HCM 350 - Chapter 11: Urinary System
antidiuretic (anti-di[a]-uret-ic)
"against; complete, through; urine; pertaining to"; Pertaining to a medication that decreases urine production and secretion
periurethral (peri-urethr-al)
"around; urethra; pertaining to"; Literally means pertaining to around the urethra; the immediate area surrounding the urethra
bacteriuria (bacteri-uria)
"bacteria; urine"; Presence of bacteria in the urine
cystogram (cyst/o-gram)
"bladder; a mark, record"; An x-ray record of the bladder
cystocele (cyst/o-cele)
"bladder; hernia"; Hernia of the bladder that protrudes into the vagina
cystitis (cyst-itis)
"bladder; inflammation"; Inflammation of the bladder, usually occurring secondarily to ascending urinary tract infections. More than 85% of cases of cystitis are caused by Escherichia coli, a bacillus found in the lower gastrointestinal tract.
ureterostomy (ureter/o-stomy)
"ureter; new opening"; Surgical creation of a new opening into the ureter to provide an alternate route for drainage of urine. Example: cutaneous ureter is the surgical implantation of the ureter into the skin.
bacterio
bacteria
bili
bile
cysto
bladder
calci
calcium
glomerulo
glomerulus, little ball
glycoso
glucose, sugar
nocto
night
meato
passage
perineo
perineum
albumino
protein
excretor
sifted out
cutaneo
skin
uret
urine
urinato
urine
cystoscope (cyst/o-scope)
"bladder; instrument for examining"; Medical instrument used for visual examination of the bladder
cystolith (cyst/o-lith)
"bladder; stone"; A bladder stone; a vesical calculus
cystectomy (cyst-ectomy)
"bladder; surgical excision"; Surgical excision of the bladder or part of the bladder
hemodialysis (HD)(hem/o-dia-lysis)
"blood; through, complete; separation"; Use of an artificial kidney to separate waste from the blood. The blood is circulated through tubes made of semi-permeable membranes, and these tubes are continually bathed by solutions that remove waste.
hematuria (hemat-uria)
"blood; urine"; Presence of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the urine. In microscopic hematuria, the urine appears normal to the naked eye, but examination with a microscope shows a high number of RBCs. Gross hematuria can be seen with the naked eye—the urine is red or the color of cola. If white blood cells are found in addition to red blood cells, then it is a sign of urinary tract infection.
calciuria (calc/i-uria)
"calcium urine"; Presence of calcium in the urine
dialysis (dia-lysis)
"complete, through; destruction, separation"; Medical procedure to separate waste material from the blood and to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance in impaired kidney function or in the absence of a kidney. The two main types of dialysis, hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD), remove wastes from the blood in different ways.
diuresis (di[a]-ur-esis)
"complete, through; urinate; condition"; Pathological condition of increased or excessive flow of urine; occurs in conditions such as diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus. Diuretics can also produce diuresis.
dysuria (dys-uria)
"difficult, painful; urine"; Difficult or painful urination
hypercalciuria (hyper-calci-uria)
"excessive; calcium; urine"; Excessive amount of calcium in the urine
glomerulitis (glomerul-itis)
"glomerulus, little ball; inflammation"; Inflammation of the renal glomeruli
glomerulonephritis (glomerul/o-nephr-itis)
"glomerulus, little ball; kidney inflammation"; Inflammation of the kidney involving primarily the glomeruli. There are three types: acute glomerulonephritis (AGN), chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN), and subacute glomerulonephritis.
glomerular (glomerul-ar)
"glomerulus, little ball; pertaining to"; Literally means pertaining to the glomerulus; a network of blood vessels located within the glomerular (Bowman) capsule that permits a greater surface area for filtration
glycosuria (glycos-uria)
"glucose, sugar; urine"; Presence of glucose in the urine
ketonuria (keton-uria)
"ketone; urine"; Presence of ketones in the urine resulting from breakdown of fats due to faulty or inadequate carbohydrate metabolism. It occurs primarily as a complication of diabetes mellitus but can occur in dieting and starvation.
nephrosclerosis (nephr/o-scler-osis)
"kidney hardening condition"; Condition of hardening of the kidney
nephrectomy (nephr-ectomy)
"kidney surgical; excision"; Surgical excision of a kidney
nephropathy (nephr/o-pathy)
"kidney; disease"; Pathological disease of the kidney
nephritis (nephr-itis)
"kidney; inflammation"; Inflammation of the kidneys
renal (ren-al)
"kidney; pertaining to"; Pertaining to the kidney
nephrolithiasis (nephr/o-lith-iasis)
"kidney; stone, calculus; condition"; Commonly called kidney stones; usually deposits of mineral salts, called calculi, in the kidney. These stones can pass into the ureter, irritate kidney tissue, and block urine flow. Kidney stones occur when the urine has a high level of minerals (usually calcium) that form stones.
nephrology (nephr/o-logy)
"kidney; study of"; Literally means study of the kidney; study of kidney function as well as diagnosis and treatment of renal diseases
nephroma (nephr-oma)
"kidney; tumor"; Kidney tumor
polyuria (poly-uria)
"much; urine"; Literally means much urine; frequent urination; occurs in diabetes mellitus, chronic nephritis, and nephrosclerosis; can be induced with diuretics and following excessive intake of liquids
nocturia (noct-uria)
"night; urine"; Urination during the night
incontinence (in-contin-ence)
"not; to hold; state"; Inability to hold or control urination or defecation
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) (extra-corpor-eallith/o-tripsy)
"outside, beyond; body; pertaining to; stone; crushing"; Process whereby a medical device is used to crush kidney stones (renal calculi). The patient is usually sedated and a computerized x-ray machine is used to pinpoint the location of the stone within the kidney. A series of shock waves (several hundred to two thousand) is administered to the stone, pounding it until it crumbles into small pieces. These pieces are generally flushed out with urine.
meatotomy (meat/o-tomy)
"passage; incision"; Incision of the urinary meatus to enlarge the opening
peritoneal dialysis (PD, peritone-aldia-lysis)
"peritoneum; pertaining to; complete, through; to separate"; Separation of waste from the blood by using a peritoneal catheter and dialysis. Fluid is introduced into the peritoneal cavity, and wastes from the blood pass into this fluid. The fluid and waste are then removed from the body. Types of peritoneal dialysis are IPD (intermittent) and CAPD (continuous ambulatory).
albuminuria (albumin-uria)
"protein; urine"; Indicates the presence of serum protein in the urine. Albumin is the major protein in blood plasma. When detected in urine (albuminuria), it may indicate a leak in the glomerular membrane, which allows albumin to enter the renal tubule and pass into the urine.
pyuria (py-uria)
"pus; urine"; Pus or white blood cells in the urine; caused by infection (most commonly bacterial) or response to an inflammatory process in the body
pyelitis (pyel-itis)
"renal pelvis; inflammation"; Inflammation of the renal pelvis
pyelonephritis (pyel/o-nephr-itis)
"renal pelvis; kidney; inflammation"; Inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis. It is usually caused by bacteria entering the kidneys from the bladder. Escherichia coli is a bacillus that is normally found in the large intestine. These infections usually spread from the lower urinary tract via the urethra, to the ureters, and then into the renal pelvis.
pyelolithotomy (pyel/o-lith/o-tomy)
"renal pelvis; stone; incision"; Surgical incision into the renal pelvis for removal of a stone
oliguria (olig-uria)
"scanty; urine"; Scanty, decreased amount of urine. The decreased production of urine may be a sign of dehydration, renal failure, hypovolemic shock, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, or urinary obstruction/urinary retention. It can be contrasted with anuria, which represents a more complete suppression of urination.
excretory (excretor-y)
"sifted out; pertaining to; Pertaining to the elimination of waste products from the body
lithotripsy (lith/o-tripsy)
"stone; crushing"; Crushing of a kidney stone
percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy (PUL, per-cutane-ousultra-son-iclith/o-tripsy)
"through; skin; pertaining to; beyond; sound; pertaining to; stone; crushing"; Crushing of a kidney stone by using ultrasound. This is an invasive surgical procedure performed by using a nephroscope.
ureteroplasty (ureter/o-plasty)
"ureter; surgical repair"; Surgical repair of a ureter
urethroperineal (urethr/o-perine-al)
"urethra; perineum; pertaining to"; Pertaining to the urethra and perineum
urethral stricture (urethr-alstrict-ure)
"urethra; pertaining to; to draw, to bind; process"; Narrowing or constriction of the urethra
urobilin (ur/obil-in)
"urine, urinate, urination; bile; substance"; Brown pigment formed by the oxidation of urobilinogen; may be formed in the urine after exposure to air
uremia (ur-emia)
"urine; blood condition"; Excess of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acid metabolism accumulated in the blood; also referred to as azotemia. In current usage, it refers to the syndrome associated with end-stage renal failure.
urination (urinat-ion)
"urine; process"; The release of urine from the bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body; to void
hydronephrosis (hydro-nephr-osis)
"water; kidney; condition"; Pathological condition in which urine collects in the renal pelvis because of an obstructed outflow, thereby causing distention and damage to the kidney; can be caused by renal calculi, tumor, or hyperplasia of the prostate gland.
enuresis (en-ur-esis)
"within; urinate; condition"; Condition of involuntary emission of urine; bedwetting
anuria (an-uria)
"without; urine"; Literally means without the formation of urine; lack of urine production
renin
An enzyme produced by the kidney that stimulates vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone. The blood renin level is elevated in some types of hypertension.
nephron
Basic structural and functional unit of the kidney
interstitial cystitis (IC)
Chronically irritable and painful inflammation of the bladder wall
chronic kidney disease (CKD)
Disease that results from any condition that causes gradual loss of kidney function. When the kidneys are damaged and cannot filter blood as well as healthy kidneys, waste from the blood remains in the body. CKD can lead to kidney failure. Diabetes and high blood pressure are the most common causes of CKD. See dialysis and renal transplantation for treatment options.
meatus
Opening or passage; the external opening of the urethra
edema
Pathological condition in which the body tissues contain an accumulation of fluid
renal failure
Pathological failure of the kidney to function; also referred to as kidney failure
calculus
Pebble; any abnormal concretion (stone); plural: calculi.
renal colic
Sharp, severe pain in the lower back over the kidney, radiating forward into the groin. It usually accompanies forcible dilation of a ureter, followed by spasm as a stone is lodged or passed through it.
sterile
State of being free from living microorganisms; aseptic
sediment
Substance that settles at the bottom of a liquid; a precipitate; can be produced by centrifuging urine or other body fluids
urgency
Sudden need to void, urinate
renal transplantation
The organ transplant of a healthy donor kidney into a patient with end-stage renal disease. The transplanted kidney takes over the work of the two kidneys that failed, so dialysis is no longer needed. Also called kidney transplantation.
catheter
Tube of plastic, silicone, rubber, or plastic that is inserted into a body cavity to remove fluid or to inject fluid.
hemato
blood
hemo
blood
corporo
body
sclero
hardening
ketono
ketone
nephro
kidney
reno
kidney
peritoneo
peritoneum
pyo
pus
pyelo
renal pelvis
sono
sound
litho
stone
log
study
strict
to draw, to bind
contin
to hold
uretero
ureter
urethro
urethra
uro
urine, urinate, urination
