HBSE 2 Chapter 2
Generativity versus Stagnation
Midlife adults must develop the capacity to transcend self-interest to guide the next generation or they feel stagnated
Pluralistic Theory
More than one conflict is going on at one time, overlapping relationships in different groups
Core
Nations dominate the capitalist worldwide economy and exploit the natural resources and labor in other nations
Semiperiphery
Nations that are newly industrializing; they benefit from the periphery but are exploited by the core
Periphery
Nations that provide cheap raw materials and labor that are exploited to the advantage of the core
False Consciousness
Neither capitalist nor worker are aware that eh system is based on exploitation; workers think they are getting a fair day's pay, and capitalists think workers are fairly rewarded
Ego Integrity versus Despair
Older adults must find integrity and contentment in their final years by accepting their life as it has been or they feel a sense of despair
What are the five stages of child development in the Psychosexual Stage Theory?
Oral phase, anal phase, phallic phase, latency phase, and genital phase
Collective Agency
People act cooperatively to reach a goal
What are the big ideas of the Rational Choice Perspective?
People are rational and goal-directed. Human interaction involves trade of social resources, such as love, approval, information, money, and physical labor. Social exchange is based on self-interest, with actors trying to maximize rewards and minimize costs. Values, norms, and expectations, as well as alternatives, influence the assessment of rewards and costs. Reciprocity of exchange is essential to social life. Power comes from unequal resources in an exchange.
Proxy Agency
People reach goals by influencing others to act on their behalf
Structural Model of the Mind
Personality is structured around three parts: the id, superego, and ego
What are the five needs in the hierarchy of needs?
Physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization.
Anal Phase
18 months to 3 years, when the search for pleasure is centered in the anus
Phallic Phase
3 years to 6 years, when the search for pleasure is centered in the genitals
Latency Phase
6 years to 8 years, when erotic (giving sexual pleasure) urges are repressed
Perspective
A broader and more general emphasis or view
Social Network Theory
A developing theory in the rational choice perspective that focuses on the pattern of ties that link persons and collectivites
Theory
A logically interrelated set of concepts and propositions, organized into a deductive system, which explains relationships among aspects of our world
Feedback Mechanism
A process by which information about past behaviors in a system are fed back into the system in a circular manner
Self-Efficacy
A sense of person competence
Comparison Level
A standard for evaluating the rewards and costs of a given relationship, is based on what the evaluator expects from the relationship. Has been used to understand why some people stay in abusive relationships.
Social Exchange Theory
A theory in the rational choice perspective that sees human behavior as based on the desire to maximize benefits and minimize costs in social interactions
Cognitive Social Learning Theory
A theory in the social behavioral perspective that sees behavior as learned by imitation and through cognitive processes
Operant Conditioning Theory
A theory in the social behavioral perspective that sees behavior as the result of reinforcement
Classical Conditioning Theory
A theory in the social behavioral perspective that sees behavior as the result of the association of a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulues
Chaos Theory
A theory that emphasizes systems processes that produce change, even sudden, rapid change as well as that all systems are made up of subsystems and all systems also serve as subsystems in other systems
Pluralistic Theory of Social Conflict
A theory that suggests that there is more than one social conflict going on at all times, that individuals often hold cross-cutting and overlapping memberships in status groups, and that these cross-cutting memberships prevent the development of solidarity among oppressed groups
Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow's humanistic theory that suggests that higher needs cannot emerge until lower needs have been satisfied; the hierarchy runs from physiological needs at the bottom, to safety needs, belongingness and love needs, and esteem needs, wit self-actualization needs at the top
Genital Phase
Adolescence onward, when the search for pleasure is centered in the genitals and sexual intimacy
Identity versus Role Diffusion
Adolescents must develop a sense of who they are and where they are going in life or they become confused about their identity
Belongingness and Love Needs
Affection, intimacy
Systems Perspective
All systems are made up of interrelated members/parts that make a whole. Our world is made up of many systems (educational, religious, etc.) that must come together to work for an ordered whole. Each part impacts the other parts. All the systems are subsystems of the larger system. There are interactions between the systems that produce stability and change, sometime rapid and dramatic change.
Relational-Cultural Theory
Also know as the Relational Feminist Theory, proposes that eh basic human drive is for relationships with others
Developmental Perspective
An approach that focuses on how human behavior changes and stays the same across stages of the life cycle
Psychodynamic Perspective
An approach that focuses on how internal processes motivate human behavior
Social Constructionist Perspective
An approach that focuses on how people learn, through their interactions with each other, to classify the world and their place in it
Rational Choice Perspective
An approach that sees human behavior as based in self-interest and rational choices about effective goal accomplishment
Humanistic Perspective
An approach that sees human behavior as based on freedom of action of the individual and focuses on the human search for meaning
Social Behavioral Perspective
An approach that sees human behavior as learned when individuals interact with their environments
Systems Perspective
An approach that sees human behavior as the outcome of reciprocal interactions of persons operation within organized and integrated social systems
Conflict Perspective
An approach to human behavior that draws attention to conflict, dominance, and oppression in social life
Positive Psychology
An approach to psychology that focuses on people's strengths and virtues and promotes optimal functioning of individuals and communities
Boundary
An imaginary line of demarcation that defines which human and nonhuman elements are indcluded in a given system and which elements are outside the system
Phenomenal Self
An individual's subjectively felt and interpreted experience of "who I am"
Postmodern Theorists
Argue that there is no universals, including no universal, truth, reality, or morality
Safety Needs
Avoidance of pain and anxiety; desire for security
Social Exchange Theory
Based on self-interest for individuals by maximizing rewards and minimizing costs
Rational Choice Perspective
Based on self-interest for individuals by maximizing rewards and minimizing costs. Values play into what we think is a reward or cost for us. Reciprocity of exchange is essential to social life (I'll scratch your back, you scratch mine). Power comes from unequal resources in an exchange
Oral Phase
Birth to 18 months, when the search for pleasure is centered in the mouth
Capitalists vs Workers
Capitalists decide what is to be done and how to do it, and they own the products produced by the workers aw well as the means of production. Capitalists pay workers as little as they can get away with, and they, not the workers, reap the benefits of exploiting natural resources.
What are the three major versions of behavioral theory that propose different mechanisms by which learning occurs?
Classical Conditioning Theory, Operant Conditioning Theory, and Cognitive Social Learning Theory
What are the five criteria for critical understanding of theory?
Coherence and conceptual clarity, testability and empirical support, comprehensiveness, consistency with social work's emphasis on diversity and power arrangements, and usefulness for social work practice
What perspective is used to understand the dynamics of privilege, discrimination, and oppression?
Conflict Perspective
Empirical
Derived from an experiment and observation rather than a theory
Psychosexual Stage Theory
Proposes a five-stage model of child development, based on sexual instincts.
What are the big ideas of the Humanistic Perspective?
Each person is unique and has value. Each person is responsible for the choices he or she makes within the limits of freedom. People always have the capacity to change themselves, even to make radical change. Human behavior can be understood only from the vantage point of the phenomenal self - from the internal frame of reference of the individual. Behaving in ways that are not consistent with the true self causes anxiety. Human behavior is driven by the desire for growth, personal meaning, and competence, and by a need to experience a bond with others.
What are the four primary themes of existential psychology?
Each person is unique and has value. Suffering is a necessary part of human growth. Personal growth results from staying in the immediate moment. Personal growth takes a sense of commitment.
What are the big ideas of the Psychodynamic Perspective?
Emotions have a central place in human behavior. Unconscious, as well as conscious, mental activity serves as the motivating force in human behavior. Early childhood experiences are central in the patterning of an individual's emotions and , therefore, central to problems of living throughout life. Individuals may become overwhelmed by internal or external demands. Individuals frequently use ego defense mechanisms to avoid becoming overwhelmed by internal or external demands.
What are the core conditions of the therapeutic process?
Empathy, warmth, and genuineness
Deep Ecology
Emphasis on the notion of the total interconnectedness of all elements of the natural and physical world
Globalization Theories
Emphasize the openness of systems
Humanistic Perspective
Every person is unique and valuable and in-charge of their own choices. There are limits to the freedoms that people have. Everyone has the capacity to change even radical change.
Closed System
Everything is closed off, there is no exchange between the systems
Open System
Exchanges resources with external systems
Positive Feedback Loops
Feed back information about deviation, or should we say innovation, into the steady state in such a way that the deviation reverberates throughout the system and produces change, sometimes even rapid change
Negative Feedback Loops
Feed back information that the system is deviating from a steady state and needs to take corrective action
Self Psychology
Focuses on the individual need to organize the personality into a cohesive sense of self and to build relationships that support it
Life Span or Life Cycle Theory
Focuses on the inner life during age-related stages
Ego Psychology
Gives primary attention to the rational part of the mind and the human capacity for adaptation
What are the big ideas of the Conflict Perspective?
Groups and individuals try to advance their own interests over the interests of others as they compete for scarce resources. Power is unequally divided, ans some social groups dominate others. Social order is based on the manipulation and control of nondominant groups by dominant groups. Lack of open conflict is a sign of exploitation. Members of nondominant groups become alienated from society. Social change is driven by conflict with periods of change interruption long periods of stability.
Developmental Perspective
Human behavior is defined in clearly defined age groups. Each stage of life is qualitatively different from other stages. The stages build on themselves.
What are the big ideas of the Social Behavioral Perspective?
Human behavior is learned when individuals interact with the environment. All human behavior is learned by the same principles of learning: association of the environmental stimuli, reinforcement, imitation, and person expectations and meaning. All human problems can be formulated as undesirable behavior. All behavior can be defined and changed.
Social Behavioral Perspective
Human behavior is learned when individuals interact with their environment. All behavior can be defined and changed. Human behavior is learned by human experience.
Drive or Instinct Theory
Human behavior is motivated by two basic instincts: thanatos and eros as well as in recent years mastery and connectedness
What are the big ideas of the Social Constructionist Perspective?
Human consciousness, and the sense of self, is shaped by continual social interaction. Social reality is created when people, in social interaction, develop a common understanding of their world. People perform for their social audiences, but they are also free, active, and creative. Social interaction is grounded in language customs, as well as cultural and historical contexts. People can modify meanings in the process of interaction. Society consists of social processes, not social structures.
What are the big ideas of the Developmental Perspective?
Human development occurs in clearly defined, age-graded stages. Each stage of life is qualitatively different from all other stages. Each stage builds on earlier stages. Human development is a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors. Moving from one stage to the next involves new tasks and changes in statuses and roles.
Physiological Needs
Hunger, thirst, sex
Looking-glass Self
I am what I think you think I am, imagine how I appear to others, imagine their judgment of me, and I develop some feeling about myself that is a result of imaging their judgments of me
Learned Helplessness
In cognitive social learning theory, a situation in which a person's prior experience with environmental forces has led to low self-efficacy expectation
Efficacy Expectation
In cognitive social learning theory, the expectation that one can personally accomplish a goal
Basic Trust versus Basic Mistrust
Infants must form trusting relationships with caregivers or they will learn to distrust the world
What are the six major themes in the Developmental Perspective?
Interplay of human lives and historical time; biological, psychological, and social timing of human lives; linked or interdependent lives; human capacity for choice making; diversity in life course trajectories; and developmental risk and protection
Superego
Made up of conscious and ideals, the censor to id
Intersectionality Theory
Recognizes vectors of oppression and privilege, including not only gender, but also class, race, global location, sexual orientation, and age
Positive Reinforcers
Reward behaviors that we find pleasing in the hopes of strengthening those behaviors
Industry versus Inferiority
School-aged children must develop a sense of competence to master and complete tasks or they learn to feel inferior or incompetent
Esteem Needs
Self-respect, adequacy, mastery
Psychodynamic Perspective
Sigmund Freud is the main theorist. Focuses on how internal process motivate human behavior. Emotions (unconscious and unconscious) are the important parts of human behavior. Early childhood experiences are essential. Individuals might become overwhelmed by internal or external demands. Individuals frequently use ego to overcome demands.
Social Constructive Perspective
Social interactions are key. There is no true reality. What is true for one group may not be true for another. People perform for the social audiences but they are also free and creative. The looking glass self - I am what I think you think I am. Society consists of society processes not society structures.
Functionalism
Social systems are thought to be orderly and remain in a relatively stable state, also known as homeostasis or equilibrium
Object Relations Theory
Studies ow people develop attitudes toward others in the context of early nurturing relationships, and how those attitudes affect the view of the self as well as social relationships
What are the big ideas of the Systems Perspective?
Systems are made up of interrelated members (parts) that constitute a linked whole. Each part of the system impacts all other parts and the system as a whole. All systems are subsystems of other larger systems. Systems maintain boundaries that give them their identities. The dynamic interactions within, between, and among systems produce both stability and change, sometimes even rapid, dramatic change.
What are the eight theoretical perspectives that are useful for thinking about changing situations of persons and environments?
Systems perspective, conflict perspective, rational choice perspective, social constructionist perspective, psychodynamic perspective, developmental perspective, social behavioral perspective, and humanistic perspective
Power relationships are the focus of what perspective?
The Conflict Perspective
Empowerment Theory
The answer to conflict theory, empowering a certain group of people to make changes that are better for them
Agency
The capacity to intentionally make things happen
Ego
The conscious or rational part of personality that mediates between the id and the superego
Opportunity Costs
The cost of forgoing the next-most attractive alternative when choosing a particular action
Thanatos
The drive for aggression or destruction
Eros
The drive for life usually through sexual gratification
Personal Agency
The individual actor
Comparison Level Alternative
The lowest level of outcomes a person will accept in light of alternative opportunities. Has been used to understand how people make decisions about seeking divorce.
Epigenetic Model of Human Development
The psychological unfolding of personality takes place in sequences
Alienation
The sense of indifference or hostility
Id
The unconscious that strives for meeting needs
Feminist Theories
Theories that focus on male domination of the major social institutions and present a vision of a just world based on gender equity
Empowerment Theories
Theories that focus on processes by which individuals and collectivities can recognize patterns of inequality and injustice and take action to increase their own power
Critical Theorists
Theorists who argue that as capitalism underwent change, people were more likely to be controlled by culture and their consumer role than by their work position
Topographical Theory of the Mind
There are three states of mind: conscious mental activities of which we are fully aware; preconscious thoughts and feelings that can be easily brought to mind; and unconscious thoughts, feelings, and desires of which we are not aware but which have a powerful influence on our behavior
Self-Actualization
To be fully what one can be; altruism, beauty, creativity, justive
Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt
Toddlers must develop self-confidence and a sense of mastery over themselves and their worlds and they must use newly developed motor skills, or they will develop shame and doubt about their inability to develop control
Conflict Perspective
Trying to advance their own interests over the interests of others, they are only looking out for themselves. Power is unequally divided. Some social groups dominate other social groups. Dominant groups manipulate and control the situation to keep nondominant groups down. They see the lack of open conflict as a sign of exploitation. Believe that members of nondominant groups become alienated from society.
Negative Reinforcers
Used to stop or avoid unpleasant behavior
Ecomaps
Visual representations of the relations between social network members. Members of the network are represented by points, and lines are drawn between pairs of points to demonstrate a relationship between them; also called a sociogram.
Intimacy versus Isolation
Young adults must develop the capacity to commit to deep associations with others or they feel a sense of isolation
Initiative versus Guilt
Young children must develop a growing capacity to plan and initiate actions or they may feel guilt about their taking initiative