HIST17A CH2
By what percentage had the Indian population of New Spain been reduced by 1570?
90 percent
How did the gender ratio among Spanish settlers shape the society of New Spain in the sixteenth century?
A dearth of Spanish women created a society in which Spanish couples made up a tiny elite
What is a caravel?
A fast and sturdy ship favored by Portuguese explorers
Which consequence of the Spanish invasion of the Mexica empire led the Mexicans to the conclusion that their gods had abandoned them?
A raging smallpox epidemic
When the Indian population of New Spain dwindled, whom did the Spanish bring to the New World to serve them?
African Slaves
How did Charles V respond to Martin Luther's criticisms of the Catholic Church?
As Holy Roman Emperor, he pledged to defend Catholic orthodoxy against Protestants
What was the goal of Columbus and other ambitious explorers?
Becoming part of the aristocracy
Where did the Portuguese explorer Pedro ¡lvars Cabral accidentally make landfall?
Brazil
According to Martin Luther's doctrine of "justification by faith," how could Christians gain salvation?
By having faith that God would save them
How did France and England respond to Spain's new wealth and power?
By warring with Spain in Europe
What did Hern·n CortÈs and Francisco Pizarro have in common?
CortÈs and Pizarro were both triumphant conquistadors
By the early sixteenth century, the Portuguese controlled a major commercial empire in which area?
East Indies
The Spanish distributed lands to conquistadors through what system?
Encomienda
Which country's interests sponsored Martin Frobisher's sailing expedition into the waters of northern Canada?
England
What was the result of England's explorations in North America by the end of the sixteenth century?
England had tried but failed to secure a New World beachhead
Which of the following factors played a critical role in the transformation of the New World from a region dominated by descendants of Asians to one dominated by descendants of Europeans and Africans?
European diseases
Which of the following journeys of exploration confirmed Martin Waldseem¸ller's speculation about the geography of the New World?
Ferdinand Magellan's voyage, which discovered how much ocean lay between the New World and Asia
Spain believed that settling which area would protect Spanish ships from pirates and privateers?
Florida
Which statement describes the exploration patterns of European nations during the sixteenth century?
France and Spain sponsored most expeditions into the interior of North America
Why did France send Giovanni da Verrazano to scout the Atlantic coast of North America in 1524?
France wanted to find a Northwest Passage
Why did the English explorer Martin Frobisher sail into the frigid waters of northern Canada in 1576?
Frobisher hoped to find a Northwest Passage
Why did Hern·n CortÈs initially lead an expedition into Mexico in 1519?
He hoped to discover and exploit a fabulously wealthy kingdom he had heard about
From which group did explorers extract the largest treasure found in the New World before 1540?
Incas
What was a long-term consequence of the bubonic plague (the Black Death) that ravaged Europe in the mid-fourteenth century?
Increased opportunities for economic and social advancement
What does the painting "Mixed Races" suggest about New Spain?
Intermarriage occurred frequently.
What were the ramifications of Columbus's first journey?
It appeared to make Spain a challenger to Portugal in the race for a sea route to Asia
Why were some missionaries disturbed by encomenderos' brutal treatment of Indians?
It contradicted their message about a merciful God
What was the impact of the Acoma pueblo revolt on the status of Spanish settlement in the region?
It proved Spanish military superiority, but diminished the settlers' commitment to the venture
Ferdinand Magellan's voyage confirmed what about New World exploration?
It took four months to cross the Pacific Ocean
From the twelfth century through the fifteenth century, Mediterranean trade was dominated by cities in which area?
Italy
What caused the failure of the Spanish settlement of San Miguel de Gualdape?
Its settlers were ravaged by sickness and hostile Indians
What factor made the Indian population of New Spain particularly vulnerable to measles, smallpox, and respiratory illnesses?
Lack of previous exposure to these diseases
Which of the following people, given to CortÈs as a gift by a Tobascan chief, served as CortÈs's translator?
Malinali
Who published the first map that showed the New World as separate from Asia?
Martin Waldseem¸ller
In 1521, CortÈs mounted a victorious assault on which group?
Mexicans
Which European import was the decisive factor in the decimation of the New World's native populations after 1492
Microorganisms
What was the impact of Catholic missionaries' work among the Indians in New Spain?
Missionaries baptized thousands of Indians who then continued to worship their own gods
Which statement describes trade routes between Europe, Africa, and Asia during the fifteenth century?
More trade routes connected Europe and Asia than Africa and Asia
What was the result of Charles V's and Philip II's ambitions and constant warfare?
Most of the Spanish population fell into poverty
Who was exempt from taxation under the rule of Charles V and Philip II?
Nobility
Why did Juan de OÒate choose the location he did for his Spanish settlement?
Onate believed there was gold and other treasure nearby
Who founded St. Augustine Florida
Pedro MenÈndez de AvilÈs
The largest treasure produced by Spanish conquests in the New World came from
Peru
Which of these groups comprised the approximately 225,000 Spaniards who settled in Spain's colonies during the sixteenth century?
Poor young men of common lineage who were artisans, laborers, soldiers, and sailors
What made some African kingdoms receptive to relationships with the Portuguese?
Portuguese mariners brought desirable goods, including iron goods and weapons, to Africa
Who was an important advocate of Portuguese expansion from 1415 to 1460?
Prince Henry
What did Martin Luther hope to accomplish when he publicized his criticisms of the Catholic Church?
Reform in the Catholic Church
What was the name of the labor reforms issued by Spain in 1549?
Repartimiento
Why was the sixteenth century known as the Golden Age of Spain? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
Revenues from New Spain and the title of Holy Roman Emperor helped make King Charles V the wealthiest and most powerful monarch in Europe during the sixteenth century
Which New World export was a major source of wealth for Spain in the sixteenth century?
Silver
Who organized the English colonization of Roanoke Island?
Sir Walter Raleigh
What factor kept the number of African slaves low in New Spain during the sixteenth century?
Slaves were expensive
How did Hern·n CortÈs's expedition to Mexico change the course of European colonization in the New World?
Spaniards and other Europeans expected that the New World would yield large profits for their empires
What effort was known as the Reconquest?
Spanish Christians' drive to expel Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula
In the 1520s, how did the Spanish concept of war differ from the Mexican concept of war?
The Mexica sought surrender, while the Spanish sought total victory
By 1500, the explorations of Europeans had led German cartographer Martin Waldseem¸ller to conclude what?
The New World was separate from Asia
What was the outcome of Spain's rivalry with Portugal over new lands claimed through sea exploration?
The Portuguese and Spanish monarchs negotiated a treaty that divided newly explored land between them
What was the impact of the second pueblo revolt, which occurred in 1599, on the Spanish settlers in the region?
The Spaniards abandoned the settlement and returned to Mexico
Why did CortÈs and his men take Montezuma hostage and hold him under house arrest after they reached Tenochtitl·n in 1519?
The Spaniards hoped to make him a political puppet through whom they could rule the empire
How did the Tainos, who resided on the island Columbus named San Salvador, differ from the Europeans who encountered them in 1492?
The Tainos went without clothing and worshipped spirits who lived in natural objects
What does the drawing "Zuni Defend Their Pueblo Against Coronado" suggest about how the Zuni dealt with European intruders?
The ZuÒi struck first to stave off invasion
What happened to the colony founded by the English on Roanoke Island in 1587?
The colony disappeared while its leader was in England acquiring more supplies
How did political tensions in the Mexican empire contribute to its downfall in 1521?
The empire's bitter Indian subjects sought revenge against it by refusing to defend it and joining CortÈs's army
What was the economic impact of Spain's involvement in the Americas at the end of the sixteenth century?
The expenses of New Spain outstripped the revenues it created and brought Spain to the brink of bankruptcy
Why did King Henry VII of England commission an exploration to find a "Northwest Passage" 1497?
The king sought a Northwest Passage to the Indies across the North Atlantic
Why was the Spanish monarchy dissatisfied with the Spanish conquistadors' efforts in North America in the sixteenth century?
The men were unable to find any more wealthy empires with loot to exploit
Why did fifteenth-century monarchs such as Queen Isabella sponsor journeys of exploration?
The monarchs hoped to enlarge their realms and enrich their dynasties
Why did the pope support Spain's 1493 claim to the new lands Columbus had discovered in the West?
The pope was a Spaniard and wanted to award the lands to his own country
What effect did the repartimiento have on New Spain?
The repartimiento limited forced labor
What was the Columbian exchange?
The transatlantic trade of goods, ideas, and people that began in 1492
What caused the Norse to abandon their settlement at Newfoundland?
The world's climate cooled.
What prevented France and England from colonizing the New World in the sixteenth century?
Their absorption in domestic and diplomatic issues in Europe
What motivated Portuguese explorers' initial search for a sea route to Asia in the 1480s?
Their desire to bypass Mediterranean merchants
What was the significance of the sugar plantations established by the Portuguese on the Cape Verde Islands in the 1460s?
They began an association between enslaved Africans and plantation labor that would become central to the New World
Why were Columbus and his men disappointed by San Salvador?
They didn't find any riches
The Taino Zemi effigy, made to represent deities, suggests what about the Taino people?
They incorporated European and African goods into their own lives.
How did most Europeans in the fifteenth century respond to the constant threat of calamity?
They protected themselves by living amid kinfolk and friends.
Why did the Tlaxcalans assist CortÈs and the Spaniards?
They resented Mexican power
How did the acquisition of wealth from New Spain affect the economy of Charles V's and Philip II's Spain?
Wealth from New Spain was not nearly enough to finance their military ambitions
Before he conquered the Mexica in 1519, Hern·n CortÈs occupied himself as
an obscure Spanish soldier
Astrolabes and quadrants were used to
determine latitude
The Spanish man who took control of conquered towns and received tribute from conquered people was known as the
encomendero
The Portuguese determined that the most profitable way to use Africa was to
establish coastal trading posts
According to the image "Mixed Races," the residents of New Spain referred to the offspring of a Spanish man and an Indian woman as
mestizos
What invention developed by Johannes Gutenberg help set the stage for European exploration in the fifteenth century?
movable type
Malinali proved invaluable to CortÈs's mission because of her knowledge of
multiple languages
Christopher Columbus's initial journey ended when he reached an island he dubbed San Salvador, which was located
north of present-day Cuba
By the late sixteenth century, European nations realized that colonization had given Spain
power and prestige
Christopher Columbus's belief that the earth was spherical made him
similar to many other educated Europeans
The Spanish monarchy decided to establish settlements in Florida and New Mexico in the 1560s in order to
solidify its territorial claims in North America
The Spaniards had a decided advantage in weaponry over the Mexicans because they fought with weapons made of
steel
According to Martin Luther, what or who was the only true source of information about God's will?
the Bible
What development motivated western exploration during the fifteenth century?
the Black Death
At the time of his death in 1506, Christopher Columbus believed that
the East Indies lay somewhere near the New World
The Spanish monarchs' portion of the booty won by the conquistadors in the New World was known as
the Royal Fifth
After Magellan's voyage to circumnavigate the globe, most Europeans who crossed the Atlantic
were headed for the new world