Hist 1001 Final Johnson

Treaty of Verdun

* Signed in August 843 * The first of the treaties that divided the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms among the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, he son and successor of Charlemagne . * The treaty signed in Verdun-sur-Meuse ended the three-year Carolingian Civil War.

Dante

Was a major Italian poet of the late Middle Ages. His Divine Comedy, originally called Comedìa and later called Divina by Boccaccio, is widely considered the greatest literary work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature

_Magna Carta_

What: A charter agreed by King John of England, first drafted by the Archbishop of Canterbury to make peace between the unpopular King and a group of rebel When: 1215 Where: Runnymede, near Windsor So what: it promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and limitations on feudal payments to the, to be implemented through a council of 25 barons. Note: Neither side stood behind their commitments, and the charter was annulled by Pope Innocent III, leading to the First Barons' War.

House of Wisdom

What: A major intellectual center during the Islamic Golden Age. When: 8th century Where: Baghdad, Iraq So what: was founded by Caliph Harun al-Rashid and culminated under his son al-Ma'mun who is credited with its formal institution.

Great Schism

What: Break of communion between what are now the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches When: 11th century Where: Greek East and Latin West So what: Rival popes reigned at Rome and Avignon. The dispute within the Catholic church was over papal succession.

Investiture Controversy

What: Conflict between Church and state in medieval Europe. Series of popes challenged the authority of European monarchies. When: 11th -12th century Where: Holy Roman Empire So what: The conflict ended in 1122, when Emperor Henry V and Pope Calixtus II agreed on the Concordat of Worms. It differentiated between the royal and spiritual powers and gave the emperors a limited role in selecting bishops. The outcome was mostly a victory for the pope and his claim that he was God's chief representative in the world.

_Latin Kingdom of Constantinople_

What: Feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. When: 13th century Where: Byzantine Empire So what: It was established after the capture of Constantinople. The Latin Empire failed to attain political or economic dominance over the other Latin powers that had been established in former Byzantine territories in the wake of the Fourth Crusade

Pope Leo III

What: He subsequently strengthened Charlemagne's position by crowning him Roman Emperor and Augustus of the Romans When: 7th -8th century Where: Roman Empire (Rome) So what: Leo helped restore King settled various matters of dispute between the Archbishops of York and Canterbury.

*Unam Sanctam*

What: One of the most extreme statements of Papal spiritual supremacy ever made. When: 1302 (14th century) So what: The Bull lays down dogmatic propositions on the unity of the Catholic Church, the necessity of belonging to it for eternal salvation, the position of the pope as supreme head of the Church, and the duty thence arising of submission to the pope in order to belong to the Church and thus to attain salvation.

_Hundred Years' War_

What: Series of conflicts for 116 years. Edwardian War (1337-1360): English victory Caroline War (1369-1389): French victory Lancastrian War (1415-1453): French victory; House of Valois maintains the throne of France When: 1337 to 1453 (14th - 15th century) Where: All of Europe **So what:** The war owes its historical significance to multiple factors. By its end, feudal armies had been largely replaced by professional troops, and aristocratic dominance had yielded to a democratisation of the manpower and weapons of armies. Although primarily a dynastic conflict, the war gave impetus to ideas of French and English nationalism. The wider introduction of weapons and tactics supplanted the feudal armies where heavy cavalry had dominated.

Constitutions of Clarendon

What: Set of legislative procedures passed by Henry II of England . The Constitutions were claimed to restore the judicial customs observed during the reign of Henry I When: 1164. Where: England So what: The Constitutions were composed of 16 articles and represent an attempt to restrict ecclesiastical privileges and curb the power of the Church courts and the extent of Papal authority in England.

_Avignon Papacy_

What: Seven successive Popes resided in Avignon, in France, rather than in Rome. This situation arose from the conflict between the Papacy and the French crown. When: 14th century Where: France So what: With France supporting the Pope in Avignon and England supporting the Pope in Rome. At the end of the century, still in the state of schism, the Papacy had lost most of its direct political power, and the nation states of France and England were established as two of the main powers in Europe.

Mecca

What: Trade city where tribes would set up statues of their gods When: 6th century (570) Where: Arabia So what: Muhammad was born in Mecca

_Great Western Schism_

What: Was a split within the Roman Catholic Church. When: 1378 to 1417 (14th - 15th century) Where: Europe So what: Several men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. Driven by politics rather than any theological disagreement, the schism was ended by the Council of Constance. The Schism in the Western Roman Church resulted from the return of the papacy to Rome under Gregory XI on January 17, 1377, ending the Avignon Papacy

First Crusade

What: first of a number of crusades that attempted to capture the Holy Lands by Pope Urban II. When: 11th century Where: Roman Catholic Europe So what: Ultimately resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem in 1099, freeing of the Eastern Christians from Muslim rule. Succeeded in establishing the "crusader states"

Saint Anselm of Canterbury

Who: A Benedictine monk, philosopher, and prelate of the Church, who held the office of Archbishop of Canterbury What: Exiled from England from 1097 to 1100, and again from 1105 to 1107 (under Henry I of England), as a result of the investiture controversy, the most significant conflict between Church and state in Medieval Europe. When: 11th century Where: England So what: Made Proslogium and his Cur Deus Homo (Why god exist)

**Christopher Columbus**

Who: An Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer, citizen of the Republic of Genoa. What: Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean. When: 15th - 16th century Where: Spain So what: His efforts to establish permanent settlements on the island of Hispaniola, initiated the Spanish colonization of the New World. Discovered the "New World" of the Americas on an expedition sponsored by King Ferdinand of Spain in 1492.

**Joan of Arc**

Who: Considered a heroine of France and a Roman Catholic saint. What: She is one of the nine secondary patron saints of France. She was burned at the stake. Twenty-five years after her execution, an inquisitorial court authorized by Pope Callixtus III examined the trial, debunked the charges against her, pronounced her innocent, and declared her a martyr. When: 15th century Where: France, Killed in England So what: With no military training, Joan convinced the embattled crown prince Charles of Valois to allow her to lead a French army to the besieged city of Orléans, where it achieved a momentous victory over the English and their French allies, the Burgundians.

Henry II

Who: Duke of Normandy and King of England What: He restored the royal administration in England, re-established hegemony over Wales and gained full control over his lands in Anjou, Maine and Touraine. When: 12th century Where: England So what: Henry's desire to reform the relationship with the Church led to conflict with his former friend Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury. This controversy lasted for much of the 1160s and resulted in Becket's murder in 1170.

William of Normandy

Who: First Norman King of England What: he launched the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The rest of his life was marked by struggles to consolidate his hold over England and his continental lands and by difficulties with his eldest son. When: 11th century Where: So what: From the Battle of Hastings to the Domesday Book, William was responsible for truly extraordinary events in England's history.

Charles Martel

Who: Frankish statesman and military leader who What: Duke and Prince of the Franks and de facto ruler of Francia. Founding figure of the European Middle Ages. When: 7th century Where: Francia So what: Successfully asserted his claims to power as successor to his father as the power behind the throne in Frankish politics. He restored centralized government in Francia and began the series of military campaigns.

Peter Abelard

Who: French scholastic philosopher, theologian and preeminent logician. What: A composer. When: 11th - 12th century Where: France So what: He wrote a collection of inconsistencies and titled it Sic et non. Assemblage of opposite opinions on doctrinal points culled from the Fathers as a basis for discussion. Ex: Is God a single unitary being, or not?

Otto I the Great

Who: German King/ Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire What: Otto was "the first of the Germans to be called the emperor of Italy" When: 10th century Where: Holy Roman Empire So what: Otto transformed the Roman Catholic Church in Germany to strengthen the royal office and subjected its clergy to his personal control.

Francis of Assisi

Who: Italian Catholic friar and preacher What: Canonized as St. Francis of Assisi is the patron saint for ecologists — a title honoring his boundless love for animals and nature. When: 12th - 13th century Where: Italy/ Holy Roman Empire So what: He founded the men's Order of Friars Minor, the women's Order of St. Clare, and the Third Order of Saint Francis for men and women not able to live the lives of itinerant preachers. Note: Franciscans are people and groups who adhere to the teachings and spiritual disciplines of St Francis of Assisi and of his main associates and followers. They all live according to a body of regulations known as "The Rule of St Francis"

_Boccaccio_

Who: Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. What: Wrote a number of notable works, including The Decameron and On Famous Women. When: 14th century Where: So what: Boccaccio is particularly noted for his realistic dialogue, which differed from that of his contemporaries, medieval writers who usually followed formulaic models for character and plot. Boccaccio may have been tutored by Giovanni Mazzuoli and received from him an early introduction to the works of Dante.

_John I_

Who: King of England What: Most famous for signing the Magna Carta. When: 12th - 13th century Where: England So what: Lost the duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, which resulted in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire and contributed to the subsequent growth in power of the Capetian dynasty during the 13th century.

_Philip IV_

Who: King of France and Navarre What: Philip and his advisors were instrumental in the transformation of France from a feudal country to a centralized state. Philip, who sought an uncontested monarchy, compelled his vassals by wars and restricted feudal usages. His ambitions made him highly influential in European affairs. His goal was to place his relatives on thrones. When: 13th century Where: France So what: He tried and failed to make another relative the Holy Roman Emperor. He began the long advance of France eastward by taking control of scattered fiefs.

Henry IV

Who: King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor What: His reign was marked by the Investiture Controversy with the Papacy and several civil wars over his throne both in Italy and Germany. When: 11th Where: Holy Roman Empire So what: Henry eventually overthrew Gregory, but would succumb to the new ordinances.

Muhammad

Who: Last prophet and messenger of God What: The founder and chief prophet of Islam and the source for the Quran When: 6th -7th century Where: Mecca/ Arabia So what: founder of Islam, gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca t take it back for Muslim people to worship God.

Gregory I the Great (Pope Gregory I)

Who: Pope What:Well known for his writings, more prolific of any other pope that his predecessors. He is also known as St. Gregory the Great in Eastern Christianity because of his *Dialogues*. When: 6th - 7th century Where: Byzantine Empire (Rome) So what: He was the first of the popes to come from a monastic background. De facto author of the Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts.

Innocent III

Who: Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential popes. What: Claimed supremacy over all of Europe's kings. Innocent called for Christian crusades against Muslim Spain the Holy Land, and southern France. When: 12th Where: Holy Roman Empire So what: Most critical decisions was organizing the Fourth Crusade. Originally intended to attack Jerusalem through Egypt, a series of unforeseen circumstances led the crusaders to Constantinople, where they ultimately attacked and sacked the city (1204)

Gregory VII

Who: Pope Saint Gregory VII What: One of the great reforming popes When: 11th century Where: Holy Roman Emperor So what: He is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor that affirmed the primacy of papal authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the College of Cardinals. He thrice excommunicated Henry. Dictatus Papae.

Urban II

Who: Pope Urban II What: establish his authority as legitimate pope throughout Christendom. He attempted, with moderation and tolerance, to reconcile the church-state traditions of his age with ecclesiastical notions of reform. When: 11th century Where: Holy Roman Empire So what: He is best known for initiating the First Crusade (1096-1099) and setting up the modern-day Roman Curia in the manner of a royal ecclesiastical court to help run the Church.

Philip II

Who: Was a Capetian King of France and the first to be called by that title. What: Philip broke up the large Angevin Empire and defeated a coalition of his rivals (German, Flemish and English) at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214. When: 11th - 12th century Where: France So what: Philip Augustus transformed France from a small feudal state into the most prosperous and powerful country in Europe. Philip II Augustus would play a significant role in one of the greatest centuries of innovation in construction and in education. With Paris as his capital, he had the main thoroughfares paved, built a central market.

Jan Hus

Who: a Czech priest, philosopher, early Christian reformer and Master at Charles University in Prague. What: After John Wycliffe, the theorist of ecclesiastical Reformation, Hus is considered the first Church reformer, as he lived before Luther, Calvin and Zwingli. When: 14th - 15th century Where: Prague/ Holy Roman Empire So what: Hus was a key predecessor to the Protestant movement of the sixteenth century, and his teachings had a strong influence on the states of Europe. He was burned at the stake for heresy against the doctrines of the Catholic Church

Thomas Aquinas

Who: an Italian Dominican friar and Catholic priest What: Immensely influential philosopher and theologian in the tradition of scholasticism When: 13th century Where: France/ Rome So what: He was the foremost classical proponent of natural theology, and the father of Thomism. His influence on Western thought is considerable, and much of modern philosophy was conceived in development or opposition of his ideas, particularly in the areas of ethics, natural law, metaphysics, and political theory.

Ali

Who: the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad What: First young male to accept Islam. Him and his descendants the rightful successors (Caliphs) to Muhammad. When: 7th century Where: Mecca/ Aribia So what: Ali was appointed Caliph by the Companions of Muhammad (the Sahaba) in Medina after the assassination of the third caliph

John Wycliffe

Who: was an English Scholastic philosopher, theologian, lay preacher, translator, reformer and university teacher at Oxford. What: He was an influential dissident in the Roman Catholic Church. When: 14th century Where: England So what: His followers were known as Lollards, a somewhat rebellious movement, which preached anticlerical and biblically-centred reforms. The Lollard movement was a precursor to the Protestant Reformation. He was one of the earliest opponents of papal authority over secular power.

Battle of Hastings

between the Norman-French army of Duke William II of Normandy and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold II. 11th century. Beginning the Norman conquest of England. Hastings effectively marked the culmination of William's conquest of England.