hgap final review

A principal practice of sustainable agriculture is:

-Sensitive land management -Limited use of chemicals -Better integration of crops and livestock

Food insecurity impacts

40 million Americans

Which of the following leads to the creation of zones of abandonment?

HIgh vacancy rates

Which statement is an example of how technology is being used to conserve natural resources?

Singapore is developing new ways of filtering waste water to solve water shortages.

Which statement accurately describes the concept of commercial farming?

Commercial farming typically occurs in core countries with access to global markets and involves expensive equipment and large parcels of land.

Which of the following is an example of using biotechnology in agriculture?

Engineering drought-resistant seeds

What is a common feature of most break-of bulk points?

They are located near places where the mode of transportation shifts.

what nation has not funded it's debt-for-nature swap program since 2014

USA

The map depicts conditions in Great Britain during which Industrial Revolution?

First

What typically occurs alongside a shift to an economy rooted in the secondary sector?

Increased urbanization

Explains growth and development in a Latin American city

Latin american city model

GPS guidance, robotics, and information technology are the tools of__________________

Precision agriculture

The Global Fault Line can be defined as

Potentially "conflict" between the older, wealthy MDCs and younger, poorer LDCs of the world

Which of the following is an example of economies of scale in agriculture?

A farmer can charge a higher price for ground and processed coffee.

Which of the following can be used to establish a slow-growth city?

An urban growth boundary

According to the concentric zone model, a city develops in a series of

rings

Explains growth and development in a Southeast Asian city

Southeast Asian city model

Which factor influences a city's population density?

The predominant type of housing

Which of the following is a primary focus of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals?

To reduce disparities between core and peripheral countries

The "first Agricultural Revolution" corresponded with the:

domestication of plants and animals

The geometric pattern which geographers use to represent market areas is

Hexagon

At which stage does production shift from industrial manufacturing to consumer goods and services?

High mass consumption

Norman Borlaug is best known for:

His contributions to the Green Revolution

Which statement accurately describes the industrial transportation systems represented in the map? (in Great Britain)

Industry was centered near resources, using rail and canal networks to distribute goods.

Which practice is intended to minimize chemical inputs but may actually lead to intensified use of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers?

Inserting herbicide-resistant genes into crops

Which of the following statements about debt-for-nature swaps is accurate?

International lending companies forgive a portion of a country's debt in exchange for local investments in conservation efforts.

James Watt's steam engine first impacted the ______industry.

Iron

Satellite images show the Aral Sea, which spans Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, in 1977 and 2019. What caused the change depicted in the image from 2019?

Irrigation

Which statement explains the degree to which a peripheral or semi-peripheral country's development is hindered when women hold labor-intensive jobs and have high birth rates?

b. These factors inhibit women's ability to participate fully in economic and social spaces, which in turn holds back peripheral and semi-peripheral countries from developing.

Small loans and services in developing countries for would-be business owners who are too poor for a standard bank loan are called

microfinance

The Human Development Index includes all of the following except:

Crude death rate

Which of the following is shown in the map?

An urban Greenbelt

The Second Agricultural Revolution owes its origin to the:

Industrial Revolution

Which of these is a local food movement?

Urban Farming

Who is the usual target for microfinance programs?

Women in LDCs

Which statement best describes modern agriculture?

Cultivating plants or raising animals for survival

In the article, "European Union Moves to Approve Genetically Modified Corn", the countries were:

2/3 disapproving of the decision, even though it passed

Compare the bar graph showing Brazil's soybean exports and the line graph showing its soybean production. When did exports increase while production decreased?

2015/16

Which of the following is an example of how qualitative data can be used to show the causes and effects of geographic change within an urban area?

A collection of oral histories about a neighborhood in New Orleans, Louisiana, spanning its immigrant origins to Hurricane Katrina in 2005

What is a growth pole?

A place of economic activity clustered around one or more high-growth industries that stimulate economic growth by capitalizing on some special asset

Which statement best defines the fall line depicted on the map?

A strip of land that marks the geological boundary between an upland region and a plain

What factors were most significant in allowing the United States and China to industrialize rapidly?

Abundant natural resources, fertile soil, and stable governments

Which of the following is a characteristic of transportation-oriented development?

Accessible public transport

The locations of computer and high-tech manufacturing in Silicon Valley, California, and Bengaluru, India, is an example of which concept?

Agglomeration

In the US many farms are integrated into a large food production industry. This is known as:

Agribusiness

Which of the following is the best definition of a free trade zone?

An area within a country in which businesses pay few or no tariffs on goods to encourage or facilitate its role in international trade

Ranching is common on this area of South America

Argentina

A primate city is

At least twice as large as the next smaller city

What element is basic to Weber's Least Cost Theory in determining the location of an industry?

Availability of transportation

In the article, "Africa's Economy is Rising, Now What About its Food?" what Americans are financing the scientific research to assist African farming?

Bill and melinda gates

What is the term for the science of altering living organisms, often through genetic manipulation, to create new products for specific purposes, such as crops that resist certain pests?

Biotechnology

What do ecotourism and sustainable development have in common?

Both focus on reducing the ecological footprint of humans.

Which animals were domesticated in the Indus River Valley?

Camels and Buffalos

Which river is vital to the people and farms of the Western US?

Colorado

Which of the following is a benefit of empowering women in the agricultural sector?

Children are better nourished and receive more education.

Which of the following has benefited most from its use of special economic zones?

China

Which factor is most likely to have the greatest ongoing impact on global food insecurity?

Climate change

The most widespread and well-known fair trade product is:

Coffee

Two countries have a mutually beneficial trade relationship. Country A specializes in computer manufacturing, and Country B specializes in making appliances. This is an example of which concept?

Complementarity

Which factor has contributed most to food insecurity worldwide in recent years?

Conflict and war

Which statement about energy sources is true?

Countries with large deposits of fossil fuels tend to be more dependent on these fuels.

Which of the following is the best example of a galactic city?

Detroit

In South Africa, subsistence farms that grow food for the farmers' consumption exist next to commercial farms that export crops. This is an example of which of the following agricultural concepts?

Dual agricultural economy

What is the fundamental goal of neoliberalism?

Establishing open markets and free trade

Foods modified through GE have been banned in much of _____________because their safety has not been proven, and there are concerns about their effects on the species that consume them, including humans.

Europe

Which of the following is not one of Von Thunen's assumptions?

Farmers act to maximize costs

Primarily practices pastoral nomadism

Fertile Crescent

Which challenge does the pictured solution address?

Food deserts

All of the following are considered functions of the city except for:

Forestry

Which statement accurately explains why Gross National Product (GNP) is often not the most accurate measure of a population's wealth?

GNP is affected by international exchange rates.

Which geographical measurement is depicted in the diagram?

Gender Development Index

In the article, "A Journey Through the History of American Food in 100 Bites", the __________was invented by a Presbyterian minister and marketed to those who were full of sin and should become vegetarians and eat whole grains

Graham cracker

What geographic concept is shown in the map? (one place has a greater pull than another place that farther)

Gravity model

Which factor most strongly influences the geographic concentration of industrial facilities?

HIgh capital cost of facilities

Which of the following is a measure intended to combat environmental injustice?

Housing vouchers for renters

Internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a sector, or wedges, from the CBD

Hoyt sector model

Which statement helps explain why Afghanistan's total fertility rate (TFR) decreased from 7.5 in the 1990s to its more recent TFR of 4.5?

Improvements in sanitation and diet along with better access to hospitals

What is an example of how economic changes often result in gender-equity changes?

In Guatemala, women in rural areas began an all-female entrepreneurial venture in which they extracted and sold honey for a profit and are now welcome in village meetings.

Which of the following is the best example of how rural women involved in agriculture in some regions of the world face fewer economic and cultural barriers?

In Southeast Asia, women have equal access to land and more control over household income than men.

Where are many metropolitan areas that are growing into megacities found?

In peripheral and semi-peripheral countries in Asia and Africa

Based on the information in the map, which country is most likely to receive income from manufacturing outsourced by multinational corporations?

India

Country where the Green Revolution had great success after a horrible famine

India

Hearth of chickens

India

What is one drawback of the agricultural practice of monocropping?

It can deplete the soil of nutrients.

Which statement accurately describes the informal sector of the economy?

It involves economic activities that are not regulated or taxed by governments.

Which statement accurately describes the geographic distribution of the quaternary economic sector?

It is clustered near institutions of higher education.

Which of the following is a benefit of the sustainable design initiative shown in the map?

It prevents urban sprawl.

The machine shown in the photograph uses computers, sensors, and numerous other mechanisms to cook and assembles burgers. How is this machine an example of post-Fordism?

It uses automation and robotics.

Which of the following is the most difficult gender-specific challenge that women working in agriculture face?

Lack of land rights

Which statement explains why the functional and geographic fragmentation of governments presents challenges in addressing urban issues?

Local municipalities and the larger region often have conflicting interests.

Harold Hotelling is associated with which industrial location theory?

Locational Interdependence

Which of the following is intended to increase residential densities and reduce commutes?

Mixed-use development

Which of the following is a benefit of mixed-use development?

Mixed-use development promotes livable urban spaces.

Which of the following is a criticism of New Urbanism?

New Urbanism results in de facto segregation.

A large U.S.-based software company has engaged a company in India to take over its customer-service call centers. This is an example of which of the following?

Offshore outsourcing

Commercial agriculture is distinguished from subsistence agriculture by all but which of the following?

Output consumed on the farm

Which of the following is an example of a bulk-reducing industry?

Paper manufacturing

The different areas of the world where Mediterranean agriculture predominates have similar:

Physical Environment

Which concept does this graphic illustrate?

Post Fordism

Which statement accurately explains the difference between qualitative and quantitative research?

Qualitative research is based on descriptions and rich narratives; quantitative research is based on collecting data about observable phenomena.

Which country has had more women in its parliament than any other country in the world—every year since 2004—due to a social upheaval that caused a gender shift?

Rwanda

Hunting and gathering societies are common in this area of Africa

South Africa

Seed agriculture probably reached Europe from

Southwest Asia

Which term describes areas that China has set aside to bring foreign business and investment to generate economic development?

Special economic zones

Which effect of rapid urbanization is shown in the photo?

Squatter settlements

Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides.

Sustainable agriculture

Which of the following is an example of a raw material?

TImber

Turkeys were domesticated in

The Americas

This table shows sustainable development goals created by which organization? (un)

The United Nations

Which invention(s) contributed most to urban sprawl?

The automobile

Which statement explains why regional planning is effective as a means of addressing urban sustainability challenges?

The coordinated efforts of multiple political bodies can be more effective than those of individual governments working independently.

Which key factor determined the spatial patterns of early industrialization?

The proximity to transportation and natural resources

Which of the following is a limitation of dependency theory?

The theory does not account for bad decisions made by leaders as a cause of underdevelopment.

In a hunting and gathering society, who was primarily responsible for the gathering?

The women in the society

Which of the following is a similarity between guilds and cottage industries?

They relied on hand-operated tools and equipment.

The minimum number of people needed to support a service is

Threshold

What is the goal of the Great Green Wall Initiative shown in the map?

To combat Desertification

What is the primary goal of neoliberalism?

To encourage free trade

What is the goal of debt-for-nature swaps?

To encourage investment in conservation

Which of the following best describes OPEC's main goal?

To ensure an efficient supply of petroleum

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures is:

Transhumance

What production cost does least-cost theory generally suggest should be the focus of reduction measures?

Transportation

This nation's departure from the European Union could have an impact on it's agriculture supply chain.

United Kingdom

The Bosco Verticale (Vertical Forest) towers, supporting nearly 20,000 shrubs and plants, stand within a park called Biblioteca degli Alberi (Library of Trees) in Milan, Italy. Which sustainable characteristic of urban design is depicted in the photo?

Walkability

The Core-Periphery model

Was developed based upon an already industrialized Europe and US, thereby being very idealistic

Which statement is accurate regarding women's participation in the paid workforce in the United States in 2018, as compared to a century ago?

Women make up a larger percentage of the paid workforce than a century ago but face pay disparities compared with men.

Which of the following is a legislative tool used in the United States to permit or prohibit certain land uses, as well as to limit density and to guide the direction of growth?

Zoning

According to "Mexico's 'Maquiladora' Labor System Keeps Workers in Poverty," the adult workers of Ciudad Acuna

are not optimistic about better life possibilities for their children

"Mexico's 'Maquiladoras' Labor System Keeps Workers in Poverty" implies that most young people in Mexico have all of the following options except

choice of many increasing salaried jobs

Which rural settlement pattern is shown in the photo?

clustered

OPEC was formed in 1960 to

enable oil rich developing countries to gain more control over their resource.

The CBD attracts offices primarily because of its

high accessibility.

What is the main purpose of crop rotation?

maintaining the fertility of fields

-Proponents of this program say that it increases health and education levels at the local village level -Opponents say it gets people into debt and interest is very high on loans.

microfinance

The decline in the number of farmers in MDCs can best be described as a consequence of...

push/pull economic factors

The hierarchical organization of settlements by size is known as the

rank-size rule

Von Thunen emphasized which of the following factors in his model of agricultural land use?

transportation costs

Which statement correctly describes hunting and gathering?

-All humans obtained their food this way before the invention of agriculture -It is a form of nomadism -This form of subsistence is still practiced -Hunter gatherers live in small groups

According to the range concept of Central Place Theory, people should be willing to travel far distances for a(n) _______ and only willing to travel short distances for______.

-Championship sporting event; a cup of coffee -Flight out of an airport; groceries -wedding; a fast food restaurant

In the article, "Green Revolution in India: A Case Study", what were the three basic elements in the method of the Green Revolution?

-Continued expansion of farming areas. -Double-cropping existing farmland -Using seeds with improved genetics

Mixing crops and livestock allows farmers to:

-Distribute the workload of the crops and livestock evenly throughout the year. -Generate 3/4ths of their income from the sale of livestock -Create a system where crops provide food for livestock and the livestock provide manure for crop fertilization.

Genetically modified crops have:

-Higher yields -More resistance to pests

Assume that a country's largest city has 8 million people. Based on the rank-size rule, what would be the approximate population of its second-largest city?

4 million people

What percentage of the world's food is produced by women?

50%

What is a value-added crop?

A crop that is transformed into a more valuable state

What is often the result when a region or country experiences deindustrialization?

A decrease in the percentage of workers in the secondary sector

Globally, more young people are moving from rural areas to urban areas. Also, decreased prices for commodities have caused many small farmers to sell their land to commercial farms. These factors explain which of the following geographic processes?

A shift in the spatial organization of agriculture from many small family farms to fewer but larger commercial farms

Which statement explains how a strong infrastructure helps businesses succeed?

A strong infrastructure gives businesses easy, reliable access to a qualified labor pool and transportation for goods.

According to the multiple nuclei model, an airport is likely to attract nearby

Industries

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) of 1994 resulted in a boom of _________exports from Mexico to the United States.

Avocados

Which term is used to describe how land costs are determined?

BId-rent theory

Which of the following is an example of how inclusionary zoning laws are used in urban areas in response to social and economic challenges?

Boulder, Colorado, requires developers of rental properties to provide affordable units.

Shifting cultivation is common in this area because of the destruction of the Amazon rainforest

Brazil

Each circle on the graph represents the average number of years of schooling for girls in one country. The countries with the lowest and highest averages in their regions are also labeled. Which country has the lowest average based on the graph?

Burkina Faso

Based on the photo, what is one way Bosco Verticale and its surrounding development supports Milan's urban sustainability?

By reducing the city's ecological footprint

The three largest government subsidy programs go to farms that produce:

Corn, Soybeans, and Wheat

In which country do women make up more than half of the agricultural workforce?

Canada

Horses were domesticated in

Central Asia

Which region hosts the country with the highest average number of years of schooling?

Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia

According to the map Houston's food insecurity is greatest in____________parts of Harris county.

Central and Northern

Which of the following best describes the area in which core automotive manufacturing occurred?

Central and Southeastern Michigan, Eastern Indiana, and Northwest Ohio

Explains how the most profitable location can be chosen

Central place theory

Which conclusion do the graphs support?

China relies on Kazakhstan for some raw materials used in manufacturing.

In April 2018, _______ launched its South-to-North Water Diversion Project, which is anticipated to move 44.8 billion cubic meters of fresh water annually from the ______ River to the northern provinces using three canal systems.

China, Yangtze

Which term refers to the network that connects places of production with distribution to consumers?

Commodity chain

Which statement best describes a major concern for countries with commodity dependence?

Commodity dependence will undermine the ability of peripheral countries to develop their economies.

Which statement about commodity dependence is accurate?

Commodity-dependent countries are vulnerable to commodity price changes.

Who benefits most directly from agglomeration?

Companies

Which term refers to the relative cost advantages of producing certain goods and services for trade?

Comparative advantage

Land values are high in the CBD primarily because of

Competition for limited space

How did the Columbian Exchange result in the global spread of agriculture?

Crops from the Americas were adopted in regions of Europe, Asia, and Africa that had similar climates.

Wheat farmers spread out the fixed costs of combines over the tons of wheat harvested, resulting in a higher return on investment because the fixed costs remain the same. Which concept does this exemplify?

Economy of scale

What is the best example of a sustainable development initiative?

Ecotourism

Which of the following is an indicator of women's empowerment as measured by the Gender Inequality Index?

Educational attainment

Which concept is depicted in the diagram?

Elevation

Farming varies around the world because of ____________across space.

Environmental and cultural factors

Which of the following statements best explains the location of the field-crop belt in this model?

Field crops are less perishable and easier to transport, so they were located on less expensive land farther from the market but not on the cheapest land.

The Second Agricultural Revolution occurred at the same time as another revolution that started in this country.

Great Britain

The Ogallala Aquifer is important to the farmers of this region:

Great Plains

Which of the following is an example of a service sector job?

Grocery store cashier

Farmers in more developed and less developed countries share which of the following problems?

Inadequate income

What change in production conditions has most significantly limited the usefulness of least-cost theory for contemporary industry?

Increasing labor costs

Which statement explains a shortcoming of the bid-rent theory?

It assumes that a city exists on a flat, featureless plane with all employment opportunities found in a single central business district.

How does engaging women in the agricultural sector influence society?

It contributes to better overall nurientment for children

What is the main problem with slash and burn agriculture?

It depletes the soil of nutrients.

Which limitation of the model is supported by the graphic?

It does not allow for the stages of growth in countries to differ by region.

Which statement accurately describes the sustainable design initiative shown in the map?

It features a ring of open space maintained around an urban area.

Why is Dell Computers an example of a post-Fordist organization?

It grew by providing customized products.

Which of the following accurately defines the term agricultural landscapes?

Landscapes resulting from the interactions between farming activities and a location's natural environment

Which rural survey method was commonly used in Louisiana?

Long-lot system

Which of the following is a benefit of outsourcing for people in outsourcing countries?

Lower prices for consumers

Which two barometers are used to measure reproductive health within the Gender Inequality Index?

Maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rate

Based on "Dreaming of an Industrial Revolution," what invention has and is helping Africa (Nigeria) move further in the Industrial Revolutionary process

Mobile phone

Which of the following contributed to the increased emphasis on economies of scale in farming?

Modern farming technology

Which statement accurately describes the concept of subsistence farming?

Most subsistence farming occurs in rural areas of peripheral countries, where farmers lack access to economic resources and global markets.

Internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.

Multiple nuclei model

A corporation builds a new manufacturing plant in another country, bringing new jobs to the area. The new plant and its workers need support services, such as food, office supplies, and gasoline to travel to and from work. Which concept is illustrated in this example?

Multiplier effects

Which term describes the positive economic impact a new manufacturing plant has on other sectors of the economy?

Multiplier effects

According to central place theory, which of the following has the highest threshold and range?

Museum

What are the two main practices of the Green Revolution?

New seed technology and increased use of fertilizers

The map shows the percentages of people 14 years and older in each country who were able to read and write in 2015. Which country had a literacy rate below 40 percent?

Niger

Which of the following correctly describes the location of most disamenity zones?

On the periphery of large cities

What agricultural practice is practiced by the Tuareg, as shown in the photo?

Pastoral nomadism

Which type of agriculture is found primarily in less developed countries?

Plantation

If a country's largest city has 1,000,000 inhabitants and the second largest city has 200,000 inhabitants, the country follows what distribution?

Primate city

A process by which banks designate an area within which they refuse to lend money for improvements is

Redlining

Which statement accurately compares the practices of redlining and blockbusting?

Redlining involved banks not lending money to residents of certain areas, while blockbusting involved real estate agents persuading Whites to sell their homes at below-market prices.

Which advance has contributed most to changes that make the von thunen model less relevant today than it was when it was introduced?

Refrigerators

Which of the following is an example of how terracing alters the landscape?

Rice paddies in the Philippines

The Norfolk four-field system shown in the diagram was a key innovation of which of the following revolutions?

Second agricultural revolution

Which of the following statements accurately compares slash and burn farming with shifting agriculture?

Slash and burn farming is a type of shifting agriculture; however, slash and burn alters landscapes permanently, while shifted fields are returned to cropland.

Intensive subsistence agriculture-wet rice dominant is common in this area of Asia

South China

According to "Manufacturing: The Third Industrial Revolution" as technology progresses, governments need to_______.

Stick to the business of government

Which of the following is an example of government officials developing policies to reduce rural-to-urban migration?

The Indonesian government revived a program to fund the development of economic growth and stability within villages, creating increased opportunities for villagers.

Where did the financial crisis of 2007-2008 begin?

The United States

Which factor had the greatest influence on the location and growth of Chicago, Illinois?

The advent of the railroad

Which of the following is an example of offshore outsourcing by a U.S. company?

The creation of customer call centers in India

Today's detractors of the "Green Revolution" point out that it has not been proven to be sustainable in the long run due to

The dependence farmers have on buying special seeds and expensive fertilizers

Why should varying scales of analysis be used when measuring a country's standard of living?

There may be distinct regional or local differences in standards of living within countries, and country-level data may mask this unequal development.

Which statement correctly describes world system theory?

The theory includes both political and economic elements and can be viewed as either a political or economic theory with geographic effects.

Which statement accurately describes Gross National Income (GNI) per capita?

The total value of goods and services globally produced by a country in a year divided by the country's population

Which statement is true regarding economic activities in the primary sector?

They focus on the acquisition of raw materials to produce goods.

Based on the table, which conclusion can be drawn about the creators of the goals? (UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS)

They recognize the link between sustainability and economic development.

Which of the following best describes the main goal of ecotourism?

To reduce the negative environmental impact of tourism

Which term describes areas of poorly planned, low-density development surrounding a city?

Urban sprawl

Which term refers to the process of the development of dense concentrations of people into settlements?

Urbanization

From its hearth, where did industrialization initially diffuse?

Western Europe and North America

Which statement accurately explains how patterns of poverty, tax revenues, and infrastructure problems are related?

When patterns of poverty occur, wealthier residents move to the suburbs and housing values near the central business district drop, resulting in declining tax revenues and fewer means for the government to provide services to inner-city residents.

In the article, "A Journey Through the History of American Food in 100 Bites" the most popular soft drink in the world, Coca-Cola, was marketed for those with:

addiction problems

Which of the following statements best explains the location of the forest belt in this model?

Wood was needed for heating, cooking, and building, and its high transportation costs meant that the forests should be located near the market.

The chart ranks the top world cities as measured by the Global Power City Index (GPCI). Which of the following conclusions about world cities is supported by the chart?

World cities are economic and cultural leaders.