GSP Exam 1
In 2013, the world's annual average GNI per capita Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) was:
$10,700
What are the burdens of globalization?
-gains go to already rich (nations/individuals/ regions) -poor regions become further marginalized (divergence and polarization) -polarization leads to increasing conflicts -increasing interdependencies create fragility à i.e. Asian Crisis 1997) -national sovereignty being undermined (rise of TNCs) -unemployment in the north
According to the human development index devised by the United Nations, a country with a perfect score would have an index of:
1.0
Almost all of the world's inhabitants are living on this percentage of the total land surface.
10%
The current global population is approximately:
7 billion
dependency theory - core and periphery countries
Core countries are defined as wealthy, industrialized countries that other less-developed countries (periphery and semi-periphery) countries depend on.
Who initiated The Yo Soy 132 campaign in Mexico?
Enrique Peña Nieto
Which of the following is an example of a supranational organization?
European Union North American Free Trade Agreement World Trade Organization
sense of place
Feeling evoked by people as a result of certain experiences and memories associated with a particular place.
development indicators
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ... Gross National Product (GNP) ... GNP per capita. ... Birth and death rates. ... The Human Development Index (HDI) ... Infant mortality rate Literacy rate Life expectancy.
What international organization argues that government subsidies cause poverty and provides emergency loans to countries?
International Monetary Fund
All of the following countries will contribute to half of the world's population increase, except:
Japan
Which of these statistics gives the most accurate measurement of buying power and the cost of living in a country?
PPP
What are the impacts of climate change?
Polar ice caps are shrinking 12 percent each decade. Increased retention of solar heat in the oceans means that climate and weather patterns will change. Melted water from ice caps could displace 60 million people in low-lying and coastal areas due to rising sea levels. Differences in climate may lead to further displacement as certain crops may not be suitable in changing climates.
Sustainability
The use of Earth's renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that do not constrain resource use in the future.
Which two countries dominated the "Cold War?"
USSR and United States
global warming
Warming of Earth's climate as atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases increase.
WTO
World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations.
Human Development Index (HDI)
a United Nations metric based on measures of life expectancy, educational attainment, and personal income
gender
a category that reflects socially learned differences about men and women
supranational organizations
a collection of states with a common economic and/or political goal
communism
a form of economic and social organization characterized by the common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange
non-governmental organizations (NGO)
a formally constituted organization that is not part of the government and are not conventional for-profit business
nation
a group of people sharing common elements of culture, such as religion, language, history, or political identity
commodity chains
a network of labor and production processes that link world regions together in ways that may reinforce economic differences
Colonialism
a political and economic system in which regions and societies are legally, economically, and politically dominated by an external society
sovereign state
a political unit that exercises power over a territory and its people and is recognized by other states; its independent power is codified in international law
sexuality
a set of practices and identities related to sexual acts and desires
ethnicity
a socially created community identity
population
all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country.
What is an "emerging world region"?
an area where loosely connected locations are developing shared characteristics that differentiate them from other world regions, past and present
neoliberalism
an economic doctrine based on a belief in a minimalist role for the state, which assumes the desirability of free markets and private ownership as the ideal condition not only for economic organization but also for social and political life
dependency theory
an economic system in which resources flow from poorer to richer nations as a result of unfair trade, colonial control, and other unequal balance structures
Gross domestic product (GDP)
an estimate of the total value of all materials, foodstuffs, goods, and services produced by a country in a particular year.
Gross National Income (GNI)
an estimate similar to GDP but including the net value of income from abroad - flows of profits or losses form overseas investments
nation-state
an idealized form of a state, consisting of a homogeneous group of people living in the same territory
What is development?O
an improvement in people's economic and social wellbeing as well as their standard of living
IMF
an international organization that monitors the international financial system and provides loans to governments throughout the world
What is a ushahidi?
an open source platform for crowd-sourcing crisis information
international division of labor
an outcome of globalization.
This is a form of social and economic organization characterized by the common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange.
capitalism
primary activity
concerned with natural resources directly
class
distinctions between people based on wealth and access to resources
How did the BRICS challenge the International Monetary Fund?
established a development bank
Plantation economies characterized what economic era?
first wave of colonialism
What is a result of European colonialism?
forced movement of millions of Africans wealth derived from resource exploitation in Asia and Africa political and regional boundaries around the world
Which of the following is the estimate of the total value of everything produced by a country in a particular year?
gross domestic product
What are the benefits of globalization?
growing competition, specialized markets, specialized division of labor -> innovation, cheaper production - Global market -> reduction of prices -> economic growth -spread of technology -spread of transparency -> further integration towards democratization
What is globalization?
increasing interconnectedness of world's regions through common processes of economic, environmental, political, and cultural change
orthographic uplift
influence of hills and mountains lifting airstreams, cooling the air, and thereby inducing precipitation
World Bank
international organization dedicated to providing financing, advice, and research to developing nations to aid their economic advancement.
Geographers refer to the earth's surface as transformed by human activity as ___________.
landscape
Why do small farmers do better in an equal exchange coffee chain?
less intermediaries in chain
The U.N. Human Development Index (HDI) is based on:
life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators
secondary activity
manufacturing or processing of natural resources (textile manufacturing, food processing)
Which of the following is an example of geoengineering to combat climate change?
massive scale carbon storing iron fertilization of sea chemicals to block incoming sunlight
migration
movement of people to a new area or country in order to find work or better living conditions.
What are the key factors that enable modern globalization?
multinational corporations transnational economic integration trade agreements
different theories of development
neoliberal development model alternative development model
This economic policy emphasizes universal faith in markets, reduction in government programs, and development as an economic process?
neoliberalism
Genocide Watch in the U.S. and the Green Belt Movement in Kenya are examples of:
nongovernmental organizations
social movements
organized political activism by groups or individuals
Extractive activities are considered to be what sector of the economy?
primary
race
problematic social category with no biological basis
quaternary activity
processing and handling info and knowledge (Processing and handling information and knowledge (i.e. R&D, data processing, education)
tertiary activity
sale and exchange of goods and services (retail stores, hairdressing, accounting, banking)
monsoons
seasonal reversal of wind flows
What is culture?
shared set of beliefs, values, knowledge, and patterns of behavior common to a group of people
climate change
slow shifting of climate patterns due to general cooling/warming of the atmosphere
What is a large informal group focused on political or social issues?
social movement
Describe the five processes that influence global climate?
solar energy latitude interaction between water and land global pressure systems global wind patterns
neoliberalism -
structural adjustment policies, typical requirements and results, places where it's been implemented
geography
tells what is where, why and what of it, field of study in which the characteristics of particular places on the earth's surface are examined
5 atmospheric processes that effect weather
temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity, precipitation, and cloudiness
What are the names of the world regions we use in our textbook?
the United States and Canada Latin America and the Caribbean Europe Middle East and North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia Southeast Asia East Asia The Russian Federations, Central Asia, and the Transcaucasus Oceania
per capita indicators
the average per person and is often used in place of per person in statistical observances. The phrase is used with economic data or reporting but is also applied to almost any other occurrence of population description.
foodway
the cultural, social, and economic practices relating to the production and consumption of food
Imperialism
the extension of the power of a state through control of the economic life of other territories
How do commodity chains begin?
the extraction and production of raw materials
nationalism
the feeling of belonging to a nation as well as the belief that a nation has a natural right to determine its own affairs
What is the ecological footprint? What are some pros and cons of this tool?
the impact of human activities measured in terms of the area of biologically productive land and water required to produce the goods consumed and to assimilate the wastes generated
demographic transition model
the replacement of high birthrates and death rates by time and space
human geo
the spatial organization of human activity and how humans make Earth into a home
plate tectonics
the theory that earths crust is divided into large solid plates that move relative to each other and cause mountain building and volcanic and earthquake activity when they separate or meet
The five features of a good map
title, legend, orientation, author, scale
What are the drives of climate change?
• Electricitygeneration,particularlyfrom coal • Petroleum-basedtransportation • Industrialprocesses • Theheatingofhomesandbusinesses • Large-scaleraisingofgrazinganimals
geographic questions
• Where things are • How they got there • Why they are important