GSP Exam 1

In 2013, the world's annual average GNI per capita Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) was:

$10,700

What are the burdens of globalization?

-gains go to already rich (nations/individuals/ regions) -poor regions become further marginalized (divergence and polarization) -polarization leads to increasing conflicts -increasing interdependencies create fragility à i.e. Asian Crisis 1997) -national sovereignty being undermined (rise of TNCs) -unemployment in the north

According to the human development index devised by the United Nations, a country with a perfect score would have an index of:

1.0

Almost all of the world's inhabitants are living on this percentage of the total land surface.

10%

The current global population is approximately:

7 billion

dependency theory - core and periphery countries

Core countries are defined as wealthy, industrialized countries that other less-developed countries (periphery and semi-periphery) countries depend on.

Who initiated The Yo Soy 132 campaign in Mexico?

Enrique Peña Nieto

Which of the following is an example of a supranational organization?

European Union North American Free Trade Agreement World Trade Organization

sense of place

Feeling evoked by people as a result of certain experiences and memories associated with a particular place.

development indicators

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ... Gross National Product (GNP) ... GNP per capita. ... Birth and death rates. ... The Human Development Index (HDI) ... Infant mortality rate Literacy rate Life expectancy.

What international organization argues that government subsidies cause poverty and provides emergency loans to countries?

International Monetary Fund

All of the following countries will contribute to half of the world's population increase, except:

Japan

Which of these statistics gives the most accurate measurement of buying power and the cost of living in a country?

PPP

What are the impacts of climate change?

Polar ice caps are shrinking 12 percent each decade. Increased retention of solar heat in the oceans means that climate and weather patterns will change. Melted water from ice caps could displace 60 million people in low-lying and coastal areas due to rising sea levels. Differences in climate may lead to further displacement as certain crops may not be suitable in changing climates.

Sustainability

The use of Earth's renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that do not constrain resource use in the future.

Which two countries dominated the "Cold War?"

USSR and United States

global warming

Warming of Earth's climate as atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases increase.

WTO

World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations.

Human Development Index (HDI)

a United Nations metric based on measures of life expectancy, educational attainment, and personal income

gender

a category that reflects socially learned differences about men and women

supranational organizations

a collection of states with a common economic and/or political goal

communism

a form of economic and social organization characterized by the common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange

non-governmental organizations (NGO)

a formally constituted organization that is not part of the government and are not conventional for-profit business

nation

a group of people sharing common elements of culture, such as religion, language, history, or political identity

commodity chains

a network of labor and production processes that link world regions together in ways that may reinforce economic differences

Colonialism

a political and economic system in which regions and societies are legally, economically, and politically dominated by an external society

sovereign state

a political unit that exercises power over a territory and its people and is recognized by other states; its independent power is codified in international law

sexuality

a set of practices and identities related to sexual acts and desires

ethnicity

a socially created community identity

population

all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country.

What is an "emerging world region"?

an area where loosely connected locations are developing shared characteristics that differentiate them from other world regions, past and present

neoliberalism

an economic doctrine based on a belief in a minimalist role for the state, which assumes the desirability of free markets and private ownership as the ideal condition not only for economic organization but also for social and political life

dependency theory

an economic system in which resources flow from poorer to richer nations as a result of unfair trade, colonial control, and other unequal balance structures

Gross domestic product (GDP)

an estimate of the total value of all materials, foodstuffs, goods, and services produced by a country in a particular year.

Gross National Income (GNI)

an estimate similar to GDP but including the net value of income from abroad - flows of profits or losses form overseas investments

nation-state

an idealized form of a state, consisting of a homogeneous group of people living in the same territory

What is development?O

an improvement in people's economic and social wellbeing as well as their standard of living

IMF

an international organization that monitors the international financial system and provides loans to governments throughout the world

What is a ushahidi?

an open source platform for crowd-sourcing crisis information

international division of labor

an outcome of globalization.

This is a form of social and economic organization characterized by the common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange.

capitalism

primary activity

concerned with natural resources directly

class

distinctions between people based on wealth and access to resources

How did the BRICS challenge the International Monetary Fund?

established a development bank

Plantation economies characterized what economic era?

first wave of colonialism

What is a result of European colonialism?

forced movement of millions of Africans wealth derived from resource exploitation in Asia and Africa political and regional boundaries around the world

Which of the following is the estimate of the total value of everything produced by a country in a particular year?

gross domestic product

What are the benefits of globalization?

growing competition, specialized markets, specialized division of labor -> innovation, cheaper production - Global market -> reduction of prices -> economic growth -spread of technology -spread of transparency -> further integration towards democratization

What is globalization?

increasing interconnectedness of world's regions through common processes of economic, environmental, political, and cultural change

orthographic uplift

influence of hills and mountains lifting airstreams, cooling the air, and thereby inducing precipitation

World Bank

international organization dedicated to providing financing, advice, and research to developing nations to aid their economic advancement.

Geographers refer to the earth's surface as transformed by human activity as ___________.

landscape

Why do small farmers do better in an equal exchange coffee chain?

less intermediaries in chain

The U.N. Human Development Index (HDI) is based on:

life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators

secondary activity

manufacturing or processing of natural resources (textile manufacturing, food processing)

Which of the following is an example of geoengineering to combat climate change?

massive scale carbon storing iron fertilization of sea chemicals to block incoming sunlight

migration

movement of people to a new area or country in order to find work or better living conditions.

What are the key factors that enable modern globalization?

multinational corporations transnational economic integration trade agreements

different theories of development

neoliberal development model alternative development model

This economic policy emphasizes universal faith in markets, reduction in government programs, and development as an economic process?

neoliberalism

Genocide Watch in the U.S. and the Green Belt Movement in Kenya are examples of:

nongovernmental organizations

social movements

organized political activism by groups or individuals

Extractive activities are considered to be what sector of the economy?

primary

race

problematic social category with no biological basis

quaternary activity

processing and handling info and knowledge (Processing and handling information and knowledge (i.e. R&D, data processing, education)

tertiary activity

sale and exchange of goods and services (retail stores, hairdressing, accounting, banking)

monsoons

seasonal reversal of wind flows

What is culture?

shared set of beliefs, values, knowledge, and patterns of behavior common to a group of people

climate change

slow shifting of climate patterns due to general cooling/warming of the atmosphere

What is a large informal group focused on political or social issues?

social movement

Describe the five processes that influence global climate?

solar energy latitude interaction between water and land global pressure systems global wind patterns

neoliberalism -

structural adjustment policies, typical requirements and results, places where it's been implemented

geography

tells what is where, why and what of it, field of study in which the characteristics of particular places on the earth's surface are examined

5 atmospheric processes that effect weather

temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity, precipitation, and cloudiness

What are the names of the world regions we use in our textbook?

the United States and Canada Latin America and the Caribbean Europe Middle East and North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia Southeast Asia East Asia The Russian Federations, Central Asia, and the Transcaucasus Oceania

per capita indicators

the average per person and is often used in place of per person in statistical observances. The phrase is used with economic data or reporting but is also applied to almost any other occurrence of population description.

foodway

the cultural, social, and economic practices relating to the production and consumption of food

Imperialism

the extension of the power of a state through control of the economic life of other territories

How do commodity chains begin?

the extraction and production of raw materials

nationalism

the feeling of belonging to a nation as well as the belief that a nation has a natural right to determine its own affairs

What is the ecological footprint? What are some pros and cons of this tool?

the impact of human activities measured in terms of the area of biologically productive land and water required to produce the goods consumed and to assimilate the wastes generated

demographic transition model

the replacement of high birthrates and death rates by time and space

human geo

the spatial organization of human activity and how humans make Earth into a home

plate tectonics

the theory that earths crust is divided into large solid plates that move relative to each other and cause mountain building and volcanic and earthquake activity when they separate or meet

The five features of a good map

title, legend, orientation, author, scale

What are the drives of climate change?

• Electricitygeneration,particularlyfrom coal • Petroleum-basedtransportation • Industrialprocesses • Theheatingofhomesandbusinesses • Large-scaleraisingofgrazinganimals

geographic questions

• Where things are • How they got there • Why they are important