H106

The Feminine Mystique

(1963) Best-selling book by feminist thinker Betty Friedan. This work challenged women to move beyond the drudgery of suburban housewifery and helped launch what would become second-wave feminism. In this book, Friedan observed that there was a "discrepancy between the reality of our lives as women and the image to which they were trying to conform, the image that she called the feminine mystique." She gave the problem of feminine inequality a name.

The Grapes of Wrath

A 1939 novel written by John Steinbeck about a family during the Dust Bowl, moving to California for the American Dream. It captured the Depression's dislocated populations.

The Great Migration

After WWI, there were shifts in demographics of race. More and more Blacks were moving North to big cities, and created black communities that used to be virtually all white. Therefore, access to housing became an issue, which eventually caused residential segregation ordinances.

Social Security Act

An act to provide for the general welfare by establishing a system of Federal old-age benefits, and by enabling the several States to make more adequate provision for aged persons, blind persons, dependent and crippled children, maternal and child welfare, public health, and the administration of their unemployment compensation laws; to establish a Social Security Board; to raise revenue; and for other purposes.

Roosevelt Corollary

An addition to the Monroe Doctrine. Stated that the US would intervene in conflicts between European countries and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly. It asserted that the United States wanted to promote stable, prosperous states in Latin America that could live up to their political and financial obligations.

Keynesian Economics

An economic theory of total spending in the economy and its effects on output and inflation. Keynesian economics was developed by the British economist John Maynard Keynes during the 1930s in an attempt to understand the Great Depression. Keynes advocated increased government expenditures and lower taxes to stimulate demand and pull the global economy out of the Depression.

Appomattox

April 9th 1865, the Union and Confederate armies meet for the last time at the Battle of ____________ Court House, this final battle of the civil war was ultimately where general Robert E Lee would surrender to Ulysses S Grant finally ending the civil war.

Jane Addams

Built a settlement house in Chicago called Hull House which became a center for activism as well as a refuge for women and their families who needed support. She was a settlement house worker who sought to impart a middle class education on immigrant and working class women through the establishment of settlement homes.

Gospel of Wealth

Carnegie describes the wealthy as being especially skilled, intelligent, and prepared with the tools needed to responsibly and efficiently distribute money. This idea implies that poverty is a kind of character flaw of those Americans who are less hardworking. Carnegie wrote in this article that, "the true antidote for the temporary unequal distribution of wealth" was the moral obligation of the rich to give to charity.

Marshall Plan

Channeled over $13 billion to finance the economic recovery of Europe between 1948 and 1951. Perceived by USSR as attempt to thwart communism. Also known as the European Recovery Program, this plan was created in order to help Western Europe rebuild its economy. George Marshall was worried that because European countries began to experience famine, unemployment, and bad conditions during the harsh winter of 1946-1947, that these countries would become very vulnerable to Soviet propaganda. Through the plan, the US would invest thirteen billion dollars into Western Europe. Russia stood against the Marshall Plan and created their own alternative, the Molotov Plan, which provided money to Eastern Europe in order to show solidarity against the US and Western Europe.

Progressivism/Progressives

Favoring or advocating progress, change, improvement, or reform, as opposed to wishing to maintain things as they are, especially in political matters (liberal)

AIDS

First case was in 1981. The breakout started in communities of gay men and they started out thinking that it was only for the gays. This became a national health crisis and Reagan was silent about ____________ for quite some time. The Federal Government tried to sweep the issue under the rug for as long as possible. It's significant because it is still a disease we have issues with to this day. The emergence of this new deadly illness, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), devastated, stigmatized, and energized the nation's homosexual community.

Containment

General U.S. strategy in the cold war that called for containing Soviet expansion; originally devised in 1947 by U.S. diplomat George F. Kennan. The United States wanted to contain communism so that it wouldn't spread to other countries. As parts of ____________, the U.S sent aid in the form of money to other countries so that since they were impoverished, they wouldn't become vulnerable to the communist propagandas.

Berlin Wall

Germany was separated by the ____________, a physical wall that created a barrier and separated West and East Germany. Berlin was divided into communist and capitalist zones, since part of it was in West Germany and the other part was in East Germany. The ____________l (German: Berliner Mauer) was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. Was destroyed on 9 November 1989. The nation was reunified on October 3, 1990.

Great Railroad Strike

The ____________ of 1877 began a new era of labor problems in America. In 1877 the U.S. economy was struggling after the boom of the railroads in 1873. This lead to railroad workers wages being cut all over the country. The workers struck, shutting down the railroad from Baltimore to St. Louis. Nearly 100 Americans died and workers destroyed $40,000,000 worth of property. The strike proved the need for laborers to unionize and a need for government to aid them. In response, the governor of Maryland set out the state militia whom fired into the crowd of strikers, killing and wounding many of them. The Railroad Strike wasn't successful.

Homestead Act

The ____________ was passed May 1862 and provided 160 acres of land in the West to Americans for a very small fee. Women, men, immigrants, and freed slaves could apply for the land. One of the main issues with the act was that Native Americans occupied the land that was given so the land was not actually vacant. Specifically, it allowed any citizen older than 21 years old who had never borne arms against the U.S government to file for a land claim up to 160 acres for a small fee of about $1.25 for five years. Once individuals claimed the land, they were expected to cultivate and improve it. After five years on the land, the person who had originally filed the claim was entitled to the property, free and clear, except for a small registration fee. Many Americans filed land claims and moved west in search of opportunity. This is significant because it encouraged and increased westward expansion and as a result lands became territories which became states.

GI Bill

The ____________ was passed in 1944 and was an entitlement program that rewarded honorably discharged veterans with numerous benefits. It also made post-secondary education a reality for many individuals. The effects of it were significant and long-lasting, although not all Americans equally benefited from this. It helped to sustain a postwar economic boom and if many people couldn't attain these benefits, it established the American middle class life.

Roe v. Wade 1973

The case was filed by an unmarried pregnant women, Norma McCorvey, known by the court as Jane Roe (in order to protect her identity), against Henry Wade who was the district attorney of Dallas where Roe lived. Wade enforced a Texas law prohibited abortion, except if it was to save a woman's life. Roe argued that a woman has the right to terminate her pregnancy in any way at any time.The Supreme Court ruled 7-2 in favor of Roe, they held that a woman's right to an abortion fell within the right to privacy protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. The decision gave a woman a right to abortion during the entirety of the pregnancy and defined different levels of state interest for regulating abortion in the second and third trimesters. Specifically, the Court said that states couldn't interfere with a woman's right to an abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy and could only fully prohibit abortions during the third trimester. This struck down a Texas law that prohibited abortion in all cases when a mother's life was not in danger.

Culture Wars/New Right

The conflict between traditionalist, conservative values and progressive, liberal values New Right -- a political movement that emerged during the 1960s and 70s. It consisted primarily of middle-class, white Protestants who were frustrated with the perceived decline in mortality (i.e. protests movements against the Vietnam War, more public displays of sexuality). Often blamed the nation's issues on liberalism and voiced opposition to abortion, homosexuality, affirmative action, etc.

New Deal

Was the domestic program of the administration of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1939, which took action to bring about immediate economic relief as well as reforms in America during the Great Depression. The term was taken from Roosevelt's speech accepting the Democratic nomination for the presidency on July 2, 1932. Was a series of programs between 1933-1939 created by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, established with the goal to increase employment and stimulate the economy after the Great Depression. The three main components of it focused on what is known as the three R's: Relief, Recovery, and Reform. Relief focused on creating jobs for the working class to lower the high unemployment rate from the Depression. Recovery intended to bring the economy back up to levels as it once was before, and by increasing the number of jobs, Roosevelt intended for the economy to be recovered by the influx of money as a stimulant from citizens. Lastly, Roosevelt wanted Reform programs to better the financial institutions within the United States to prevent another Depression from happening again. This was done by focusing on the stock market and private/public banking institutions.

19th Amendment

Women the right to vote

The Fourteen Points

Were statements made discussing principles for peace and were used to negotiate the end of World War I. They were outlined in a speech given by President Woodrow Wilson on January 8, 1918 where he gave a public explanation of what he hoped to accomplish through a victory in the war. It was his goal to gain support for this which would portray his vision for change at home and among Allies in Europe. The first 5 of the points dealt with issues of broad international concern, while the next 8 dealt with specific territorial questions. These ideas were distributed worldwide and the Allies agreed to accept these points under 2 conditions that Wilson agreed with.

Zoot Suit Riot

____________ were attacks in June 1943 on minorities, especially Latinos, in California. ____________ were jazz inspired, large suits that were tailored to taper down the leg. The riots happened between sailors and Latinos. WWII was in full swing there were rations on cotton, since the zoot suits were so large the sailors looked at the suits as a waste of material and unpatriotic. The city of Los Angeles eventually banned zoot suits and the riots died down a few weeks later.

Black Codes

____________ were laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War. Laws restricted African Americans' freedom, and of compelled them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt. ____________ were enforced in part due to Southern whites trying to suppress the new freedom of emancipated African American slaves.

Levittown

____________, utilized mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in suburban NY to relieve post-war housing shortage. It became symbol of movement to suburbs, conformity of houses, diverse communities, home for lower-middle class families. However, it allowed only whites to purchase homes.

Prohibition

____________outlawed the consumption of alcohol. Therefore, pubs, breweries, and saloons had to close their doors and shut down their businesses. The ____________ was a result from the efforts of the Anti-Saloon League and the Women's Christian Temperance Union and some industrialists such as Henry Ford. They believed that alcohol was the cause of wife-beating, child abuse, and low labor productivity. Many advocates of the ____________ believed that it would fix corruption, machine politics, and the immigration problem. The ____________ is significant in American history because it had a devastating effect the economy, and led to an increase of the crime rate in America when people were opening illegal speakeasies, pubs, and producing bathtub gin and moonshine.

Socialist Party

it was formed in 1901 by a merger between the Social Democratic Party, and a wing of the older Socialist Labor Party of America. It flourished in numerous ethnic enclaves 1904-1912, with Eugene Debs as presidential candidate. It splintered over support for World War I, and was a minor political movement after 1920, often nominating Norman Thomas for president.

Deindustrialization

process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly de-industrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment

Geneva Accords

temporarily divided Vietnam along the 17th parallel, kicked french out and called for a referendum in 2 yrs

Haymarket Riot

took place in Chicago on May 4th, 1886. Albert Parsons, a socialist, anarchist, and labor leader, led this. He believed that the immediate power of wealth is an evil that should be removed and that they should remove the worst disability of poverty (wealth) by reducing the hours of labor, by distributing work that is to be done, more equally among workingmen. Those who rioted wanted reduced labor hours and fought for Eight Hour Day which took effect in 1878.

Seneca Falls

1848, the first women's rights convention, held in ____________ New York, it was a turning point for women's rights. It was arranged by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, this was a turning point for women's suffrage and help pave the road for the 19th amendment

The New Woman

A woman especially of the late 19th century actively resisting traditional controls and seeking to fill a complete role in the world; feminist ideal that emerged in the late nineteenth century and had a profound influence on feminism well into the twentieth century.

Neoliberalism

a modified form of liberalism tending to favor free-market capitalism.

Birth of A Nation

A movie created in 1915 based on the novel, The Clansman. It was a romanticized version of the antebellum South and the distorted version of Reconstruction dominated popular imagination.

Pullman Strike

A nationwide railroad strike in the United States in 1894 and a turning point for US labor law. It pitted the American Railway Union (which was led by Eugene Debs) against the Pullman Company, the main railroads, and the federal government of the United States. These workers struck because George Pullman cut wages by a quarter but kept repts and utilities in his company town constant.

Double V

Black-Americans' campaign to earn victory in the home front (fight discrimination at home) and victory overseas (fighting the enemy Axis powers). African Americans had been fighting against many racist policies, cultures, and beliefs in all aspects of American life. This campaign helped raise their expectations for a better life for themselves

Dust Bowl

A period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the U.S. and Canadian prairies during the 1930s; severe drought and a failure to apply dry land farming methods to prevent wind erosion. This resulted in mass migration out of the areas affected by the dust bowl (Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, and Arkansas), which meant many people traveled on an exodus west to California.

Black Tuesday

(October 29, 1929) is know as the day the stock markets crashed within the United States and marked the beginning of the Great Depression. The crash resulted in the loss of millions of jobs and led to a decade of unemployment and foreclosure throughout the entire country. During the 1920's before the crash, an era commonly known as the "Roaring Twenties," mass consumerism was at an all-time high due to the adoption of mass production. During this day, stock values evaporated, U.S steel shares dropped, General Motors' stock fell $70 million and ⅘ of JD Rockefeller's fortune, the greatest fortune in American history, had vanished. Keys causes of this stock market crash were low wages which led to a decrease in consumer spending and there was an excess of agricultural produce being made and no one could buy it after their stocks had vanished. This decade was known for its excess of wealth, and it also put a spotlight on many social issues such as gender roles. This exposed the underlying problems with the American economy in the 1920s. It sunk the American economy into the greatest of all economic crises.

Populist movement

A revolt by farmers in the South and Midwest against the Democratic and Republican Parties for ignoring their interests and difficulties. For over a decade, farmers were suffering from crop failures, falling prices, poor marketing, and lack of credit facilities.

Stonewall Rebellion

A series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay (LGBT) community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn, located in the Greenwich Village Neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City.

Jim Crow

A set of laws in the south after the civil war that kept blacks "legally" separated from whites, separate drinking fountains being one of the most famous examples these laws continued to be enforced until the mid 1960's. Starting in 1877, these were laws that segregated schools, transportation, employment, and various facilities. They represented the reestablishment of white supremacy. These laws came about after the Reconstruction movement.

Huey Long

A Democratic Senator from Louisiana, ____________ was the most important "voice of protest" against the New Deal. He proposed a "Share Our Wealth" program in which the federal government would confiscate the assets of the wealthy and redistribute them to those who weren't as well off, through guaranteed minimum incomes. These programs sprang up across the country. Long was assassinated but still convinced Roosevelt to more stridently attack the Great Depression and American inequality.

Battle of the Bulge

A WW2 battle that was the costliest action ever fought by the U.S. Army, which suffered over 100,000 casualties.

Chicano Movement

A civil rights movement extending the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s with the stated goal of achieving Mexican American empowerment. This was led by Cesar Chavez and used nonviolent tactics to campaign for workers' rights in the grape fields of California.

Redlining

A discriminatory practice by which banks, insurance companies, etc.,refuse or limit loans, mortgages, insurance, etc., within specific geographic areas, especially inner-city neighborhoods.

Iran Hostage Crisis

A group of Iranian students stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, taking more than 60 American hostages. It was a dramatic way for the student revolutionaries to declare a break with Iran's past and an end to American interference in its affairs. The students set their hostages free on January 21, 1981, 444 days after the crisis began and just hours after President Ronald Reagan delivered his inaugural address.

Scopes Trial

A highly publicized trial in 1925 when John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in a high school.The high school biology teacher, Scopes, was accused of teaching Darwinism in class instead of the biblical account of creation; the trial that pitted the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution against teaching of the Bible's creationism.

Red Scare

After WWI, Americans had the fear of bombs, communism, and labor unrest. There were bombs in capitalists' mail (May Day), bombs in eight cities and on wall street; overall, there was panic across the nation over political radicalism. Therefore, the attorney general, Mitchell Palmer, led these government raids to find communists.

Wounded Knee Massacre

American cavalry intercepted 350 Lakotas and brought them to ____________. The next morning, tensions flared and shots fired, resulting in 150-300 Lakotas and 24 cavalrymen dead. This horrifying event was significant because it marked the end of sustained, Native American resistance in the West.

Domino Theory

Based on this theory President Eisenhower justified beginning involvement overseas by sending military advisors to Vietnam in 1955. American involvement increased following his decision. It was the idea that in losing Vietnam, a strategic ally to the U.S., communism would spread to other countries in Southeast Asia. Eisenhower believed that U.S. involvement could increase South Vietnam's chances of suppressing the communist North.

United Nations

Created by the Atlantic Charter, the ____________ was an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security.

House Un-American Affairs Committee

Created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having Communist ties. It was established to investigate communism. In 1947, it even entered Hollywood and began interrogating celebrities about whether or not they have been a member of the Communist party.

National Recovery Administration

Directed by Hugh John, this agency set up a system of codes of business practice, including giving fair wages and work hours. Businesses and labor unions who followed such codes could advertise as such (symbol: Blue Eagle) and thus gain more membership. Was limited in success. The NRA encouraged higher wages and better conditions. It began to stop the use of child labor in southern factories and for the first time, provided federal protection for unionized workers across the nation.

Gulf of Tonkin Incident

Drew the United States more directly into the Vietnam War. It involved two separate confrontations involving North Vietnam and the United States in the waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. Maddox was under orders not to approach closer than eight miles (13 km) from the North coast and four miles (6 km) from Hon Nieu island. When the SOG commando raid was being carried out against Hon Nieu, the ship was 120 miles (190 km) away from the attacked area. The U.S was attacked wrongly and many americans were angered and wanted to further join the war. This happened in 1964.

Jacob Riis

Exposed the reality of tenement life in NYC and became major advocate of tenement reform

War of 1898

The Spanish-American War- a conflict between the United States and Spain that ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin America.

Dunning school

Group of historians who shared a "school" of thought about the reconstruction period in America (1865-1877). Conservative views and were usually former confederates/ rich plantation owners. Argued that the south had been hurt by the reconstruction and did not think African Americans should be free or have the right to vote. Countered by Du Bois. (the Dunning School is also a book written about the reconstruction era of America).

What issues did organized labor address during the late nineteenth century? How did the federal government respond?

Higher Wages Industrialization was expanded Increased employment Pace of work became faster Shorter Work hours Child labor Safe and sanitary working conditions Labor Unions developed to fight for these issues → Knights of Labor Many labor unions went on strike Homestead Strike Pullman Strike: In the depression year of 1893 the Pullman Palace Car Company, near Chicago reduced the wages of its employees and laid off many workers. In June, 1894, the employees struck. The members of the American Railway Union tried to help the strikers by refusing to handle any trains carrying Pullman cars. As the boycott spread over the Middle and Far West, the Railroad Managersʼ Association fought back vigorously. The attorneys for the Railroad Managers' Association secured a federal court injunction, under the Sherman Antitrust Act, to prevent the strikers from interfering with the carrying of the United States mail and with interstate commerce "as a conspiracy in restraint of trade." Labor strike of the railroads Federal Government Response In the Pullman Strike, the government responded by sending federal troops and pressed charges against those who struck They would try to stop the organized labor unions but it would lead to more violence

Frontier Thesis

In 1893, historian Frederick Jackson Turner presents his " ____________" which quickly becomes one of the most prominent theories of American history. It discusses recurring themes of expansion, reinvention and the frontier line "between savagery and civilization." The first part of it was that American democracy was fundamentally shaped by the frontier, meaning that the existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement, explain American development. His next point was the Frontier as "safety valve." By offering opportunity and escape, the frontier acted as a safety valve, diffusing economic and social discontent. Lastly, he talked about successive Frontiers. As American settlement moved west, so did the frontier. Each time, the process of political, economic, and social development began in a new/more positive way.

William F. Buckley

In 1955, he launched the conservative National Review Magazine and wrote that his magazine "stands against history yelling Stop." By doing this, he was tapping into a deep vein of elite conservatism. He also founded Young Americans for Freedom in 1960 and started a conservative tv talk show "firing line" in 1966 as part of the roots of conservative resurgence.

Civil Rights Act 1964

Is a landmark civil rights and US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public. A revolutionary act in American history. This banned discrimination based on race, ethnicity, gender, and national or religious origin. President Johnson pushed the Civil Rights Act through congress to ensure it's passing, continuing the work JFK could not finish. This kept the Civil Rights Movement in motion.

"White Man's Burden"

Justified imperialism as a noble enterprise of civilization, conceptually related to Manifest Destiny. Poem about the Philippine-American War. Essentially it was hard on the white man to try and civilize the "backward countries being subjected to european rule"

Tammany Hall

NYC's Democratic Party machine lead by Boss Tweed. It controlled all aspects of city government and helped many immigrants who were otherwise unable to access basic necessities, serving as a de facto provider of welfare and social services.

Works Progress Administration

New Deal program that provided relief to the unemployed in fields such as theater, literature, entertainment, and art. One of the largest "alphabet" agencies. It put unemployed men and women to work on projects designed and proposed by local governments.

Vietnamization

Nixon's policy that involved withdrawing 540,000 US troops from South Vietnam over an extended period of time. It also included a gradual takeover of the South Vietnamese taking responsibility of fighting their own war by American-provided money, weapons, training, and advice

Atlantic Charter

On August 14, 1941 (the day before World War II), President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Prime Minister of Britain (Winston Churchill) signed this into law. It was a joint declaration of both countries that put forth goals for peace after the war would end. It also set in motion the planning for a reorganized gloval economy. The joint declaration was considered to be the first step in creating the United Nations in 1945. Shortly after the signing of this, in January of 1942 there were 26 other Allied countries that promised their support of this document. This was created to establish the United Nations. There were fifty countries included in the UN and there were five seats on the Security Council given to the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain, France, and China. The charter was written and released by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. This was a step towards a safer relationship between all of the contrasting countries.

Laffer Curve

The ____________ is a theory developed by supply-side economist Arthur Laffer to show the relationship between tax rates and the amount of tax revenue collected by governments. The curve is used to illustrate Laffer's main premise that the more an activity such as production is taxed, the less of it is generated. Arthur Laffer predicted that lower tax rates would generate so much economic activity that federal tax revenues would actually increase.

Anti-imperialist league

Organization created to battle the American annexation of the Philippines Signing of the Treaty of Paris created an immediate debate, Philippines changed the national identity, first heavily populated and nationalistic place the US had annexed. League formed in opposition to the annexing, despotism would occur, Filipinos deserved freedom, violation of Constitution, imperialism costs money, US is being pulled into Eastern Asian affairs, included Gompers, Carnegie, Jane Adams, and William James

Dawes Allotment Act

Passed by Congress on February 8, 1887, the Dawes General Allotment Act splintered Native American reservations into individual family homesteads. Americans touted the _______ as an uplifting humanitarian reform, but it upended Indian lifestyles and left Indian groups without sovereignty over their lands. The act claimed that to protect Indian property rights, it was necessary to extend "the protection of the laws of the United States... over the Indians." Under the terms of the ____________, native groups struggled to hold on to some measure of tribal sovereignty.

Stagflation

Persistent high inflation combined with high unemployment and stagnant demand in a country's economy.

Espionage and Sedition Act of 1918 by Wilson

President Woodrow Wilson passed this on May 16th, 1918 in the United States. These laws essentially made it illegal to publicly resist the war. Wilson passed these laws because he in no way wanted to promote the success of our country's enemies by the citizens protesting.

Black Power

Prominent in the late 60's and early 70's the black power movement, often associated with the Black Panthers and Malcolm X, was a slogan for the civil rights movement that was associated with black culture and heritage. People who supported it wanted to keep their roots and still be equal, instead of just becoming a part of white society.

Lavender Scare

Refers to a witch hunt and mass firings of gay people in the 1950s from the United States government. It paralleled the anti-communist campaign known as McCarthyism and the Second Red Scare. Gay men and lesbians were said to be security risks and communist sympathizers, which led to the call to remove them from state employment.

Barry Goldwater

Republican Presidential candidate in the 1964 election and lost to Lyndon Johnson. He attacked the federal income tax, the Social Security system, the Tennessee Valley Authority, civil rights legislation, the nuclear test-ban treaty, and the Great Society (Johnson's program that reflected the New Deal). He was basically against the New Deal policies that Roosevelt created. His extreme conservatism scared many people and many observers declared American conservatism finished once he had shown what he supported and what he was against.

Waco, Texas

Symbolized the issue of federal government overregulation, in this case with the U.S. Military

Explain the major argument in favor and in opposition to American imperialism Some key arguments against US Imperialism are as follows:

The Constitution sets forth a principle that calls for the "consent of the governed." To imperialize, and thus annex other colonies would violate this important aspect of our democracy. A leader that seeks to colonize and act in a tyrannical manner abroad may be more inclined to act in such a way at home in the United States. Tolerating despotism in any form could be a tell-tale sign of a flawed government. Annexation (particularly in the Pacific) could lead to heightened US involvement in the political and military affairs of the Eastern Asians. To avoid such conflict, only avoiding imperialism could provide an alternative. Some key arguments for US Imperialism are as follows: Have increased resources and some strategic positioning of colonies could enhance trade and boost the American economy. Kind of along the lines of Manifest Destiny, colonizing foreign lands could lead to America spreading its wealth, influence and culture abroad. Imperialism could be a key component in creating a more civil foreign people.

Knights of Labor

The ____________ began as a secret society of tailors in Philadelphia in 1869. The organization grew slowly during the hard years of the 1870s, but worker militancy rose toward the end of the decade, especially after the great railroad strike of 1877, and the Knights' membership rose with it. Grand Master Workman Terence V. Powderly took office in 1879, and under his leadership the Knights flourished; by 1886 the group had 700,000 members. Powderly dispensed with the earlier rules of secrecy and committed the organization to seeking the eight-hour day, abolition of child labor, equal pay for equal work, and political reforms including the graduated income tax.

Columbine

The ____________ incident was a school shooting in Littleton, Colorado, in 1999. The two teens killed 13 people before turning the guns on themselves. This prompted a national debate on gun control and school safety.

Air Traffic Controller Strike

The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) workers went on strike when the government refused to raise their pay and shorten their work week. Across the country, more than 7,000 flights were cancelled because these workers refused to work. President Reagan ordered this strike illegal and ordered the union's striking air traffic controllers back to work. He fired more than 11,000 workers who refused to return to work. This hurt air travel tremendously by slowing it down. Reagan's actions crippled PATCO and left the American labor movement reeling. His defeat over PATCO enhanced the economic power of corporations and confirmed that a conservative age had dawned in American workplaces and in politics.

Lynching

The extralegal murder of individuals by vigilantes that occurred in the South after Reconstruction. was not just the killing of black people, it was a ritual, usually public, to send a message and re-establish white authority. Victims were often publicly hanged, mutilated, burned alive, and shot. normalized white supremacy and made it a harder, longer process for black people to gain civil rights.

McCarthyism

Was a symptom of a massive and widespread anti-communist hysteria that engulfed Cold War America. It was also the practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence. 1950 the practice of making accusations of disloyalty, especially of pro-Communist activity, in many instances unsupported by proof or based on slight, doubtful, or irrelevant evidence. They set out to find people who were pro-Communism and accuse them of disloyalty to the nation.

League of Nations

Was created in 1920 after the first World War in order to provide a forum for resolving international disputes. The United States was not originally part of the League and it was headquartered in Geneva where it successfully mediated minor international disputes. Was often disregarded by major powers and its authority was later challenged when a series of events exposed it as ineffectual. Japan left this and eventually in 1946 it dissolved when the United Nations was established.

What were the major differences between the first and second New Deals? Be specific.

The first New Deal dealt with mostly the immediate measures of getting the unemployed back to work. FDR proposed a new set of economic and social measures to fight unemployment and poverty. It focused on economic recovery. First New Deal - Roosevelt introduced the first New Deal as the first comprehensive unemployment relief program and as a way to stabilize the collapsing banking system. With the Emergency Banking Act, he asked the public to place their trust and savings in banks which led to Americans depositing all their money instead of withdrawing it. He also passed a series of Acts as part of the first New Deal to assist those who were unemployed, such as the CCC, FERA, and TVA. He also passed the AAA and NRA to stabilize the American economy. With these, businesses agreed to provide reasonable wages and hours, end child labor, and let worked unionize. The New Deal was reshaping the nation. The Second New Deal included the National Labor Relations Act and the Fair Labor Standards Act, creating the modern minimum wage. It also oversaw the restoration of a highly progressive federal income tax, mandated new reporting requirements for publicly traded companies, refinanced long-term home mortgages, and attempted rural reconstruction projects to bring farm incomes in line with urban ones. The most significant piece of Roosevelt's Second New Deal was the Social Security Act in 1935. It provided insurance for the aged, unemployed, and disabled and it was based on contributions by both employers and employees. However, it still failed to challenge core inequalities that continued to represent life in the United States. The First New Deal was mainly about fixing the American economy, unemployment, and to stabilize the banking system. Some of its programs included the Emergency Banking Act, the CCC, FERA, and TVA. The Second New Deal focused on a more aggressive approach towards poverty and was about the Social Security Act. There were more labor protections in the Second New Deal.

Truman Doctrine

The principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection. First expressed in 1947 by US President Truman in a speech to Congress seeking aid for Greece and Turkey, the doctrine was seen by the communists as an open declaration of the Cold War. Truman on March 12, 1947 issued $400 million to Greece and Turkey as aid against Communist/terrorist activities that were trying to take over their countries and governments. It was a cornerstone of the American policy of containment.

15th amendment

The third and final Reconstruction Amendment, the ____________ gave all men the right to vote no matter their race. It prohibited states from disenfranchising voters "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." Although this was a very big step in the right direction, people (the South especially) found ways to get around it. They enforced literacy tests and even poll taxes so not many African Americans could vote. In places where African American voters were high, it was the first time African Americans were getting elected into office. This allowed them to now pass laws that will benefit people of all races. After this was passed, women also realized their potential. They started speaking their minds to try and get rights passed for them as well.

Sunbelt

Was known as the Southern and Western states that truly saw fantastic economic gain after WWII. FDR had made the South a high priority in his policies for change. However, it seemed to exclude those of a lower class and of African American race. Where it was successful in acquiring businesses to move south, they struggled with sharing the wealth and ultimately led to a larger gap of middle class and lower class.

Tet Offensive

Was one of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War, launched on January 30, 1968, by forces of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam against the forces of the South Vietnamese Army of the Republic of Vietnam, the United States Armed Forces, and their allies.

Brown v. Board of Education

This Supreme Court case was about an African American girl, Olivia Brown, who was not allowed to attend the all-white school near their home. The decision of ____________ was decided on May 17, 1954. The Supreme Court found that racial segregation violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. The court declared that "Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal and 'separate but equal' was made unconstitutional."

Emancipation Proclamation

This announced that all slaves in areas under Confederate control were now freed. This was significant because it solidified the Union's shift in war aims from one of Union to Emancipation.

Shelley v. Kraemer

This specific court case came about in 1948 when the Shelley's, who were a black couple, moved into a neighborhood with a private agreement that prevented any black people to own property in that subdivision. The Kraemer's were a white couple who lived in that neighborhood and they went to court to try and enforce the rule against the Shelleys. The reason this was such a big deal is because people were arguing if this restrictive order the neighborhood placed violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. In the end, the courts ruled that they could not prevent the sale of property to blacks even if there is another restrictive covenant on it. By itself, the restriction doesn't violate a right, but their enforcement by state courts goes against the 14th amendment. This case struck down racially restrictive neighborhood housing covenants, making it illegal to explicitly consider race when selling a house. This led to fair and equal housing to emerge as a major factor of the upcoming civil rights movement.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Towards the end of WW2, the United States returns to Japan to finish unsettled business. On August 6th, they drop the world's first Nuclear Atomic bomb on Hiroshima. This killed over 100,000 people and destroys 90% of the city. Tens of thousands more dies from the radiation within the next few days. On August 9th, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki and 80,000 civilians were killed, which provokes Japan's decision to surrender from the war. They surrendered on August 15th. The effects from these two bombs on these big cities were disastrous and would take them years to recover.

Annexation of Hawaii

U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898

Sand Creek

US army's killing of about 150 cheyenne elderly, women and children at the ____________ Reservation in Colorado territory

Chinese Exclusion Act

Was a federal law passed by President Arthur. This act restricted the immigration of Chinese laborers for ten years. This became the first of many laws put in place in the United States to restrict immigration.

The Bonus Army

Was a group of World War One vets who marched in Washington D.C. in order to redeem their bonus certificates that had been granted to them in 1924. These certificates were not supposed to be redeemed until 1945 but many of these men had been out of work since the start of the great depression and felt that they deserved compensation for their fight in the war

The Great Society

Was a set of domestic programs in the United States launched by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964-65. The main goal was the elimination of poverty and racial injustice. May 1964 President Johnson created one reform known as this. His reforms included many goals regarding decreasing poverty and disease in America, cleaner air and water, and better educational opportunities. Civil rights also took a role in this. It made many activists feel as though the government was on their side.

Redlining

denying of financial services to residents based on racial ethnic or composition of areas a discriminatory practice by which banks, insurance companies, etc.,refuse or limit loans, mortgages, insurance, etc., within specific geographic areas, especially inner-city neighborhoods.

2nd Ku Klux Klan

founded in 1915 by William J. Simmons. A hate group that was against, communism, immigrants, blacks; and they advocated white supremacy, white nationalism, and nativism. Their mission was to keep America American. They used terrorism upon minority groups, or groups they disagreed with to subdue them

Du Bois's "Color Line"

is the relation of the darker to the lighter races of men in Asia and Africa, in America and the islands of the sea. Legal, spatial, social, and economic differences that separated these people with the color line.

Trust-busting

referred to President Theodore Roosevelt's policy of prosecuting monopolies that violated federal antitrust law. Roosevelt's __________ policy marked a major departure from previous administrations' policies, which had generally failed to enforce the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, and added momentum to the progressive reform movements of the early 1900s.