History 2

Describe the development of spiritual culture of the Kazakh people in the mid XV- the first third XVIII centuries.

1) Spiritual practices and rituals: Kazakhs practiced a range of spiritual rituals and practices. Shamanic rituals included drumming, chanting and trance states for communicating with spirits and seeking guidance. Islamic practices such as prayer (salat), fasting (saum) and pilgrimage (hajj) became part of the religious rituals of those who embraced Islam. 2) Shamanistic beliefs: Shamanism had a significant impact on the spiritual culture of the Kazakh people. Shamanism implied belief in spirits, ancestors and supernatural forces, which played a certain role in everyday life of Kazakhs. Shamans, known as "baks" or "kam", mediated between the world of people and the spirit world through rituals, healing and instruction. 3) Islamic influence: During this period the Kazakhs began to experience a growing influence of Islam. Islamic teachings, practices and customs were progressively integrated into the spiritual culture of the Kazakh people. Mosques were built and Islamic scientists, known as 'kazis', played a role in the religious and legal affairs of society.

Describe the works of Muhammed Haidar Dulati and Kadyrgali Zhalairi as valuable sources on the history of the Middle Ages.

1. Muhammad Haydar Dulati: • Muhammad Haydar Dulati (1560-1621) was a famous historian, scholar and poet from the Kazakh Khanate. His most famous work is "Tarikh-i Rashidi," a comprehensive historical chronicle covering the rise and fall of the Timurid Empire and the eventual establishment of the Uzbek khanates in Central Asia. It provides valuable insights into medieval political, social, and cultural developments in the region. • Dulati's "Tarikh-i Rashidi" is highly regarded for its careful treatment of important events, descriptions of battles, and cultural practices. This work provides a detailed summary of the history of Central Asia, providing valuable information about the different dynasties, conflicts and interactions between different ethnic groups. 2. Kadyrgali Jalairi: • Kadyrgali Zhalairi (1679-1747) was an outstanding Kazakh poet and historian who made a significant contribution to the preservation of Kazakh history and culture. His works are an invaluable source for understanding the Middle Ages in Central Asia. • The most famous work of Zhalairi is the "Kazakh zhuz-name", an epic poem which gives a historical perspective on the Kazakh people and their struggle against outside invasions, in particular the Dzungars. The poem captures the spirit of resistance, unity and bravery of the Kazakh tribes in the Middle Ages.

Describe the development traditional nomadic culture of the Kazakhs in the mid 15th - the first third 18th centuries

1. Nomadic way of life: The Kazakhs were semi-nomadic, moving seasonally across the vast steppe lands of Central Asia. They relied heavily on pastoralism, especially on horses, cattle, sheep and camels. The mobility of their way of life allowed them to use different areas of pasture and adapt to changing environmental conditions. 2. Tribal organization: The Kazakhs were organized into tribal groups known as "zhuzes". These zhuzes, namely the Big Horde, the Middle Horde and the Small Horde, had their own specific territories and social structures. 3. Social structure: Kazakh society was hierarchical: at the top were Khans, followed by aristocrats (biys) who held administrative and military positions. Below them were the common people, including shepherds, craftsmen and traders. There was also a class of enslaved people, known as "karakuli", who were captured during raids. 4. Oral traditions and cultural practices: Kazakh culture and history were transmitted orally through epic poems, songs and stories. Bards, known as 'akyns', played a vital role in preserving and disseminating the Kazakh cultural heritage. Traditional arts such as embroidery and horse-riding were important elements of Kazakh cultural expression. 5. Customs and traditions: The Kazakhs had a rich set of customs and traditions that regulated various aspects of their life, including marriage, birth, death, hospitality and conflict resolution. These customs emphasised honor, respect for elders, hospitality towards guests and the importance of community solidarity. 6) Economic activity and trade: The Kazakhs practiced cattle breeding as their main economic activity, using the resources of the steppe for grazing and cattle breeding. They traded cattle, livestock products, furs and other goods with neighbouring communities, including the Russian Empire, Persia and the Central Asian states. 7. Religion and beliefs: During this period, under the influence of contacts with neighbouring Muslim societies, Islam began to spread among the Kazakhs.

Analyze the "Zhety Jargy" as a monument to the law of the Kazakh people.

1. Symbolism of seven Pillars: "Zhety Zhargy" refers to the seven pillars, each of which represents a principle or foundation of the traditional Kazakh legal system. These principles cover the fundamental values, norms and laws that define the social and legal structure of Kazakh society. The seven pillars symbolise the inclusive and integral nature of the Kazakh legal system. 2. traditional Kazakh law: Zhety Zhargy represented the traditional legal system of the Kazakh people, which was based on common law and practice rather than on written law. These laws were orally transmitted from generation to generation and were based on the collective wisdom and experience of the Kazakh community. The monument serves as a reminder of the importance of these traditional laws for maintaining law 3. Principles of justice: Each of the seven pillars represents a particular principle of justice and social order. These principles include concepts such as equality, justice, truth, unity, responsibility and respect for elders. Zhety Zhargy emphasises the importance of these principles in upholding justice and maintaining harmony in Kazakh society.

Tell about Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, Yusuf Balasaguni, Mahmud Kashgari, Ahmet Yasawi as the outstanding representatives of culture, literature and science of the Turkic era.

Abu Nasr al-Farabi, Yusuf Balasaguni, Mahmud Kashgari and Ahmet Yasawi are outstanding representatives of culture, literature and science of the Turkic era. 👨‍🏫 Abu Nasr al-Farabi: Abu Nasr al-Farabi was a famous Turkic philosopher and scientist who lived in the 9th and 10th centuries. He is known for his significant contributions in the fields of logic, philosophy and music. Al-Farabi wrote widely on Aristotle's philosophy. His works had a profound influence on subsequent Islamic and European philosophy. 📚 Yusuf Balasaguni: Yusuf Balasaguni was a 12th century Turkic poet and writer. He is best known for his epic poem Kutadgu bilig (Wisdom of the King's Glory), which is considered one of the most significant works of Turkic literature. The poem is dedicated to moral and ethical values and is a masterpiece of Islamic and Central Asian literature. 🌍 Mahmud Kashgari: Mahmud Kashgari was an 11th century Turkic scholar and linguist. He is known for his work "Diwan Lugat al-Turk" ("Collection of Turkic Languages"), which is one of the earliest known dictionaries of Turkic languages. This work is important for its contribution to the study of the Turkic language and its dialects, as well as its understanding of the social and cultural aspects of Turkic peoples in the Middle Ages. Ahmet Yasawi: Ahmet Yasawi was a 12th century poet. He is considered one of the most significant figures of Sufism in the Turkic world. Yasawi's legacy includes the construction of the Yasawiyya complex in present-day Kazakhstan, considered to be one of the most important monuments of Islamic architecture in Central Asia. He is also famous for his poetry, which reflects his spiritual teachings and has had a profound influence on Turkic literature.

Tell about the Central Asia and Kazakhstan as part of the Mongol Empire. Describe the Great Steppe during the Golden Horde (Juchi Ulus) (XIII-XV centuries)

Central Asia and Kazakhstan were integral parts of the Mongol Empire and played an important role during the Golden Horde (Juchi Ulus) era of the 13th-15th centuries. 🏰 The Mongol Empire: The Mongol Empire, created by Genghis Khan in the early 13th century, covered vast areas in Asia, Europe and the Middle East. Central Asia and Kazakhstan were important regions of this empire. The Mongols, known for their military prowess, established an extensive and efficient administrative system that allowed them to govern and control conquered territories. 🌾 The Great Steppe: The Great Steppe, also called the Eurasian Steppe, played a crucial role in the period of the Golden Orda. It was a vast pastoral area stretching across Central Asia, including modern-day Kazakhstan. The steppe served as an important economic, cultural and political centre, connecting different regions and facilitating trade, communication and a nomadic way of life. ⚔️ Golden Orda (Dzhuchi Ulus): The Golden Orda, also known as the Juchi Ulus, was a Mongolian khanate that controlled much of Central Asia, including parts of modern-day Kazakhstan, from the 13th to the 15th century. It was one of four major dynasties that emerged after Genghis Khan's death. The Golden Orda maintained a dominant position in the region, maintaining political control over the local Turkic and Mongol tribes. 🏛️ Administration and governance: The Golden Orda used a complex administrative structure to govern its vast territories. The empire was divided into several ulus, or provinces, each headed by a Mongol ruler. Local rulers were given considerable autonomy as long as they paid tribute and accepted the general authority of the Golden Orda. 💰 Economic importance: The Great Steppe and Central Asia were crucial to the economic development of the Golden Orda. The steppe served as an ideal environment for nomadic animal farming, with Mongols and local Turkic tribes breeding cattle and horses. Trade routes through the region, such as the Silk Road, brought wealth and a variety of goods to Central Asia, contributing to the economic growth of the Golden Orda. Cultural and religious influence: The Golden Orda period witnessed the interaction and fusion of different cultures and religions. Although the Mongols brought their own traditions, shamanism, and later adopted Tibetan Buddhism, Turkic and Islamic influences were also noticeable. Many Turkic tribes in the region embraced Islam, and the spread of this religion had a long lasting impact on the culture and identity of Central Asia and Kazakhstan.

Tell about the Kazakh Khanate in the XVII - early XVIII centuries. Kazakh Khanate during the reign of Yesim, Zhangir, Tauke Khan.

Khan Esim (late 16th - early 17th centuries): • Esim Khan came to power at a time of outside threat from the • Dzhungar Khanate and inner conflicts within the Kazakh Khanate. • Esim khan actively resisted Dzungar invasions into Kazakh territories, defending the independence of the khanate. He emphasized unity of Kazakh tribes and aspired to union with neighboring powers to strengthen the position of khanate. Khan Zhangir (beginning of the 17th century): • Khan Zhangir faced problems from both the Dzhungars and the emerging Russian Empire. • He carried out military campaigns against the Dzungars, pushing back their influence and defending the Kazakh lands. • Zhangir Khan also maintained diplomatic relations with the Russian Empire, seeking to maintain the balance of power and protect Kazakh interests. Tauke Khan (late 17th - early 18th centuries): • The reign of Tauke Khan was marked by increased aggression from the Jungar Khanate and conflicts with competing Kazakh factions. • He faced a series of Dzungar invasions, which led to territorial losses and disruption to the Khanate. • Tauke Khan used defensive strategies, including fortifications, to counter the Dzungar invasions. During this period, the Kazakh Khanate experienced political fracturing and power struggles between rival factions within the ruling elite. The Khanate also faced growing pressure from the expanding Russian Empire which sought to establish its presence in the region. Kazakh society remained largely nomadic and engaged in pastoralism and trade. Traditional cultural practices, including aspects of Islam and shamanism, still shaped the social structure of the Kazakh people.

Tell about the Kazakh Khanate during the reign of khans Hakk-Nazar, Shigai, Tauekel.

Khan Hakk-Nazar (late 16th century): • Khan Hakk-Nazar played a crucial role in strengthening the power of the Kazakhs and expanding the territories of the khanate. • He successfully defended the Kazakh khanate against external threats, especially from the Jungar Khanate, a competing nomadic state in Central Asia. • Hakk-nazar maintained diplomatic relations with neighbouring powers, including the Russian Empire, seeking alliance and trade opportunities. Khan Shigai (early 17th century): • Shigai Khan faced problems from both external forces and internal factions within the Kazakh khanate. • He faced the growing influence of the Dzungars, who sought to establish control over the Kazakh steppe. • Shigai actively resisted Dzungar attacks and conducted military campaigns to protect the Kazakh territories. Khan Tauekel (early to mid-17th century): • Khan Tauekel is remembered for his leadership during a rough period characterised by internal conflicts and external pressures. • He was opposed by competing Kazakh groups and external forces, including the Russian Empire and the Jungars. • Taukel successfully preserved the independence and territorial integrity of the Kazakh khanate by skillfully manoeuvring between different states and balancing between alliances.

Tell about the Ak-Orda State (late XIII - early XV centuries): the formation of the State, its ethno-political structure, political history, rulers and khans. What is the role of Ak Orda in the formation of Kazakh statehood?

The Ak-Orda state, also known as the White Orda, was a significant political formation that emerged at the end of the 13th century and played a crucial role in the formation of Kazakh nationhood. 🌍 Formation and ethno-political structure: The state of Ak-Orda was formed by the Mongol tribes of the Golden Orda, in particular the Jochi, who were successors of Genghis Khan's eldest son Jochi. The state covered vast territories in Central Asia, including parts of modern Kazakhstan. The ruling elite consisted of Mongol nobles and the local population consisted of various Turkic tribes, including Kazakhs. 🏰 Political history: The state of Ak-Orda was established at the end of the 13th century after the division of the Mongol Empire into several khanates. Its capital was located in the city of Sarai, near the Volga River. Initially the state was under the rule of the Golden Orda, but over time it gained relative autonomy and developed its own political institutions. 👑 Rulers and Khans: The Ak-Orda state was ruled by a number of khans who belonged to the Johid family. Among the famous rulers of this period are Tohta, Uzbek Khan, and his son Janibeg. These khans exerted political power over the territories of the Golden Orda, including parts of Kazakhstan. They maintained control through alliances, military campaigns and the creation of local administrative structures. 🏛️ Role in the formation of Kazakh statehood: • The Ak-Orda state played a significant role in the formation of Kazakh nationhood. It served as a political and administrative structure that laid the foundation for the future Kazakh state. The ruling elite and institutions of the state, despite their Mongol origins, co-operated with local Turkic tribes, including Kazakhs, which contributed to a sense of unity and shared identity of the Kazakh people. • The Ak-Orda state also played an important role in maintaining the nomadic traditions and customs of the Kazakhs. The administrative structure of the state with its khans and local administration laid the foundation for the later Kazakh state and the development of a separate Kazakh political formation. • In addition, the position of the Ak-Orda state as a regional power and its interaction with neighbouring states and empires contributed to the political consciousness and consolidation of the Kazakh people. The political history of the state, its rulers and khans played a determining role in the formation of the early stages of Kazakh statehood.

Tell about the Dzungar Khanate and struggle against Dzungars. Main battles and the years of the Great Disasters.

The Dzungar Khanate 🏔️ was a state in Central Asia that existed from the beginning of the 17th century to the middle of the 18th century. Dzungars were a confederation of Mongolian-speaking tribes 🐎 inhabiting the territory of modern Mongolia, China, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. 🔴 Fighting the Dzungars: The Dzungars were known for their military prowess and expansionist ambitions. They often clashed with neighboring powers, especially the Qing Dynasty of China and the Kazakh Khanate. 🗡️ Battle of the Ili River (1755): One of the major battles against the Jungars was the Battle of the Ili River, which took place in 1755. The Qing Dynasty, under the command of General Zhao Hui, won a major victory over the Dzungars, which led to the collapse of the Dzungar Khanate. This battle was a turning point in the fight against the Dzungars. 💥 The Great Disasters (1755-1759): After the collapse of the Jungar Khanate, the Qing dynasty ran a series of brutal campaigns to crush any remnants of Jungar resistance. These campaigns were known as the "Great Disaster" or "Genocide of the Jungars. The Qing troops, led by General Zhaohui, began a systematic elimination of the Jungar people, leading to mass murder and destruction of the Jungar culture. ⛔ Settlement of the Dzungar homeland: To prevent the regrouping of the Dzhungars and to consolidate its control over the region, the Qing dynasty pursued a policy of repopulating the Dzhungar homeland with Han and other ethnic groups loyal to the Qing. This led to the further marginalization of the surviving Jungar population.

Describe the significance of the Great Silk Road in the history of medieval Kazakhstan, cities and settlements along the Silk Road.

The Great Silk Road ihasgreat importance in the history of medieval Kazakhstan, as it facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas and cultures across vast regions of Eurasia. Trade and cultural exchange: The Great Silk Road served as a vital trade network connecting East Asia and Europe. Kazakhstan, located in the heart of Central Asia, played a crucial role as a crossroads of different branches of the Silk Road. The trade routes contributed to the exchange of silk, spices, precious metals, ceramics, technology and ideas, contributing to cultural, economic and political interaction between different civilizations. 🌆 Cities and settlements along the Silk Road: • Taraz (Talas): Located in the south of Kazakhstan, Taraz was an important city of the Silk Road. It served as a major trading centre and cultural centre, attracting traders, scientists and travelers. The city witnessed a fusion of different cultures, including Turkic, Persian, Arabic and Chinese. • Otrar: Located in southern Kazakhstan, Otrar was a busy city on the Silk Road and a vital center of trade and commerce. It was famous for its markets, caravan stands and craftsmen. Otrar also played a crucial role in the transfer of knowledge and ideas between the East and the West. • Turkestan: Located in southern Kazakhstan, Turkestan was an important Silk Road city and center of Islamic culture. It was home to outstanding architectural miracles, including the Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, which served as a pilgrimage site for Muslims of the region.

Tell about the Kara Khitay State: the collapse of the Empire of the Kidans, foundation of the State of Western Union, the Kidan invasion of Maverannahr, the public administration system of the Kara-Khitay State and their gurhans.

The Kara-Khitay State was a Turkic state that existed in Central Asia from the 12th to the 13th centuries CE. 📉 Collapse of the Khitan Empire: The Kara-Khitay State was founded after the collapse of the Khitan Empire, which had ruled over a large portion of China and Central Asia. In the 12th century CE, the Khitan Empire faced internal strife and was eventually overthrown by the Jurchen people, who established the Jin dynasty in northern China. In the aftermath of the Khitan Empire's collapse, many Khitan refugees fled westward and eventually established the Kara-Khitay State. 🔨 Foundation of the State of Western Union: The Kara-Khitay State was founded in 1130 CE by Yelü Dashi, a Khitan nobleman who had fled westward following the collapse of the Khitan Empire. Yelü Dashi and his followers established the State of Western Union, which encompassed parts of present-day Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. The state was known for its military strength and advanced infrastructure, which included well-maintained roads and communication networks. 💥 Kidan Invasion of Maverannahr: The Kara-Khitay State came into conflict with the neighboring Seljuk Empire, which controlled much of Central Asia and parts of Iran. In the 1140s CE, the Kara-Khitay State launched an invasion of Maverannahr (present-day Uzbekistan and Tajikistan), which was then part of the Seljuk Empire. The Kara-Khitay forces were successful in their initial campaign, but were eventually defeated by the Seljuk Empire in the Battle of Qatwan in 1141 CE. 🏛️ Public Administration and Gurhans: The Kara-Khitay State had a highly centralized public administration system, with power concentrated in the hands of the khans (rulers) and their advisors. The state was divided into administrative districts known as gurhans, which were ruled by appointed governors and administered by local officials. The gurhans were responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining law and order, and overseeing public works projects, among other duties.

What are the main events in the history of the Karluk state?

The Karluq state was a Turkic state that emerged in the 8th century AD in what is now Central Asia. 👥 Formation: - The Karluk state was founded by a confederation of Turkic-speaking tribes known as Karluks, who were originally part of the larger Turkic Kaganate. - The Karluks gradually migrated west from their original homeland in the Altai Mountains and by the 8th century of our century had established a powerful state in the region that is now in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. 🏰 Political history: - The state of the Karluks was a major power in Central Asia in the 8th and 9th centuries of our era and controlled an extensive network of trade routes and strategically important places in the region. - The state was characterised by a highly decentralised political structure with semi-autonomous tribes and clans that were loyal to the Karluk kagan (supreme ruler). - The state had complex relations with the Abbasid caliphate, which at that time was expanding in Central Asia. The Karluks initially supported the Abbasids, but later allied with the Chinese Tang dynasty against them. 🗡️ Conquests and defeats: - Throughout its history, the Karluks state participated in numerous military campaigns against neighbouring states and nomadic tribes. The Karluks were renowned for their cavalry skills and caused fear among their enemies. - The state suffered a major defeat in the middle of the 9th century of our era, when it was conquered by the Karakhanids, another Turkic state that emerged in the region.

Describe the history of the Kazakh Khanate in the XV - XVI centuries. Kazakh Khanate during the reign of khans Kerey, Zhanibek, Kasym.

The Kazakh Khanate, also known as the Great Horde, emerged in the 15th century as a result of the consolidation of various Kazakh tribes under the leadership of the Khans Kerey, Zhanibek and Kasym. 1. khan Kerey (late 15th century): • Kerey is considered to be one of the founders of the Kazakh Khanate. • Under his leadership several Kazakh tribes were united into a cohesive political unit. • Kerey focused on establishment of inner structure, strengthening of khan's power and organization of Kazakhs' tribal structure. 2. Khan Zhanibek (the end of the 15th century - beginning of the 16th century): • Zhanibek succeeded Kerey as Khan of the Kazakh Khanate. • His reign was marked by further consolidation of power and expansion of the Kazakh territories. • Zhanibek maintained diplomatic relations with neighbouring powers and established trade relations, especially with the Russian Empire. 3. Kasym Khan (early to mid-16th century): • Kasym Khan, also known as Kasym Khanate, was a prominent figure in this period. • Under the leadership of Kasym, the Kazakh khanate faced an external threat from the Uzbek khanate, which wanted to expand into Kazakh territories. • Kasym Khan successfully defended the Khanate from Uzbek invasions and strengthened the power of the Kazakhs in the region. • In the 15th century Kazakh tribes began to unite under the leadership of influential khans such as Kerey and Zhanibek. • During this period there was a gradual consolidation of Kazakh power and the creation of a centralised political structure. • The Kazakh Khanate emerged as a separate entity comprising the various nomadic tribes of the Kazakh steppe. • The Kazakh khanate was largely dependent on a nomadic pastoral economy, which included herding livestock, especially horses, cattle and sheep. • The Kazakhs engaged in fur trade, hunting and fishing as additional sources of livelihood. • Trade routes such as the Silk Road and the Siberian Trakt played a vital role in linking the Kazakh khanate with neighbouring regions and facilitated the exchange of goods, including furs, cattle and agricultural products.

Tell about the Kimak state in the IX-XI centuries: ethnic history and resettlement, social structure and culture of the kimaks

The Kimak state was a Turkic nomadic confederation that emerged in the 9th century and played a significant role in Central Asian history until the 11th century. 🌍 Ethnic history and migration: The Kimaks were a Turkic people who originated in the region of modern-day Kazakhstan. They were part of a larger Turkic ethnic group and shared linguistic and cultural links with other Turkic tribes. Over time the Kimaks migrated and settled in various parts of Central Asia, including the Ili River valley and the region around Lake Balkhash. They interacted with other nomadic groups and neighbouring settled societies. 🏞️ 🏛️ Social structure: Kimak society was based on a tribal structure. The confederation consisted of numerous tribes, each headed by its own leader or khan. The tribal leaders had political and military power and were responsible for the well-being of their people. The Confederation had a hierarchical system with a supreme Khan at the head who provided overall leadership and coordination of the tribes. ⚔️ 🏕️ The culture of the Kimaks: The Kimaks were mainly nomadic pastoralists for whom pastoralism was their main source of livelihood. They herded cattle such as horses, cattle, sheep and camels and their economy was based on pasture. They were skilled horsemen and valued their horses highly, which played a crucial role in their military capabilities. The Kimaks also traded with neighbouring societies, exchanging goods such as furs, cattle and slaves. 🐎 🎶 Cultural influences: The Kimaks were influenced by various neighbouring cultures, including those of the Uyghurs and Karluks. They adopted some aspects of these cultures such as religious practices and administrative systems. The Kimaks practiced shamanism, but later, under the influence of neighbouring sedentary societies, including the Uigurs, they gradually adopted elements of Buddhism and Nestorian Christianity. The mixture of Turkic and local influences can also be seen in their arts and crafts.

Tell us about the Nogai Horde: political history, territory, tribal composition, rulers, social structure, relationships with the Golden Horde, the Emir Timur

The Nogai Horde was a confederation of nomads that emerged in the fourteenth century in the Pontic-Caspian steppe region. 🏰 Political history: The Nogai Horde was founded by Nogai Khan, a notable Mongol leader and Genghis Khan's successor. The Horde's rise to power began at the end of the 13th century, after the collapse of the Mongol Empire. They established themselves as a significant force in the region, often coming into conflict with neighbouring states. 🗺️ Territory: The territory of the Nogai Horde covered the Pontic-Caspian steppe, which includes modern regions of southern Russia, parts of Kazakhstan, and Ukraine. 👥 Tribal composition: The Nogai Horde consisted of various Turkic-speaking tribes, including the Nogai and Kipchaks. These tribes lived a nomadic lifestyle, gaining their food and wealth by cattle breeding, hunting and periodic raids. 👑 The rulers: The Nogai Horde was led by a succession of Khans from the Nogai dynasty, and the supreme ruler was Khan. Prominent rulers include Nogai Khan, Yedigu and Tokhtamysh Khan, who played a crucial role in the political development of the Horde. 🏰Social structure: The Nogai Horde maintained a hierarchical social structure, with Khan and his closest relatives at the top, followed by nobles, warriors and common people. The military elite had considerable influence and often participated in military campaigns. 💔 Relations with the Golden Horde: The Nogai Horde was originally part of the Golden Horde, the larger successor state to the Mongols, but eventually gained independence and became an independent formation. They maintained both friendly and hostile relations with the Golden Horde, engaging in alliances, conflicts and power battles. 🌍 Relations with Emir Timur: The Nogai Horde clashed with the Central Asian conqueror Emir Timur (also known as Tamerlane). Timur's campaigns often brought him into conflict with the Nogai Horde, resulting in territorial losses and a weakening of the horde's power. At certain times, the Nogai Horde and Timur formed alliances against common enemies, such as the Golden Horde. But, despite occasional cooperation, the Nogai Horde and Timur clashed on multiple occasions due to territorial disputes and conflicting interests. 👥 Ak Horde (White Horde): The Nogai Horde had historical links with the Ak Horde, another successor state to the Mongols. At times they made alliances and cooperated with the Ak Horde against common enemies such as the Golden Horde. However, they also engaged in conflicts and struggles for control of steppe territories. 🏰 Kazakh Khanate: The relationship between the Nogai Horde and the Kazakh Khanate was marked by both cooperation and conflict. Nogays and Kazakhs were both Turkic-speaking nomadic groups in the region, and their interaction varied according to specific historical circumstances. Sometimes they formed alliances against external threats, such as the Dzungar Khanate, but at the same time were involved in territorial disputes and raids against each other. 🇷🇺 Russian Empire: The Nogai Horde faced and cooperated with the expanding Russian Empire, especially in the 16th and 18th centuries. Initially, the Nogays resisted Russian invasion of their territory and raided Russian settlements. Over time, the Russian Empire established control over Nogay lands through military campaigns and agreements. Eventually many Nogais became citizens of the Russian Empire, some of them integrated into Russian society, while others migrated to other regions.

What is the role of the Oghuz and their state in the medieval history of Kazakhstan?

The Oguzes were a Turkic people who played an important role in the medieval history of Kazakhstan and the wider Central Asian region. 👥 Formation and migration: - The Oguzes were originally part of the larger Turkic Kaganate, but by the 9th century AD they had migrated westwards into what is now Kazakhstan and other parts of Central Asia. - The Oguzes consisted of several different tribes that were weakly united by a common language and culture. 🏰 Formation of the Oguz state: - In the 11th century AD, the Oguz tribes united under a leader named Seljuk and formed a powerful state known as the Seljuk Empire. - The Seljuk Empire became one of the dominant powers in the region, and its rulers were known for their protection of the arts and sciences. 🗡️ Military conquests: - Throughout its history, the Seljuk Empire engaged in numerous military campaigns, expanding its territory by conquering neighbouring states. - The Seljuks were renowned for their cavalry skills and caused fear in their enemies. - The Seljuk Empire played a key role in the Crusades and often clashed with the Byzantine Empire for control of territories in the Middle East.

Describe the ancient Turkic Orkhon-Yenisei (Runic) script as a civilizational marker of the ancient Turkic civilization.

The Old Turkic Orkhon-Yenisei script is of great importance as a civilisational marker of the ancient Turkic civilisation. It was an early script used by Turkic-speaking peoples in the 8th-10th centuries A.D. 🔠 Development and use: The Orkhon-Yenisei script, also known as Runic script, was developed by the ancient Turkic tribes who inhabited the valleys of the Orkhon and Yenisei rivers in what is now Mongolia and southern Siberia. It is one of the oldest known Turkic writing systems. The writing consisted of symbols known as runes that were carved on stone monuments, wooden objects and other surfaces. 🗺️ Geographical coverage: The use of Orkhono-Yenissey script was not limited to one place. It spread over a vast territory, including the regions of Central Asia, Siberia, and Mongolia, showing the spread and influence of the ancient Turkic civilization. Writing served as a means of communication for the Turkic-speaking tribes, allowing them to record important events, record laws and express their cultural and historical identity. 📜 Writing and linguistic features: Orchono-Yenisean writing consisted of about 38 separate characters, each signifying a particular sound or syllable. The writing was written from right to left and the runes were angular and linear. 📚 Cultural and historical significance: The Orkhon-Yenisei script played a key role in the spread of the cultural and historical heritage of the ancient Turkic civilization. The inscriptions were found on stone monuments and other artifacts providing valuable insights into the political, social and religious aspects of life of Turkic peoples. They document the rise of the Turkic tribes, their interaction with neighbouring civilizations and their own cultural traditions. 🌍 Heritage and significance: The Orkhon-Yenisei script is considered a symbol of the literary and intellectual achievements of the ancient Turkic civilisation. It highlights the sophistication and cultural progress of the Turkic peoples in that era. It laid the foundation for the later Turkic writing systems and was the basis for the development of the modern Turkic alphabets

Tell about the formation of the confederation of the tribes of Naimans and Kereits. Tell about the Uluses of Jalayirs and Merkits

The formation of a confederation of Nayman and Kereit tribes, as well as Jalair and Merkit ulus, are significant chapters in the history of Central Asia. The confederation of Naimans and Kereits: The Naymans and Kereits were two Turkic nomadic tribes that united into a powerful confederation in the 10th and 11th centuries. The confederation arose in response to the expansion of the Khitan empire, which threatened the independence of the various nomadic groups in the region. By joining forces, the Naymans and Kereites sought to counter external threats and protect their interests. The Confederation allowed them to combine their military strength and resources, making them a formidable force on the steppes of Central Asia. 🏰 Ulus Jalaiyrs: The Jalaiyrs were one of the tribes that were part of the Nayman confederation. Over time, the Jalaiyrs took a prominent place in the confederation and created their own ulus (territorial division) known as the Ulus of Jalaiyrs. They occupied regions in what is now Kazakhstan and Mongolia. The Ulus Jalaiyrs had their own leaders, known as beks or khans, who ruled their territory and had the loyalty of their people. 🐎Ulus Merkit: The Merkits were another Turkic tribe that emerged as a separate ulus within a bigger confederation of Naimans and Kereits. They occupied lands in Central Asia and were known for their skilful horsemanship. The Merkits had their own leaders and social structure and actively participated in military campaigns. The Merkit ulus had a significant impact on the history of the region, often engaging in conflicts and forming strategic partnerships with neighbouring tribes and empires.

Analyze the problems of the formation of the Kazakh nationality. Describe the ethnonym "Kazakh". Tell about the problem of Kazakh Zhuzes in historical literature.

The formation of the Kazakh nationality: • Political factors: Kazakh people were historically divided into different tribal groups and clans, which created a fractured political landscape. It took time to create a unified Kazakh identity and overcome inter-tribal conflicts. • Historical factors: Kazakhs experienced external pressure from neighbouring powers such as Mongols, Uzbeks and Russians, which led to territorial changes, migration and cultural assimilation. These factors have influenced the development of a separate Kazakh identity. • Cultural factors: Kazakhs shared Turkic ancestry and language, but they also assimilated elements of other cultures such as Persian, Arabic, Mongolian and Russian. This cultural diversity disturbed from the process of forming a unique Kazakh nationality. The ethnonym "Kazakh": The ethnonym 'Kazakh' has its roots in the Turkic and Mongolian languages. It is believed to derive from the Turkic term "kaz", meaning "adventurer" or "wanderer". Over time it became associated with the nomadic way of life and bravery of the Kazakh people. The problem of Kazakh zhuzes: • In Kazakh history, the concept of "zhuz" refers to the traditional division of the Kazakh people into three main socio-territorial groups: Big Horde (or Big Zhuz), Middle Horde (or Middle Zhuz) and Little Horde (or Little Zhuz). This division was based primarily on geographical features, as each zhuz had its own territory and tribal composition. • The territorial boundaries of the zhuzes were not fixed, but rather flexible and subject to change over time due to migrations, conflicts and political shifts. As a result, there are cases where the boundaries of different zhuzes overlap, making it difficult to make clear distinctions. • Conflicting information and interpretations regarding the exact boundaries and composition of zhuzes are sometimes found in the historical literature. This has led to disputes and inconsistencies in the classification of historical events, tribal affiliation and leadership structure. Scientists continue to discuss and investigate this issue in order to provide a more accurate understanding of the Kazakh zhuzes in a historical context.

Tell about the State of Moghulistan (XIV - early XV centuries): territory and ethnic composition, rulers of Moghulistan and their domestic and foreign policy.

The state of Moghulistan, also known as Moghulistan Ulus, was a significant political entity that existed in the 14th and early 15th centuries in Central Asia. 🗺️ Territory and ethnic composition: The state of Moghulistan occupied a vast territory in Central Asia, mainly covering parts of modern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang (China). It bordered on other Mongol khanates and kingdoms, including the Golden Orda and Chagatai dynasties. The ethnic composition of Mogulistan was mostly Mongolian and the ruling elite belonged to the Chagatai branch of the Mongol Empire. 👑 The rulers of Moghulistan: The state was ruled by a number of rulers from the Chagatai clan, successors of Chinggis Khan's second son, Chagatai. Among the famous rulers of Moghulistan are Tuglug Timur, Ilyas Khoja and his son Esen Buka. These khans held significant power and wielded political control over the territories of Moghulistan. 🏛️ Domestic Politics: The rulers of Moghulistan pursued policies aimed at maintaining political stability and strengthening their power. They relied on a system of regional governance and alliances with local tribes and clans. The state had a centralized administration, with the various tribal leaders benefiting from a certain autonomy under the khans. Mongol traditions and customs, such as the yasa (code of laws), played a role in the governance of society. 💼 Foreign policy: Mogulistan pursued an active foreign policy, interacting with neighbouring powers and engaging in regional conflicts. The state often interacted with the neighbouring Chagatai Khanate, the Golden Orda and the Timurid Empire. Relations with these powers oscillated between alliances and conflicts as the rulers of Moghulistan aimed to strengthen their position and expand their influence. 🌍 Role in Central Asian politics: During its existence, the state of Moghulistan played a significant role in the political landscape of Central Asia. It maintained a certain independence from other Mongol khanates and its rulers sought to establish Moghulistan as a regional power. The state's strategic location and control over important trade routes such as the Silk Road contributed to its influence on regional politics and economics.

Tell about the State of the "nomadic Uzbeks" (1428-1468) or the Khanate of Abulkhair and about the development of ethnopolitical processes in that state.

The state of the 'nomadic Uzbeks', also known as the Khanate of Abulkhair, was a significant political entity that emerged in the 15th century in Central Asia. 🏰 Formation of the Khanate: The Abulkhair Khanate was founded by Abulkhair Khan, a charismatic leader who united various Uzbek tribes under his rule in the late 15th century. The Uzbeks were a Turkic-speaking group of nomads who migrated from northern Central Asia to what is now Uzbekistan. 🗺️ Territorial coverage: The territorial impact of the Abulkhair Khanate extended over a large part of Central Asia, covering parts of present-day Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. It was mainly concentrated around the Syr Darya River and the fertile valleys of the region. 🏛️ Ethno-political processes: The development of ethno-political processes in the Khanate of Abulkhair included the consolidation of Uzbek identity, the creation of political institutions and interaction with neighbouring states and tribes. 1️⃣ Uzbek identity: Under the leadership of Abulkhair Khan, various Uzbek tribes united into a single political and cultural entity. The Uzbeks gradually developed an identity that included a common language, customs and traditions. The Khanate played a significant role in consolidating the ethnonym Uzbek and its association with the Turkic-speaking nomadic population of the region. 2️⃣ Political institutions: The Abulkhair Khanate established its own political institutions to manage its territories. These included the creation of a khan's system where the ruler maintained centralized authority over the Uzbek tribes and assigned local leaders to run specific regions. This political structure was aimed at maintaining stability and ensuring the loyalty of the Uzbek tribes within the state. ⚔️ Heritage and Decline: The Abulkhair Khanate had a lasting impact on the region. It contributed to the consolidation of the Uzbek identity and the formation of the Uzbek nation. However, internal rivalries, conflicts with neighbouring powers and external pressure from the expanding Timurid Empire led to the decline and fragmentation of the khanate after the death of Abulkhair Khan.

What do you know about the State of the Turgesh. The struggle of the Turgeshs with the Tang dynasty and the Arabs in Central Asia. The battle of Talas in 751 and its international significance.

The state of the Turgesh was a powerful nomadic empire that emerged in Central Asia in the 6th century of our era. 👥 Ethno-social structure: - The state of the Turgesh was founded by a confederation of Turkic-speaking tribes who had migrated to Central Asia from the Altai Mountains. - Society was divided into two main classes: the nobility, who had considerable political power, and the commoners, who were mainly farmers and pastoralists. - The empire was characterised by a highly decentralized political structure, with semi-autonomous tribes and clans that were loyal to the Kagan (the supreme ruler). 🏰 Political history: - The state of the Turgesh was a major power in Central Asia in the 7th and 8th centuries of our era, controlling an extensive network of trade routes and strategically important locations in the region. - The state had a complex relationship with the Chinese Tang Dynasty, with periods of both conflict and cooperation. The Turgesh supported the Tang against their enemies, but also launched military campaigns against them to assert their independence. - The state also had conflicts with the Islamic Abbasid Caliphate, which was expanding into Central Asia at this time. 🗡️ Battle of Talas: - The Battle of Talas in 751 AD was a military clash between the Arab Abbasid Caliphate and the Chinese Tang Dynasty that took place in the Talas River valley in present-day Kazakhstan. - The state of the Turgesh played a crucial role in the battle as they allied with the Abbasids against the Tang army. - This battle is important because it led to the spread of paper-making technology from China to the Islamic world and also marked the end of Chinese expansion in Central Asia.

What were the features during the reign of the Karakhanid dynasty on the territory of medieval Kazakhstan?

• The Karakhanid dynasty was a Turkic Muslim state that existed in Central Asia from the 10th to the 12th century AD, and its rule had a significant impact on the territory of medieval Kazakhstan. 👥 Formation and expansion: • The Karakhanid dynasty emerged in the 10th century AD after a confederation of Turkic tribes known as the Karakhanids rebelled against the Samanid Empire. • The Karakhanids established their capital at Balasagun, near modern Tokmok in Kyrgyzstan, and gradually expanded their territory to include much of what is now Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. 🏰 Political and social structure: • The Karakhanids had a highly centralised political structure, with power concentrated in the hands of the Karakhanid Khan (supreme ruler). • The state was governed on the basis of a combination of Islamic law (sharia) and traditional Turkic customs, and the Karakhanids were known for their patronage of literature, the arts and scholarship. • The Karakhanids also contributed to the spread of Islam in the region, and many Turkic peoples in Kazakhstan today practice Islam because of their influence. 🗡️ Military conquests: • During their reign, the Karakhanids engaged in numerous military campaigns, expanding their territory by conquering neighbouring states. • The Karakhanids were known for their skilled cavalry and their military campaigns were often aimed at raiding and looting neighbouring settlements in search of resources and wealth.

Tell about the formation, ethno-social structure and political history of the Turkic Khaganate. Relationship of the Turkic Khaganate with Byzantine Empire, Iran and China.

• The Turkic Kaganate was a confederation of Turkic-speaking nomadic tribes that emerged in 🏮Central Asia in the 6th century of out era. • Formation: • The Turkic Kaganate was founded by Bumin Kagan in 552 AD, after he united several Turkic tribes. • The Kaganate was based on a confederation of tribes with a 👑supreme leader known as the Kagan. • The Kaganate was located in the region where Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and parts of Russia and 🏮China are now located. • Ethno-social structure: • The Turkic Kaghant consisted of several different tribes, including the Gokturk, Avars and Uyghurs. • The ruling elite was mostly Turkic-speaking, but other ethnic groups were also represented. • Society was based on a hierarchical system, with the Kagan at the top and the common people at the bottom. • Political history: • The Turkic Kaganate was a powerful and influential empire that played a significant role in the history of 🏮Central Asia. • The Kaganate had close relations with the 🔱Byzantine Empire, 👳‍♂️Iran and 🏮China, and 🔄traded with all three empires. • The Kaghanate was also involved in ⚔️numerous military conflicts, including wars against the 🏮Chinese Tang Dynasty and the 👳‍♂️Sassanid Empire in Iran. • Eventually, the Khaganate 📉fell into decline due to internal conflicts and external ⚔️pressures from neighbouring empires⚔️, and it was eventually 🔄replaced by the Uighur Khaganate in the 8th century our era. • Relations with the Byzantine Empire, Iran and China: • The 🔱Byzantine Empire maintained diplomatic relations with the Kaganate and 🔄traded with it. The Kaghanate also served as a road between the 🔱Byzantine and 👳‍♂️Sassanian empires. • The Khaganate had complex relations with 👳‍♂️Iran. Initially it allied with the Sasanian Empire against the Hephthalite Empire, but later 🚫opposed and invaded Iran in the 6th century our era. The Kaganate and the Sassanian empire eventually concluded a ☮️peace agreement. • The Kaganate waged frequent wars with the Tang dynasty in 🏮China, which lasted for several decades. Eventually the Khaganate was ⚔️📉defeated by 🏮the Tang dynasty.

Describe the Western Turkic Khaganate (the people of the "ten arrows")

• The Western Turkic Kaganate, also known as the Hazar Kaganate, was a 🏇nomadic empire that emerged in the 7th century of our era in the 🐫steppe region of 🌏Eurasia. 👥 Ethno-social structure: • The Western Turkic Kaganate was founded by the Ashina clan, one of the Turkic-speaking tribes that migrated from 🏮Central Asia to the 🌏Eurasian steppes. • Society was divided into two main classes: 👑the aristocracy, which consisted of the Kagan (supreme ruler), his 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦family and leading tribes; and 👨‍🌾the commoners, who were mostly farmers and pastoralists. • The empire was characterised by a highly 🌐decentralized political structure with semi-autonomous tribes and clans that were loyal to the Kagan. 🏰 Political history: • The West Turkic Kaganate developed quickly under the leadership of the 👑Kagan, who controlled an extended network of trade routes and strategically important locations in the region. • The empire was known for its 💪military power, based on skilled 🏇cavalry able to move 💨quickly and ⚔️attack 😲unexpectedly. • The Kaganate reached its 🔝high point during the reign of the famous ruler, 👑Kagan Bumin, who was able to form a powerful alliance with the 🏮Chinese Tang dynasty. • The empire 📉fell into decline in the 8th century due to internal ⚔️conflicts and ⚔️pressure from neighbouring empires⚔️, including the Abbasid Caliphate and the Uyghur Kaganate. 🌎 Relations with neighbouring empires: • The Western Turkic Kaganate had a complex relationship with the 🏮Chinese Tang Dynasty, with periods of both ⚔️conflict and cooperation. The Kaghanate provided 🛡️military support to the 🏮Tang dynasty against their enemies, but also launched 🏇military campaigns against them to assert their 🗽independence. • The empire had a significant impact on the political and cultural history of the region, especially for the Slavic peoples of Eastern 🌎Europe. • The West Turkic Kaganate also had close links with the ☪️Islamic world and played a role in the 🙌spread of Islam region.

Tell about the role and influence of Tomiris in the history of the Saka.

• Tomiris became 🏇the leader and 👸queen of the Massagetae tribe, one of the subgroups of the Saka tribes who lived in what is now Kazakhstan, after her 💀😭husband's death. She was known for her 🎯leadership skills and ⚔️military prowess, which she demonstrated in ⚔️💥battles against neighboring tribes. • In 530 BC. 👑Cyrus the Great, 🐫king of Persia, led a campaign to 👊conquer the Massagetae. He sent an envoy to Tomiris, proposing a 💍marriage alliance between them. However, Tomiris 💡figured out the trick of Cyrus and 🚫refused his offer. • Cyrus then launched a 🏇⚔️💥full-scale invasion of the Massaget Kingdom. In the battle with the massagets, the 🐫Persians were defeated by Massagets led by 👸💪Tomiris and Cyrus was taken as a ⛓🔗prisoner. • According to some reports Tomiris executed Cyrus and ordered his head to be put into a blood-vat as a symbolic revenge for the Massagetes warriors who were ⚰️killed in the battle. • 🎊The victory of 👸Tomiris over Cyrus and the Persian army is considered as one of the greatest military feats of antiquity. Her 💪courage and 🎯leadership in the face of a fearsome enemy inspired many legends and stories in the centuries that followed.

Tell about the territory and lifestyle of Kang Gu (Кангюи)

•🕒 3rd century BC - 5th century •🚩Territory: the valley of the Syr Darya River and Karatau. •📚 The main information about the Kangla is contained in 🏮Chinese source (Sima Сian and Han dynasty chronicles). •👑 The head of state was the Great Khan (supreme title). • The great khan had 🙇🙇🙇three assistants - viziers. • The state was divided into five parts, each headed by a minor khan. • The Kangyuis, like the Uysuns, had prisoner-slaves. • The main focus of Kangyu foreign policy is to keep a part of the Great Silk Road under control, from Ferghana to the Aral Sea region. • The Kangyuis had 📈economic, diplomatic and ⚱️cultural links with China, Rome and Persia. •⚔️ In 46-36 BC, the Kangyu supported the war between the Northern Huns and China. But later 🗡️opposed the northern Huns. In 85 BC, the Kangyu supported the Ferghana in a rebellion against 🏮China. • Lifestyle: The Kangju people were nomadic 🐎horsemen who lived from the land. They were skilled in 🐏animal breeding, especially in breeding 🐴horses, and used horses for 🚚transportation, hunting and ⚔️warfare. They were also known for their skill at archery. • ✝️Religion: The people of Kangju practise a mix of Shamanism and Zoroastrianism, with some influences from Buddhism and Hinduism.

Tell about the military democracy, territory and lifestyle of the Sarmats.

•🕒 The Sarmatians lived at the territory of western Kazakhstan during the 🔩Iron Age, from the 8 century BC to the 5 century AD. •⚔️Military democracy: The Sarmatians were organized as a military democracy in which the nobles elected their leaders and made decisions collectively. The military leaders were responsible for leading the warriors in battle, while the civilian leaders were responsible for managing the clan. •🌎 Lifestyle: The Sarmatians were primarily 👨‍🌾nomadic ranchers who lived off the land and their herds of 🐴horses, 🐄cattle, and 🐑sheep. They were skilled horsemen and used their horses for transportation, hunting, and ⚔️warfare. The Sarmatian women were also known to be skilled 🏇horse riders and fighters. Religion: The Sarmatians practiced a form of shamanism, which included communication with the spirit world through rituals and sacrifices. They also believed in the immortality of the soul and the idea of a divine triad of gods.

Describe the Kipchaks in the history of Kazakhstan: the tribal composition, about the ethnonym "Kypchak", establishment of the Kipchak hegemony, social structure, relationship with the neighbor states.

🌍 Tribal composition: The Kipchaks (beginning of the 11th century. - 1219 year) belonged to a larger Turkic-Kipchak confederation. This confederation included various Turkic tribes such as the Kangla, Kenger, Polovtsy and others. They travelled across the vast Eurasian steppe, including parts of modern Kazakhstan. 📜 The ethnonym "Kypchak": The ethnonym "Kipchak" or "Kipchak" came from the name of a remarkable Kipchak tribe. Over time the term became synonymous with the confederacy as a whole. The Kipchaks were known for their skilful horsemanship, military prowess and influence on the steppe region. 👑 The establishment of Kipchak hegemony: Between the 11th and 13th centuries, the Kipchaks achieved a remarkable status and established a powerful nomadic empire in the region. Under the leadership of charismatic personalities such as Kuchlug, they achieved hegemony in the steppe. Their dominance extended from Central Asia to the Pontic-Caspian steppe. 🏛️ Social structure: Kipchak society was mainly organised on the basis of a tribal system. The tribes had their own leaders known as 'begi' or 'ulus beki'. They had a hierarchical structure with a supreme khan at the head who had political and military power. The power of the khan was based on the support of the tribal chiefs. 🌐 Relations with neighbouring states: The Kipchaks had complex relations with their neighbouring states. They often engaged in both peaceful trade and conflicts with settled societies, including the Khwarazm Empire, the Seljuk Empire and the Russian principalities. The Kipchaks often raided and formed alliances based on their political interests.

Tell about the territory, ethnic composition, economy of the Siberian Khanate

🏞️ Territory: The Siberian Khanate was located in the vast region of Siberia, occupying a large part of present-day Russia. It stretched from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Altai Mountains in the south. 👥 Ethnic composition: The ethnic composition of the Siberian Khanate was diverse due to its large territory. The Khanate included various native Siberian tribes such as Tatars, Buryats, Yakuts and others. In addition, over time, Russian settlers, traders and adventurers migrated to the region. 💰 Economy: The economy of the Siberian Khanate was mainly based on cattle breeding, hunting, fishing and trade. The native population engaged in nomadic or semi-nomadic cattle farming, raising domestic animals such as horses, cattle, sheep and reindeer. Fur farming, especially of fox was an important economic activity. ⚔️ Relations with neighbouring powers: The Siberian Khanate had complex relations with neighbouring sates. Initially it was under the influence of the Golden Horde, but after the decline of Mongol power it gradually gained independence. The Khanate established diplomatic and trade relations with China, Russia and various Central Asian states. It also experienced conflicts and power struggles with the Russian Empire as it expanded into Siberian territory.