HIST 2381 ch 4-6

Arrange the trends related to slaves' population growth in Virginia in chronological order.

1. Blacks constituted one-fourth of the colony's total population. 2. The number of Africans imported into the colony had declined. 3. Virginian slave communities exhibited greater stability.

Arrange the federal government policies, which were introduced in the eighteenth century, that inspired most blacks to be more cautious than comfortable in a chronological order.

1. Congress passed a legislation that limited naturalization to white immigrants. 2. The nation's lawmakers made militia service available to white men only. 3. A federal law mandated interstate cooperation in the capture and return of fugitive slaves.

Arrange the events related to the disenfranchisement of blacks in the correct order of occurrence. (Place the event that occurred first at the top.)

1. Maryland limited the right of suffrage to white male citizens. 2. Black voters in New Jersey were disfranchised along with property-owning women. 3. The Connecticut legislature passed laws requiring that each voter meet the property and residence qualifications of the state. 4. Blacks in Rhode Island lost the right to vote. 5. Pennsylvania disfranchised its black male voters.

Arrange the following American states in descending order of black population during the eighteenth century.

1. New York 2. New Jersey 3. Pennsylvania

Between 1790 and 1800, the black population in Boston increased by more than _____ percent.

53

Identify the buildings for the construction of which white philanthropy played an important role in the nineteenth century. (Check all that apply.)

A black Episcopal church, St. Phillip's, in New York The Bethel AME Church in Philadelphia The African Meeting House in Boston

Identify the purposes of the legislation proposed by the Maryland General Assembly in 1801. (Check all that apply.)

Abolishing property restrictions Ridding the state of black voters who were historically free

Religious leaders in the black community, such as Daniel Coker of Maryland and Lott Carey of Virginia, sought to make a home in _____ for missionary purposes.

Africa

Identify an accurate statement about Shays's Rebellion.

African Americans participated in the revolt, both as rebels and as volunteers in the Massachusetts militia that crushed it.

Which of the following statements is true of slavery in South Carolina?

African men and women in the colony were not prohibited from interracial sexual contact.

Which of the following was essential for farmers and mariners because they gave the times of high tide and low tide?

Almanacs

By the end of the War for Independence, forces had been set in motion to effect a change in the status of _____.

American blacks

In _____, published in 1787, Jupiter Hammon confessed to feeling a personal Christian duty to bear slavery patiently, while at the same time acknowledging the evil of the institution and his hopes for the manumission of black youths.

An Address to the Negroes of the State of New York

_____, on gaining his freedom in the 1790s, formed in Savannah the First African Baptist Church, which in 1803 spawned two additional churches.

Andrew Bryan

Which of the following religious groups were represented by the European settlers in the Middle Colonies during the eighteenth century? (Check all that apply.)

Anglicans Quakers Huguenots Baptists

Identify the city in the southern part of the United States that had the nation's largest free-black population throughout the antebellum period.

Baltimore

During the religious revivals of the Great Awakening of the 1740s, which of the following religious groups grew tremendously among whites and blacks alike in the Middle Colonies? (Check all that apply.)

Baptists Methodists

_____ within the first year of residency in Virginia was the fate of about one-quarter of the African-born slaves.

Death

Identify the only Mid-Atlantic state that failed to legislate in favor of emancipation of slaves.

Delaware

Why did Francisco Menendez and the other residents evacuate Mose in 1763 and resettled in Havana, Cuba? (Check all that apply.)

Due to Mose's poverty Due to the British colonies' harsher slave laws

Celebrated in New York and New Jersey, the festival of Pinkster blended African and _____ cultures.

Dutch

Phillis Wheatley credited her manumission, granted by Mr. and Mrs. Wheatley on Phillis's return to Boston from London, to the efforts of her _____ supporters.

English

Which of the following statements best defines the conditions of slaves in Virginia after 1740?

Ethnic differences among slaves lessened.

True or false: Blacks fought on the American rather than the British side during the War of 1812.

False This is false. A large number of blacks enlisted in the U.S. Navy, frequently without reference to race. They fought also on the British side during the War of 1812.

What did the British promise to all fugitive slaves during the War of 1812?

Freedom

Identify a characteristic of New England's black population.

It grew slowly at first, but then more quickly between 1720 and 1750.

Which of the following New England colonies saw a significant growth of its slave population in the eighteenth century?

Rhode Island

Identify the New England colonies where slaves celebrated Negro Election Day every year. (Check all that apply.)

Rhode Island Massachusetts Connecticut

Which of the following items were traded by New England traders for slaves from Africa? (Check all that apply.)

Rum Fish Dairy products

Which of the following provided the initial cement for the building of cohesive free-black communities in the early years of the United States?

Shared institutions

Identify an accurate statement about the works of Phillis Wheatley.

She called attention to the contradiction of slaveholders' cries for liberty in a letter to Samson Occum.

Which of the following statements is true about Creoles in North America during the eighteenth century?

The Creole population contained a growing number of multiracial persons.

Identify an accurate statement about the Federalists in the United States.

The Federalists in New York and Boston courted black voters to counterbalance the votes of working-class Irish immigrants.

True or false: Freedom, along with the Catholic identity of Florida, inspired the slaves to rebel at Stono.

True This is true. Proclamations from the Spanish crown in 1693 and 1733, offering freedom to fugitive slaves who professed Roman Catholicism, lured many British-owned slaves to St. Augustine. This likely explains specific African patterns of conduct among the Stono rebels. Thus freedom, along with the Catholic identity of Florida, inspired the slaves to rebel at Stono.

According to the census, which of the following New England states did not have slavery at all in 1790? (Check all that apply.)

Vermont Massachusetts

Identify the two northern states that could point to specific plans for abolition of slavery even before end of the War for Independence. (Check all that apply.)

Vermont Massachusetts

In 1790, _____ had, by far, the largest black population, slave or free, in the United States of America.

Virginia

Identify the southern states that revised their laws in the 1780s and 1790s to make it easier for individual masters to free their slaves. (Check all that apply.)

Virginia Delaware Maryland

The Mose militia defended Spanish Florida during the _____ in the eighteenth century.

War of Jenkins' Ear

Identify an accurate statement about slaves in Virginia in the 1720s.

Woman slaves were imported to Virginia.

In the early republican period, pamphlet literature testified to _____.

blacks' intellectual ability and writing skills

For several organizations that supported manumission, such as the Connecticut Emancipation Society, the _____ was the ultimate aim.

colonization of free blacks

The public obligation to _____ was established in the Northwest Territory in 1787.

return fugitive slaves

_____ spurred black migration to Boston at the end of the eighteenth century.

The early demise of slavery and the slave trade in Massachusetts

Identify the factors responsible for the growth of the African American population during the nineteenth century. (Check all that apply.)

The emergence of new service industries New commercial and crafts opportunities Increased opportunities in the maritime trades

What were the causes of the War of 1812? (Check all that apply.)

The expansionism of Americans moving west across the Appalachians The impressment of American sailors on the high seas by the Royal Navy British violations of Americans' neutral rights

In 1790, _____ had 2,600 slaves that accounted for the bulk of the 3,700 who remained in bondage in New England.

Connecticut

_____ referred to the supporters of colonization as "men of mistaken views."

New York blacks

Slaves in Louisiana were engaged in _____.

intraregional trade

Identify an effect of the British bid for black support on the American rebels' military policies.

Most states began to enlist both slaves and free blacks for military service.

Identify an accurate statement about Phillis Wheatley.

She was a slave in Boston, having been brought from Africa to America in 1761.

In the context of party politics, identify an accurate statement about Americans.

Black Americans, like white Americans, understood the importance of electoral politics.

What enhanced the building of black community associations and institutions in the United States during the nineteenth century?

Black leaders' personal relationships with wealthy and benevolent whites

Which of the following is true about the role of African Americans in wars?

Blacks had not won the right to fight as soldiers in the War of Independence.

What happened after Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, issued a proclamation related to his Majesty's troops on November 7, 1775?

Blacks were enlisted as members of the Ethiopian Regiment and given uniforms.

The farmers' revolt for economic justice led by Daniel Shays in Massachusetts during the fall and winter of 1786-1787 is referred to as _______ _______.

Blank 1: Shays's Blank 2: Rebellion

On March 5, 1770, Crispus Attucks was unquestionably front and center in what American Patriots quickly labeled the _____.

Boston Massacre

Identify the ways in which slaves made their voices heard in Massachusetts. (Check all that apply.)

Boston slaves were at the forefront of the black freedom petition movement during the Revolutionary era. Blacks presented five petitions to the Massachusetts legislature in 1773 and 1774. Boston slaves participated in street demonstrations.

In the 1780s, how did small farmers and landless rural workers challenge the authority by which the elite ruled the American states? (Check all that apply.)

By demanding stronger guarantees of human rights By demanding liberal and democratic land laws By demanding moratoriums on their debts

In 1740, after the War of Jenkins' Ear in North America, most of the Mose residents went to live in _____.

St. Augustine

The racial demographics of South Carolina looked more like that of the _____ colonies than of any English colony in mainland North America.

Caribbean

Identify the British-occupied port cities from where blacks on the British side evacuated in 1782 after the American Revolution. (Check all that apply.)

Charleston New York Savannah

Identify the black churches and denominations that were organized in the United States from the 1790s through 1810. (Check all that apply.)

Congregations of Baptists in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia The African Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia, New York, Baltimore, and other cities The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church in New York

Identify the occupations of male slaves in Charleston. (Check all that apply.)

Coopers Carpenters Porters

True or false: After the birth of the white-led American Colonization Society (ACS), colonization evoked a positive response from Philadelphia blacks.

False This is false. After the birth of the white-led American Colonization Society (ACS), colonization evoked a very different response from Philadelphia blacks. Within ten years, black opposition rose to fever pitch at meetings in Baltimore, Boston, New York, Hartford, New Haven, Pittsburgh, and many other cities.

True or false: Creole Maroon societies discontinued after the Spanish took control of Louisiana in 1763.

False This is false. Creole Maroon societies continued after the Spanish took control of Louisiana in 1763. During the early 1780s, and especially with the rise of the cypress lumbering industry, Maroons established villages in the cypress swamps of Bas du Fleuve, which lies between New Orleans and the mouth of the Mississippi River.

True or false: In 1779, Georgia and South Carolina accepted the idea of blacks as soldiers on the recommendation of the Continental Congress.

False This is false. In 1779, the Continental Congress recommended that three thousand blacks be recruited in Georgia and South Carolina, which were facing a British invasion. Georgia and South Carolina took alarm over the plan and summarily rejected it.

True or false: In what historian Daniel Usner terms a "frontier exchange economy," slaves, free blacks, European settlers, and Indians all brought leather goods and metal utensils to the multi-ethnic market at New Orleans.

False This is false. In what historian Daniel Usner terms a "frontier exchange economy," slaves, free blacks, European settlers (both French and German), and Indians all "brought grains, vegetables, fruits, and poultry to the multi-ethnic market at New Orleans," as well as in other towns and outposts along the various river systems in the colony.

True or false: The effects of the gradual slave emancipation act introduced in New York State in 1799 were felt in 1800.

False This is false. The effects of gradual emancipation in New York State were not felt until 1810: census data for that year reveal a significant drop in New York City's slave population, whose actual number stood at 1,446, or 16.3 percent of the city's total number of blacks.

True or false: Black leaders always saw eye to eye with white donors who enhanced black institution building.

False This is false. Though white philanthropy played an important role in enhancing black institution building, black leaders did not always see eye to eye with white donors.

Lemuel Haynes, a Revolutionary War veteran and a Congregationalist minister to churches in Connecticut and Vermont, was the most outspoken black _____ in the United States.

Federalist

Free-black voters preferred the _____ because of their prominence in the early republic's antislavery societies, especially in northern American cities.

Federalists

Identify a characteristic of slave society in New England in the eighteenth century.

Fewer blacks lived in New England than in any other region in North America.

When French Admiral Count D'Estaing recruited men in Saint Domingue to serve with the French forces that were scheduled to invade the American South, more than five hundred black and mulatto freemen volunteered, forming the French contingent known as the _____.

Fontages Legion

Identify the people who were excluded from the new army by General Washington on November 12, 1775. (Check all that apply.)

Free blacks Boys unable to bear arms Old men unable to endure the fatigue of combat

Which of the following is true of black communities in the United States during the nineteenth century?

Free blacks represented a significantly more urbanized group compared to whites.

According to the Massachusetts Committee on Safety, May 1775, which of the following should serve in the army?

Freemen

In addition to Henri Christophe, future Haitian revolutionaries André Rigaud, Jean-Baptiste Villate, Jacques Beauvais, and Jean Savary gained military experience in the American Revolution as a by-product of the _____ alliance with the Americans.

French

During the eighteenth century in New York, which of the following often became the plunder of war for both sides and were stolen, sold, and used for their captors' purposes?

Fugitive slaves

At the Philadelphia Convention, delegates from _____ vigorously demanded that slaves be counted equally with whites when it came to apportioning congressional seats and electoral votes.

Georgia and South Carolina

The War of 1812 was the second conflict between the United States and _____.

Great Britain

On January 1, 1804, the Republic of _____ became the world's first black republic and the second New World nation, after the United States, to win its independence.

Haiti

Identify an accurate statement about Joshua Johnston.

He made his living by advertising his skills in local newspapers.

On December 31, 1775, what did George Washington do fearing that blacks would seek service in the British army?

He partially reversed his earlier policy against enlisting blacks in the Continental Army.

Identify the true statement about Francisco Menendez, Mose's leader in all practical regards.

He typified other slaves who sought freedom from bondage.

Identify an accurate statement about James Armistead Lafayette, an African American who served in the Revolutionary War.

He was a counterspy during the war.

Identify an accurate statement about William Thornton, a Quaker physician known for being one of the architects of the United States Capitol.

He was an antislavery advocate who explored the idea of colonization.

In the context of the Louisiana Purchase, identify an accurate statement about Democratic-Republican leader Thomas Jefferson.

He was greatly disturbed with the France's reacquisition of Louisiana from Spain in 1800.

Identify an accurate statement about Benjamin Banneker during the early national period in the United States.

He was the most accomplished black man of letters.

After his work with the District of Columbia Commission, what did Benjamin Banneker do after returning to his home in Maryland?

He worked on his almanacs and continued his astronomical investigations.

Identify the New World practitioners of a belief system of blended African traditions in eighteenth-century South Carolina and Georgia. (Check all that apply.)

Healers Conjurers Root "doctors"

Where did slaves in the Middle Colonies work by the middle of the eighteenth century? (Check all that apply.)

Households The crafts industry The maritime industry

From 1712 through the 1720s, the majority of Virginia's African-born slaves were _____.

Igbos

Identify an accurate statement about slavery in the colony of South Carolina Lowcountry.

In 1720, rice cultivated by slaves had grown to more than half the value of all South Carolina exports.

Identify an accurate statement about the Stono Rebellion of 1739.

It broke out when slaves killed two guards in a warehouse, secured arms, and launched a revolt against slavery.

What did the Vigilance Committee of Philadelphia do when in 1814 British troops took and burned the city of Washington?

It called on three leading black citizens requesting them to help erect defenses for the city.

Identify an accurate statement about New York City's black community.

It remained heavily enslaved compared to Boston and Philadelphia.

Which of the following is true about the democratization of the franchise for males during the nineteenth century?

It swelled the white male electorate.

Identify the accurate statements about the first black town in North America. (Check all that apply.)

It was commonly known as Mose or Fort Mose, which was established in 1738. It was characterized with "a walled fort" with houses "resembling thatched Indian huts."

Identify an accurate statement about the series of printed orations commemorating the end of the Atlantic slave trade.

It was crucial to the black pamphlet tradition.

Identify an accurate statement about the Jones and Allen pamphlet A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People during the Late Awful Calamity in Philadelphia.

It was written in defense of the black community during the city's yellow fever epidemic of 1793.

Which of the following statements is true about the pamphlet as a vehicle for social transformation?

Its success depended on its appeal to white readers as well as to black.

Which of the following were allowed to join his Majesty's troops according to a proclamation issued by Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, on November 7, 1775? (Check all that apply.)

Negroes Indentured servants

Louisiana slaves stole freedom by running away and forming _____ societies.

Maroon

Match the locations of black fighting units that participated in the War for Independence (in the left column) with white officers who led the units (in the right column).

Massachusetts: Major Samuel Lawrence Connecticut: Captain David Humphreys Rhode Island: Colonel Christopher Greene

Identify the cities where the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church had its branches springing up before it achieved denominational status in 1816. (Check all that apply.)

New Jersey towns Wilmington Baltimore Pennsylvania towns

The colony of _____ had the largest number of slaves throughout the eighteenth century.

New York

The slave population in the colony of _____ was derived from African slaves entering through its port, from the domestic slave trade in the American colonies, and from the gradual natural increase of the slave and free black population.

New York

Which of the following Mid-Atlantic states of the United States of America had a combined black population of 50,000 at the end of eighteenth century? (Check all that apply.)

New York Pennsylvania New Jersey

Federalists John Jay and Alexander Hamilton were among the founding members of the _____ in 1785.

New York Manumission Society

Which of the following factors played a key role in the conspiracy led by the slave blacksmith Gabriel in Virginia? (Check all that apply.)

News of the Haitian Revolution The arrival of French-speaking slave owners and their slaves

What happened when the War of 1812 started?

Northern black communities pledged their allegiance to the American government.

Where did the freed British-owned blacks tend to go after the War for Independence?

Nova Scotia

In 1789, the federal government reaffirmed the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 that prohibited slavery in the territory except as a punishment for convicts. Identify the states in which slavery existed regardless of this ordinance. (Check all that apply.)

Ohio Illinois Indiana Michigan Wisconsin

North America's first antislavery society was the _____.

Pennsylvania Abolition Society

Identify an accurate statement about Pennsylvania slavery during the eighteenth century.

Pennsylvania was relatively free from slave violence and white reprisal.

Relative to Boston, _____ had more affluent black businessmen, and _____ had a greater number of black artisans in the nineteenth century.

Philadelphia; New York

Identify the writer whose death in 1784 prevents his or her inclusion among the post-Revolutionary black writers.

Phillis Wheatley

The influence of cultural diversity in the colony of New York is evident in the black festival tradition of _____.

Pinkster

Which of the following organized the first antislavery society in the United States in 1775?

Quakers

Identify the subjects addressed by Phillis Wheatley in her poetry. (Check all that apply.)

Religion Death Nature

In the nineteenth century, the Massachusetts shipbuilder Paul Cuffee proposed to establish an emigration and trade relationship with _____ and organized a society with branches in black communities in the United States.

Sierra Leone

Which of the following were among the reasons behind almost 50 percent higher death rates in Philadelphia's black population than in whites during the eighteenth century? (Check all that apply.)

Slave housing Difference in diet

Which of the following is true about slave owners on Virginia tobacco plantations in the 1690s?

Slave owners preferred male to female slaves.

Given the heated debates over slavery during the drafting of the Constitution, which of the following words never appear in the actual text? (Check all that apply.)

Slavery Slave

The Massachusetts shipbuilder Paul Cuffee became deeply interested in the idea of colonization after joining the _____ in the nineteenth century.

Society of Friends

What happened at the end of the War for Independence?

Some states passed laws granting freedom to all slaves who served in the late war.

Which of the following North American states refused to accept a constitution that would prohibit the Atlantic slave trade in the 1780s?

South Carolina

Which of the following states continued to oppose the enlistment of black soldiers in the late eighteenth century? (Check all that apply.)

South Carolina Georgia

Which of the following is true of slavery conditions in the Chesapeake and in South Carolina?

South Carolina exhibited a far greater survival of African cultural elements than did the Chesapeake.

There was no resumption of slave trade in Louisiana until the _____ acquired most of the area, except for the Gulf Coast, from France in 1763.

Spanish

An incentive for the Stono Rebellion was the free black town in _____.

Spanish Florida

Identify a French colony where blacks looked to secure for themselves liberty, equality, and fraternity, for which French people at home were fighting.

St. Dominique

In the context of slavery, what were the issues of long and critical concern to the framers of the new government at the Philadelphia Convention? (Check all that apply.)

Taxation Representation

Which of the following black churches were established when the Supreme court of Pennsylvania ruled in favor of the black church's independence?

The African Methodist Episcopal Church

Identify the crucial demographic trends that worked together to reconfigure North America's black population in the eighteenth century. (Check all that apply.)

The American-born slave population began to grow through natural increase. The majority of slaves came directly from Africa.

Identify the true statements about slavery in the Northwest Territory in the 1780s and 1790s.

The courts largely upheld and protected the right of slaveholding to the former French, Native American, and British owners of blacks prior to 1787.

Identify the first organization that acted as a cornerstone around which black neighborhoods and communities were built in the early years of the United States.

The Free African Society of Newport, Rhode Island

Which of the following is true about Middle-Colony slavery in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

The colonies' expanding economies broadened opportunities for non-elite whites to buy slaves.

What was the effect of the disappearance of slavery in Philadelphia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?

The living patterns of black families changed.

In the context of Gabriel's rebellion, what enhanced black mobility and possibilities for holding secret black meetings in the eighteenth century?

The planter practice of hiring out skilled slaves to masters in urban areas

Identify an accurate statement about French-controlled lower Louisiana during the eighteenth century.

The slave-owning areas of lower Louisiana included the Mississippi Valley and the Gulf Coast.

Identify an accurate statement about slavery in Delaware during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

The state's total black population stood at over 17,000 by 1810, with more than three quarters of them free.

Identify a change in the American republic that was made for the improvement of African Americans in the years immediately after the Revolutionary War.

The states began to eradicate slavery altogether.

Identify an accurate statement about the black soldiers who were involved in the Revolutionary War.

The vast majority of black soldiers served in integrated but primarily white units.

Which of the following statements is true about the War of Jenkins' Ear in North America during the period 1739-1743?

The war began with the aggression of James Oglethorpe against the Spanish fortress at St. Augustine.

Identify an accurate statement about the proposal of surrendering fugitive slaves to their owners in the United States.

There was almost no opposition to the proposal.

Identify an accurate statement about black military that was involved in the War for Independence.

There were only a few separate black fighting units.

Identify an accurate statement about black institutions in the United States.

They emerged because of blacks' desire to participate in shared cultural traditions.

Identify an accurate statement about black community associations and institutions during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

They featured a visible urban black leadership class.

Identify an accurate statement about the newly arrived slaves in Virginia.

They found it difficult to adjust with Creoles because most of the Africans did not speak English.

In the context of slave trade, which of the following statements is true about Massachusetts, Virginia, and Maryland in the late eighteenth century?

They had already acted to prohibit the Atlantic slave trade within their own jurisdictions.

Identify an accurate statement about blacks in the early American republic.

They labored to build strong communities.

Which of the following is true of the post-Revolutionary black writers' writings?

They linked African American communities with others of African descent in the Atlantic world.

Identify the true statements about northern blacks in the early years of the United States. (Check all that apply.)

They listened to their leaders' passionate and eloquent speeches in defense of freedom. They voiced their individual and collective concerns, their prayers, their protests, and their strivings in pamphlets and other printed media.

Identify an accurate statement about black slaves in French Louisiana during the eighteenth century.

They made alliance with the Natchez Indians for their freedom.

Identify an accurate statement about blacks who participated in the War of 1812.

They made their most lasting impression during the war.

Which of the following is true of slaves in French-controlled lower Louisiana?

They managed to exercise significant cultural autonomy.

Which of the following statements is true about city slaves in the Mid-Atlantic colonies?

They moved from houses to artisan shops.

Which of the following statements is true about the soldiers of color in the Battle of New Orleans in 1814?

They occupied a position of strategic importance in the battle.

Identify an accurate statement about slaves in the grain-producing regions of Pennsylvania, of northern New Jersey, and of New York's Hudson Valley and Long Island.

They planted and harvested staple crops, manured land, chopped wood, and cleared fields.

Identify an accurate statement about American slaves during the eighteenth century.

They ran away even when they did not intend to reach British lines.

Identify an accurate statement about almanacs.

They required elaborate and precise mathematical calculations.

How did colonial propagandists react when Parliament taxed the colonists in the United States without their explicit consent during the eighteenth century?

They successfully distilled their objections into a rallying cry.

Identify an accurate statement about blacks' participation in the first battles of the war at Lexington and Concord in 1775.

They took up arms against the British and fought in subsequent battles.

In the context of the Federalist Party, identify an accurate statement about African Americans.

They voted for the party in the northern American states.

Identify an accurate statement about the republican ideals of economic independence, freedom from tyranny, and civic virtue to which whites were devoted in Virginia.

They went hand in hand with the definition of a freeman as a property owner.

Which of the following statements is true about the blacks serving in the American naval forces during the War for Independence?

They were among the crews of the coastal galleys that defended Georgia and South Carolina.

What price did blacks have to pay for supporting the Natchez Indians in 1729 revolution?

They were killed by the Choctaw.

Which of the following is true about the Boston public schools?

They were not segregated by American law.

Identify an accurate statement about mulattoes in South Carolina.

They were overrepresented among skilled laborers in the colony.

Identify an accurate statement about New England's slave men in the eighteenth century.

They were put to skilled trades as carpenters and shipwrights.

Which of the following is true of Massachusetts slaves during the 1770s?

They won rising numbers of freedom suits during the 1770s.

Francisco Menendez fled slavery in South Carolina and joined a black militia allied with the _____ against the Carolina colonists.

Yamasee Indians

Resistance to abolitionist schemes hardened in the Southern states because _____.

a large amount of capital was invested in slaves

Unlike the Chesapeake slaves, the Lowcountry slaves were _____.

allowed to serve in the role of "driver" or "overseer" and thus manage the other slaves

An important reason that caused Napoleon to decide to sell Louisiana was his _____.

failure to hold Haiti

Blacks' desire to participate in shared cultural traditions was evident in the movement to establish independent black _____.

churches

Prince Whipple and Oliver Cromwell, two African Americans who served in the Revolutionary War, accompanied General Washington in _____.

crossing the Delaware River on Christmas Day of 1776

In the early republic, blacks in the United States began to adopt various literary forms to _____.

define their own position in relation to the dominant white society

In such communities as Boston, Philadelphia, and New York, blacks held annual celebrations, with parades and church services, and afterward published and disseminated abolition-day orations that _____.

denounced slavery and the domestic slave trade

Despite support from many southern delegates in 1775, Edward Rutledge of South Carolina failed in _____.

dismissing all blacks from the army

George Washington noted that free blacks who had previously served in the Continental Army were _____.

dissatisfied at being discarded and might seek service in the British army

Eighteenth-century slave women in New England worked primarily as _____.

domestic servants

Crispus Attucks was _____.

the first martyr for American freedom

The Revolutionary War became for African Americans a struggle not simply between Great Britain and America but also between master and slave because large numbers of slaves of both Patriot and Loyalist masters _____.

escaped their bonds

In Louisiana, African slaves helped with their knowledge in cultivation and processing of _____ that came from plants that grew wild in and around New Orleans.

indigo

Cotton Mather engaged the physician Zabdiel Boylston in his attempt to persuade the Boston public on the authority of the African folk medical practice of _____.

inoculation

When Boston suffered from a smallpox epidemic in 1721-1722, the slave Onesimus was responsible for introducing his master Cotton Mather, the illustrious clergyman, to the process of _____.

inoculation

In 1791, Benjamin Banneker began _____.

issuing his almanacs

William Thornton, a Quaker physician known for being one of the architects of the United States Capitol, was famous for _____.

leading the earliest organized campaign for colonization to Africa

After the War for Independence in 1783, twelve hundred freed blacks went to London, where _____.

many of them suffered poverty and famine

In _______, or "sacred medicines," a West Central African wears amulets or charms to control his or her own health and destiny or to affect favorably or otherwise another's.

minkisi

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Joshua Johnston was the first documented professional American _____ of African descent, who worked in and around Baltimore.

painter

In 1794, Absalom Jones and Richard Allen became the first blacks to receive a copyright from the United States government for their _____.

pamphlet

Until the advent of black newspapers, _____ arguably constituted the most prolific form of "black letters" available to counter racist depictions of blacks in the dominant society's print media.

pamphlet literature

In Philadelphia, the early rise of the black community has been attributed to Pennsylvania being the first state to _____ in 1780.

pass an emancipation law

An accurate statement about slaves in French-controlled Louisiana is that they _____.

practiced African religious beliefs

According to the 1779 proclamation issued by British General Sir Henry Clinton in Phillipsburg, New York, slaves who deserted a rebel master and sought refuge with the British were to be _____.

protected

Using _____ imagery, colonial propagandists demanded from Great Britain the traditional rights they were owed by the basic fact of their shared heritage.

racial

In the fall of 1775 a council of war, consisting of George Washington, major generals Artemus Ward, Charles Lee, and Israel Putnam, and several brigadier generals, unanimously decided to _____.

reject services of all slaves for war

In the context of colonization, defenders of slavery believed that free blacks should be _____.

removed from the states due to increasing numbers

African slaves, especially those from the region between the Gambia and Senegal rivers, came to Louisiana with prior knowledge of _____ cultivation.

rice

At the end of the seventeenth century, when the first generation of Carolina colonists were desperately looking for a profitable staple crop in an unpromising environment, African slaves taught their masters about growing _____.

rice

The increase in the number of African slaves in the colony of South Carolina Lowcountry paralleled the rising significance of _____ as an export commodity.

rice

The introduction of _____ cultivation transformed black life in the South Carolina Lowcountry.

rice

A true statement about the African-born population in Virginia in the first four decades of the eighteenth century was that it _____.

rose dramatically

Public spokesman John Teasman contributed in the establishment of separate _____ under black control in New York City.

schools

Some free blacks looked outside America's borders to find _____.

self-respect and dignity

According to legal scholar A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., the usage of the euphemisms "person," "all other persons," or "such persons" for the word "_____" by the drafters of the Constitution reveals their reluctance to debate the morality of human bondage or explicitly sanction it in this most important public document.

slave

In 1790, most blacks in the South Atlantic states of America were _____.

slaves

By the second quarter of the eighteenth century, Virginia's white yeomen and former indentured servants increasingly were joining the ranks of _____ sharing with the wealthy planter class equality in racial identity and free status.

small landowners

An accurate statement about pamphleteers is that they _____.

sought to recast the continent in a new and respected light

The highest honor that Benjamin Banneker received was appointment as a(n) _____ in the District of Columbia.

surveyor

After the War for Independence, slaves on the British side were overwhelmingly sent to _____, their large numbers reinvigorating and transforming plantation agriculture there.

the Caribbean

As a response to the British bid for black support, New York offered freedom to all slaves who would serve in the army for _____ years, with their owners given a land bounty for their slaves.

three

A true statement about Negro Election Day that was celebrated by New England slaves every year is that it _____.

was a ceremony that adapted and inverted the region's white electoral celebrations

A true statement about blacks in South Carolina is that they _____.

were responsible for increasing the size of plantations in 1770

An accurate statement about female slaves in Charleston is that they _____.

worked in their masters' homes as cooks and seamstresses

Jupiter Hammon was one of the first blacks to _____.

write a spiritual autobiography