Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

environmental assessment

*I PREPARE* - I: Investigate - P: Present Work - R: Residence - E: Environmental Concerns - P: Past Work - A: Activities - R: Referrals and Resources - E: Educate

how to remember disease prevention

*P*rimary = *P*revention *S*econdary = *S*creening *T*ertiary = *T*reatment

conveying cultural sensitivity

- Address clients by their last names, unless the client gives you permission to use other names - Introduce yourself by name and position - Be authentic about what you know or do not know about your client's culture - Use culturally sensitive language - Encourage the client to ask questions about anything they do not understand - Provide teaching materials in the client's primary language *TEACH STAFF ABOUT CULTURAL AWARENESS*

Secondary Prevention

- Early detection and treatment of disease with the goal of limiting severity and adverse effects - Screening procedures (lead, Pap, PKU, Mammograms) - School screenings for scoliosis, vision, hearing find it early - prevent it from getting worse

influencing factors on cultural care

- Ethic background - Religious preferences - Family structure - Language and literacy needs - Communication needs - Education - Cultural values - views about illness and treatment - Food patterns - Nutrition - Health practices - Use of folk or spiritual healers and alternative healing techniques

affordable care act

- Help make health insurance affordable for all people and decrease the amount of federal spending on health care - Extends eligibility for dependents to remain on a parent's insurance until age 26 - Prohibits health pans from denying benefits for preexisting coverage to children under age 19 - Banning lifetime limits of benefit coverage - Covers preventative care services

barriers to health care

- Inadequate health insurance - Inability to pay for health care services - Language barriers - Cultural barriers - Lack of health care providers in a community - Geographic location - Social isolation - Lack of communication tools - Internet, Phone - Lack of public transportation to health care facilities

Tertiary Prevention

- Maximization of recovery after an injury or illness (rehabilitation) - Nutrition counseling for management of Chron's disease - Exercise rehabilitation - Care management (chronic illness, mental illness) - Physical and occupational therapy - Support groups - Exercise for a client who has hypertension (individual) *LONG TERM MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT*

healthy people 2030

- National health promotion and disease prevention initiatives and objectives - Based on issues that are considered major risks to health and wellness of the United States - *Serves as a guide to promoting health and preventing disease* - The community health nurse actively helps people to change their lifestyles in order to move toward a state of optimal health

using an interpreter

- Should have knowledge of health-related terminology - The use of family members is NOT advisable because clients might need privacy in discussing sensitive matters. - Family members may lack objectivity in relaying information to the client. Family may not understand terminology - Use caution with gestures it may offend the client - Use an electronic interpreter application - Telephone based interpreter service - Use an agency approved medical interpreter

cultural needs

- The nurse should avoid imposing personal cultural values on the client, as well as ethnocentrism and stereotyping in the provision of care - The nurse should respect and provide dignity to clients of all cultures

main goals of healthy people 2030

- eliminate health disparities - increase quality and years of healthy life

influences on global health

- wars/politics - natural and man made disasters - limited resources - international travel - sanitation practices - climate change - maternal health - nutrition

A community health nurse is reviewing the levels of disease prevention. Which of the following activities is an example of tertiary prevention? A.Providing treatment for clients who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. B.Performing screening for sexually transmitted infections. C.Administering influenza immunizations at a local health fair. D.Testing new nurses for exposure to tuberculosis.

A

The nurse is assessing a new client. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the cultural portion of the assessment? A.Food preferences B.Employment status C.History of illnesses D.Sexual orientation

A

A community health nurse identifies an increase in the occurrence of osteoporosis-related fractures in female clients who are experience menopause. Which of the following primary prevention strategies should the nurse implement? A.Advise the clients to avoid live-virus vaccines. B.Encourage the clients to participate in weight-bearing activities. C.Educate the clients about the importance of avoiding sun exposure. D.Instruct at risk clients to increase their intake of foods high in Vitamin E.

B

ethnocentrism

Believing your culture or cultural beliefs is better than others Looking down on other cultures or cultural beliefs.

A nurse is assessing a new client at a public health clinic. Which of the following areas should the nurse address as part of the cultural assessment? A.Immunization status B.Sexual activity C.Illness practices D.Food allergies

C

A nurse is conducting a screening class for hypertension. Which of the following should be the nurse's goal for secondary prevention? A.Prevent the onset of the condition B.Identify the severity of the condition C.Identify the condition early D.Deter condition related complications

C

global health goals

Call for more developed nations to contribute resources to improve conditions in lesser-developed countries, making global health a responsibility of nations around the world (QSEN: Quality Improvement) - Eradicate hunger and poverty - Make primary education available worldwide - Empower women and gender equality - Reduce child mortality - Fostering maternal health - Reduce malaria, HIV/AIDS - Promote a sustainable environment

factors influencing community health: cultural care

Congruency between culture and health care is essential to the well-being of the client. The link between health beliefs and practices is greatly influenced by an individual's culture - It is important to assess cultural beliefs and practices when developing a plan of care ~ Consider variations within each culture ~ Consider the uniqueness of each client ~ Become familiar with diverse cultures within the community

A public health nurse is planning care for four clients. Which of the following interventions should the nurse recognize as tertiary prevention? A. Providing chemoprophylaxis for malaria to a client who is traveling to mosquito-infested countries. B. Performing serological screening for HIV for a client who is pregnant. C. Participating in partner notification for a client who has an STI. D. Administering antibiotics to a client who has AIDS and was diagnosed with pneumonia.

D

An occupational health nurse is teaching a group of clients about work environment risks. Which of the following actions is the nurse performing? A.Case management B.Secondary prevention C.Tertiary prevention D.Primary prevention

D (RISK PREVENTION)

A nurse is planning a health fair for the congregation members. Which should be include as part of tertiary prevention?

Finding provider who will accept referrals

steps of data collection in a cultural assessment

First step of cultural assessment is *collection of self-identifying data about the client's specific cultural beliefs, religious preferences, family structure, food patterns and health practices* - Ask the client if they prefer any prefer any type of alternative or cultural practitioners are required for their care - Second, pose questions that address the client's perceptions of his health needs - Finally, identify how cultural affects the effectiveness of interventions

Medicare Part A

Hospital expenses such as room, board and other inpatient services, limited stay in skilled nursing facility and helps cover hospice and home health care - ambulance service - inpatient hospital and services - skilled nursing facility care (3 months) - home health care and hospice

self pay

Individuals responsible for payment of charges not covered by a third party Some clinics offer sliding scale payment where the rate of payment is based on patient income

Medicare Part C

Medicare Advantage - Prescription Drug Coverage - Vision - Hearing - Basic Dental Services

medicare

Must be 65 years and receiving Social Security or disability benefits for 2 years, have ALS, kidney failure (on dialysis or transplant list) federal government

PPO's (Preferred Provider Org)

Predetermined rates with financial incentives to promote PPO providers

Acculturation

Process of merging with or adopting the traits of a different culture - Adapting a new culture requires changes in daily living practices, such as, language, education, work, recreation, social experiences and health care

medicaid

Provides health coverage for individuals of low socioeconomic status and children, from federal and state governments - Eligibility is based on household income and size, with priority given to children and pregnant women, and those who have a disability - Provides inpatient and outpatient hospital care, lab and radiology services, home health, vaccines for children, family planning, pregnancy related care, and early and periodic screening services for those younger than 21

environmental health

Relates to the quality of air, land, water, and other surroundings which people come in contact with - Community health nurses advocate to improve environmental quality ~ Toxins - lead, pesticides, mercury, asbestos ~ Air pollution - carbon monoxide, tobacco smoke ~ Water pollution - wastes, erosion after mining ~ Contamination - food with pesticides, growth hormones or antibiotics in animals used for consumption

A nurse is planning a health project for older adults. Which of the following actions is primary prevention?

Starting a weekly exercise group for participants

A nurse is preparing a program for adults at risk for cardiovascular disease. Which is a modifiable risk factor?

cigarette smoking

A nurse is developing a visual health program using a community oriented approach. Which should the nurse include?

consult w/ school nurse to schedule vision screenings for students

A school nurse is discussing levels of prevention with a teacher. Which is a primary prevention?

demonstrate proper hand washing techniques

Medicare Part B

doctor services, outpatient services and other medical supplies - some OT/PT and some home health, some preventive services - outpatient services - medical and lab services - doctor visits and preventive care - durable medical equipment/supplies

global health

initiatives can be used to improve health status worldwide and to improve equity in treatment - Health for All in the 21st Century (HFA21) HEALTHCARE AS A HUMAN RIGHT

A nurse is planning a health program on diabetes. Which should the nurse do to meet the psychomotor domain of learning?

observe client's technique for drawing up blood

Medicare Part D

prescription drugs

primary prevention

prevention of the initial occurrence of disease or injury - Immunizations - Driver's safety classes - Healthy water quality - Health education classes - Fire safety - Decreasing sun exposure - Using seat belts - Using earplugs and safety glasses

disease prevention

primary, secondary, tertiary

HMO's (Health Maintenance Org)

set of designated providers

managed care

specific group of providers in an attempt to lower costs

medical savings account

untaxed money in an account for medical expenses