms that live in the environment
which biome would you see plants less than 12 inches tall, dark in color, to help them absorb solar heat and grown in clumps to help protect themselves from wind and cold
taiga biome
which biome would you see trees with leaves that have think broad light weight leaves to capture a lot of sunlight to make lots of food during the warm weather
temperate deciduous forest biome
which biome would you you see grasses with extensive (large) root systems to prevent grazing animals from pulling roots completely out of the ground as they feed on them
temperate grasslands biome
4 basic needs of all living things
temperature, light, soil and water
which biome would you likely see a plant with smooth bark and smooth or waxy flowers to help speed run off of water
tropical rainforest biome
which biome would you see mostly evergreen trees with dark needles that droop downward to help shed excess snow without breakfing branches
tundra biome
word equation for photosynthesis
water + light + carbon dioxide = oxygen + glucose
Glucose
A simple sugar that is an important energy source of all living organisms ● Plants make sugar during photosynthesis ● Organisms release glucose during respiration and use it for energy
effect of photosynthesis on evolution
Before there was photosynthesis, there wasn't much oxygen in our atmosphere. So before plants evolved the ability to turn water and carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen, there was no way for plants and animals to exist. Before photosynthesis, bacteria and other living things used other chemicals to make their food. But when photosynthesis started, it worked really well, so organisms (living things) that had photosynthesis thrived and evolved into plants and trees. As more plants grew across the planet, more and more oxygen went into the atmosphere, meaning that animals were able to start evolving! We would never have existed without photosynthesis.
The overall equation for the oxidation of glucose is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ⇒ 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)
chemical equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + O2 = H2O + ATP+ CO2
facts about respiration
CO2 is released; occurs in all living cells; produces CO2 and water (H2O); food is broken down; requires glucose; O2 (oxygen) is taken in; occurs in light or dark
what are the products of cellular respiration
CO2, water, ATP
formula for photosynthesis
Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light ----> Sugar + Oxygen
Role CARBON DIOXIDE plays in photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas enters the leaf through the stomata. In the presence of chlorophyll it combines with hydrogen atoms from water to form new compounds (glucose) in the leaf. These sugars store chemical energy for food for the plant and other living things.
Role CHOROPHYLL plays in photosynthesis
Chlorophyll is the green coloring pigment in leaves. It absorbs light energy from the sun. This light energy is essential for splitting water molecules and freeing hydrogen atoms that then react with carbon dioxide to form food for the plant in the form of sugars like glucose.
process of photosynthesis
Plants want to breathe in Carbon Dioxide. Plants also drink. This is why you need to water plants or they will die. They use their roots to suck water up into their bodies, and their little mouths to breath in the carbon dioxide. Once they have both of these things, all they need is light. Leaves are made up of a bunch of tiny cells, where this happens. Inside the cells are tiny little things called chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are what makes leaves green, and they are also what takes the carbon dioxide, the water, and the light, and turns them into sugar and oxygen. The sugar is then used by the plants for food, and the oxygen is breathed out into the atmosphere.
role sun plays in photosynthesis
The sun is the source of most all energy on earth. In the process of photosynthesis sunlight provides light energy absorbed by the plant. This energy is changed and stored as chemical energy in sugars (such as glucose), starches, and other organic compounds. This stored chemical energy provides food for the plant and for other life forms that may eat the plant.
Role STOMATA plays in photosynthesis-
Tiny openings on the surface of leaves allow carbon dioxide from the air to enter and oxygen produced during the process of photosynthesis to leave the leaf.
relationship between animals and plants
animals make the carbon dioxide (CO2) that plants need and plants make the O2 (oxygen) that animals need; animals use sugar (from producers/plants) and Oxygen (from producers/plannts); plants use carbon dioxide (from animals)
adaptation
change that living things go through to fit better with their environment; humans can adapt to temperature by putting on different clothes; plants adapt over time; for example, water lillys adapted to have air in their stems which helps them stay afloat and flowers in the rain forest are colorful to attract insects and birds who can pollinate them since there is no wind in a rain forest to carry pollen and some plants adapted to become poisonous to protect them from animals eating them; adaptations explain why certain plants are found in one area but not in another, for example, you wouldn't see a cactus in the artic
petal
colorful and usually bright part of flower; helps attract pollinators; surround the reproductive structures.
Herbivore
consumer that eats only plants
Carnivore
consumer that only eats other animals
besides matter, what else to living organisms move through ecosystems
energy
what is the purpose of cellular respiration
energy- nutrients to feed flowers- chemical energy in food is released then captured in the form of ATP
pistal
female part of flower, comprised of stigma, style and ovary
ovules
female sex cells inside the ovary that donate half the DNA to become the seed; they become the seeds when pollinated or fertilized by the pollen
filament
fine hairlike stalk holding anther
perfect
flowers that have both male and female parts; examples are roses, lilies, pea plants
imperfect
flowers with male or female parts; examples- cucumbers, pumkins, melons
photosynthesis
how plants eat. They use this process to make their own food. Since they don't have to move around to find food, plants stay in one place, since they can make their food anywhere as long as they have three things. The three things are Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Light.
energy pyramid
model that shows the amount of energy available at feeding level in the ecoysystem
phototropism
movement towards or away from sunlight; example, sunflowers follow the sun
geotropism/gravitropism
movement towards or away from the earth; example, is downward growth or roots or upward growth of sshoots
facts about photosynthesis
occurs only in light; occurs in the presence of chlorophyll; CO2 (carbon dioxide) is taken in; requires CO2 and H2O (water); energy of glucose is released; food is accumulated; oxygen (O2) is released; produces glucose; energy from the sun is stored in glucose
producer
organism that captures energy and stores it in food as chemical energy; Producers are any kind of green plant. Green plants make their food by taking sunlight and using the energy to make sugar. The plant uses this sugar, also called glucose to make many things, such as wood, leaves, roots, and bark. Trees, such as they mighty Oak, and the grand American Beech, are examples of producers.
decomposer
organisms that break down dead plants and animal matter into simpler compounds; Examples of decomposers include bacteria, fungi, some insects, and snails
consumer
organisms that get their energy by eating or consuming other organisms; after plants make energy, Next come organisms that eat the leaves- these organisms are called herbivores or primary consumers -- an example is a rabbit that eats grass. The next link in the chain is animals that eat herbivores - these are called secondary consumers -- an example is a snake that eat rabbits. In turn, these animals are eaten by larger predators -- an example is an owl that eats snakes.
Respiration Equation
oxygen (o2) + glucose (c6H12O6) = H2O (water) + CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) + ATP (energy)
explain how energy flows through ecosystem
producers are plants that convert light to energy; primary consumers like caterpillars eat the leaves; secondary consumers like birds eat the catepillars; tertiary consumers who eat the birds; decomposers eat dead animals
cell respiration
the process by which the chemical energy of "food" molecules is released and partially captured in the form of ATP. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as fuels in cellular respiration, but glucose is most commonly used . All forms of life except viruses carry out respiration. Oxidation of organic material — in a bonfire, for example — releases a large amount of energy rather quickly.
what do plants need to survive
water and sunlight; adaptations though make it easier to live in harsher environments
pollination
when pollen moves from the male parts to the female parts; it is the step before fertilization in plants;
fertilization
when the male and female gametes join to form an embryo