Health Disparities Exam 1

ethnicity

A fluid concept that deals with shared sociocultural affiliation and geographic or regional boundaries' relationships. Can be based on shared group social behavior - traditions, behavior, history, social practices, religion, belief system, etc.

Income

Associated with premature illness and death Associated with access to other health determinants e.g., healthy food, adequate housing, transportation Relationship with exposure to various health risks e.g., auto injuries, water and air pollution Associated with stress and loss of control Associated with sense of marginalization and social cohesion

Education

Education attainment and health Health literacy and community health Health in children and academic performance ....but education is tied more directly with SES

What are health care disparities?

Health CARE disparities are differences among population groups in the availability, accessibility, and quality of health care services aimed at prevention, treatment and management of diseases and their complications. These include screening, diagnostic, treatment, management and rehabilitation services.

What are health disparities?

Health Disparities are differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, morbidity, burden of disease, and other adverse health conditions and outcomes among specific population groups.

What is health equity?

Health equity is defined as "attainment of the highest level of health for all people".

What is health equity?

Health equity is providing every person with the same opportunity to stay healthy and/or effectively cope with disease or health-related emergencies - regardless of their race, gender, age, economic conditions, social status, environment, and other socially determined factors. Health equity is a key goal to which we should all aspire.

Why is it important to address health disparities?

In context of health equity, they are differences that shouldn't be Want to ensure optimal health for ALL commitment of public health professionals changing U.S. demographics escalating issue that will gradually affect the U.S. on several levels

What are some examples of health disparities?

Incidence rates for cervical cancer in Vietnamese women in U.S. Prevalence of diabetes in African Americans and Hispanics Prevalence of melanoma in Whites Cancer death rate for American Indians

Employment

Job security increases health, well-being, and job satisfaction. Higher rates of unemployment cause more illness and premature death.

Examples of health care disparities

Low rate of hospitalization for asthma of Black & Hispanic children compared to White children (7% & 2% vs 21% hospitalized) Length of time between follow-up diagnostic tests after abnormal mammogram screening in Asian Americans (length between hc services is twice as long) No translators or people who can speak the patient's language at a health facility (doesn't guarantee accessible or quality services)

Culture

One of the social determinants of health encompasses beliefs, values, and behaviors that are learned and shared by members of a group

Social Determinants of Health

Role of multiple social determinants of health Individual behavior and health are embedded in a social context e.g., addiction is influenced by the wider social setting Theories of disease causation that focus primarily on the individual and individual risk factors miss the larger picture - that there is a systematic patterning of risk across social contexts

Social Determinants of Health

Social determinants of health (SDH) are the economic and social conditions that shape the health of individuals, communities, and jurisdictions as a whole.

Early Childhood

The foundations of adult health are laid in early childhood and before birth Slow growth (e.g., due to malnutrition and appropriate health care) & poor emotional support raise the lifetime risk of poor physical health and reduce physical, cognitive, and emotional functioning in adulthood Infant mortality