history chapters 21 & 22
early in 1932 while roosevelt was still a candidte for the presidency, he created
"brain trust"
what challenged that protestant belief
"higher criticism" of the bible
kkk slogan
"one flag, one school, one bible"
klan spoke of aul spoke of
"pure americanism" "true americanism"
catt demanded suffrage as a
"war measure" bc if usa was to fight for democracy, then women should have democracy
may day riot
-1 socialist killed -40 injured
federal gov't criminal scheme
-3 oil reserves: elk hills, buena vista, & teapot dome managed by the navy -> fall asked to have the oil reserves transferred to the dep. of interior -> harding agreed
german rhineland
-according to the treaty of versailles, it was supposed to be kept clear of troops -hitler's army marched into here
margaret sanger
-adovate for family planning and birth control -advocate of eugenics
what was roosevelt's secret
-after being paralyzed by polio, he needed help to walk -deep strain in his marriage to elanor
immigration restriction act
-after carr's statement -set quotas for the # of immigrants allowed to enter usa
kristallnacht
-aka crystal night for all the broken glass -crowds attacked jewish stores, homes, and synoguges as the gov't arrested jews
geheime staatspolizei
-aka gestapo -authorized by nazis to enforce nazi authority -implented as usa was implenting the new deal
wheeler-howard act
-aka indian reorganization act
st valentine's day massacre
-al capones consolidated control of illegal liquor, police, and politics in chicago -"bugs" moran tried to take some of al capone's business -> capone hired hit men who killed moran
social security program
-announced by fdr -federal tax on employees and employers to fund the retirement system -fed. tax to support state-admin. unemployment insurance -emergency grants to fund immediate relief of indigent elderly -aid to dependent kids -modest support for public health
william andersoon
-anti saloon leader -condemned immigrant resistance to prohibition (don't like prohibition? go back to your home country)
members of brain trust
-argued -agreed that a lack of purchasing power was a key cause of the depression and that a way to be found to raise farm income and industrial wages so more americans could buy more of what the nation could produce, thus putting more americans back to work -preferred jobs over welfare
nicola sacco and bartolomeo vanzetti
-arrested for robbery and murder -> tried in midst of anti radical, anti-immigrant hysteria -> convicted -> executed
seattle general strike
-as time went on, others joined them -week long -nobody in seattle went to work
differences between the postwar era and pre/duringwar era
-ban on alcohol -changing roles of women -new technology
worldwide influenza pandemic
-began in 1918 -came to usa -1919: half a million americans died
high schools
-began to be built in small towns
clarece darrow
-best known lawyer in usa -volunteered to jin aclu -bryan volunteered for prosecution -scopes was guilty
nathan taylor
-black attorney -abducted by kkk and told to leave the state
"chicago defender"
-black newspaper -told sharecroppers about jobs available in chicago
what led to gravey's downfall
-black star line
southern tenant farmers union
-blacks were not getting AAA payments so they organizated this to try to get payments
ex of black music
-blues, gospel music, jazz
police force strike in 1919
-boston, ma -hadn't gotten wage increase in years -no police force (on strike) -> mobs looted stores -> police commissioner created a temporary volunteer force -> gov coolidge fired all striking cops
charleston, sc race riot
-brawl between white sailors and local blacks -> 2 blacks dead, whites injured
"civic bio"
-by hunter --species are modified during descent mainly via natural selection
factories in the fields book
-by mcwilliams -describes plight of ppl working in fields from dust bowl
"grapes of wrath"
-by steinback
fundamentalism
-called for literal reading of the bible and rejected any other interpretation -militant form of protestantism -pessimistic view of society
who challenged the kk
-catholic knights of columbus -black press -anti-klan american unity league
"big jim" colosimo
-chicago gangster -owned saloons and brothels -> nephew torrio came to work with him -> both became millionaires -colosimo shot after delivering some alcohol -> torio and al capone took control of the liquor business
lever food and fuel control act
-clause in it that banned the use of grain for hard liquor and gave the president authority to regulate wine and beer production
spanish general francisco franco
-commader of spanish army garrison in morocco -led attack on left-leaning and democratically elected repub governemnt of spain
black star line
-created by garvey -carried passagenrs and freight between usa and the carribean and african islands
glass-stegall act
-created the federal deposit insurance corporation to guarantee bank deposits -separated commercial banks and investment banks, the former could take deposits and make loans, with government guarantees, and the latter could invest in the stock market, at their own risk
hoover on economics
-crime
as a result of the palmer raids,
-deportees left on the 'buford' liner to russia -congress expelled its one socialist member (victor berger) -10k+ people arrested
wheeler and walsh investigation
-discovered sinclair made a gift of $260k to fall & that doheney lent $100k to the secretary
f scott fitzgerald
-dropped out of princeton -"the side of paradise" -"the great gatsby"
great plains 1930
-drought
movement of whites to great plains in 1910
-encouraged by gov -rich soil -harsh weather
what did the nazis do one month after coming into office
-ended free speech in germany -arrested communist deputies in parliament to give themselves a solid majority there
hoover background
-engineer -helped feed europe during wwi -economist -called on people to engage in voluntary collective action (keep wages up) -cut taxes
roger babson
-eocnomist -said an economic crash was coming
effect of wwi on europe and usa
-europe: devastated -usa: fine
anti-japanese policies in usa
-excluded japanese immigrants
status of immigrants in the 1920s
-felt especially marginalized -clear that sophisticated urban ppl looked down on them and their ways and resented them
how did people get alcohol now
-filled basements with alcohol (possession was legal)
kdka
-first radio station in usa
history of blues
-first sung about hard lives in the south
other harding admin scandals
-forbes lost $200 mill in 2 years (cost gov't a fortune)
george earle
-governor of pa -as the world goes crazy, have america maintain liberty
"queen city of the delta"
-greenville, mississippi -agric. center
charles ponzi
-had an investment firm in boston -paid old investors with $ from new ones -> ponzi did not invest -> made ponzi famous
treatment of german, austria, czechoslovakia, poland, and other territory jews
-had to wear yellow stars -packed into tightly controlled urban ghettos -> transported to slave labor and death camps
albert johnson
-hated radical org. like iww and was convinced that most of its members were immigrants (wrong) -anti-japanese -memebr of asiatic exclusion league
bethune
-head of a girls schools -director of negro division of the national youth admin -close with eleanor
agricultural adjustment administration payments
-helped landlords but were not passed on to help tenant farmers or sharecroppers
why was al capone eventually arrested
-hoover demanded that the law be upheld -arrested for tax evasion
major differences between hoover and smith
-hoover: dry, protestant -smith: wet, catholic
why did prohibition unleash a crime wave
-illegal liquor was profitable -MANY were willing to disobey the law
mussolini in albania
-invaded
what kept usa from providing teh support for europe's jews
-isolationism -ignorance -old hatred of jews
effect of the great depression internationally
-japanese lost jobs -chile's mineral exports collapsed -> no jobs -german industry went bankrupt -industrial production in england collapsed -> hunger marches -no jobs in canada
"asia for asians"
-japanese power grew -> japanese wanted to dominant asia to replace england, france, and america as dominant powers
"the good earth" and henry luce
-kids of missionaries to china -helped build up sympathy for china
textile worker strike in 1919
-lawrence, ma -scene of bread and roses strike -short and successful strike to get 48-hour work week
benito mussolini
-leader of italian fascist party -> became prime minister -aka "il duce" -ruled italy with an iron fist for 20+ years -dream: restore italy's ancient glory by building prosperity and restablishing the ancient roman empire
leroy percy
-leading white citizen in greenville, mississippi -opposed the klan bc black ppl were needed for their economy
chaiang kai-shek
-led chinese gov't -> retreated and set up a new capital in the island city of chungking
americans who wanted to be involved internationally
-left leaning -volunteered to fight in spain on the side of the republican gov't -abraham lincoln brigade (volunteers) joined an ill-trained/equipped but courageous force that fought against fascists
coolidge in latin america
-maintained mil. force -enocurgaed involvement -removed troops from haiti and nicaragua
national recovery admin
-mandate to create a voluntary national network of businesses to maintain wages and prices -set minimum wages and prices, outlawed child labor, and guaranteed labor the right to organize
communism fever in usa
-mayor hanson proclaimed that he put down a bolshevik uprising in seattle -senate ordered an investigation of russian bolshevik influence in usa -attorney general palmer presented what he thought was evidence of communism influence in usa but wasn't
dem nomination in 1924
-mcadoo "dry" (supp. by southern/western wing) -smith "wet" -davis chosen
hoover
-most liberal member of cabinet -sec. of commerce for harding and coolidge -encouraged cooperation between businesses to stabilize industrial production and economy
civilan conservation corps
-most popular new deal agency -thousands of unemployed young men worked in rural camps planting forests, pruning trees, building parks, and shoring up the nation's wild lands, thus giving more jobs
post kristallanacht
-nazi gov't issued an "atonement fine" on jews to pay for the cost of kristallanacht -closed jew stores and confiscated jew property
adolph hitler and nazis
-nazi party grew from brown shirts to a formidable group leading to hitler's election as german chancellor -hitler promised that a greatly expanded german nation would provide living space for people of german nationality by pushing others, slavs and jews, out of the way to make room for the "master race"
radio corporation of america
-new company -stocks rose 8x
effect of bombs arriving in the mail of postmaster burleson, attorney palmer, senators, and others
-no injuries -never found out who sent bombs
black tuesday
-october 29, 1929 -worst day in stock exchange history -stocks fell
chicago race riot
-on edge in the summer of 1919 -5k public employees on strike -someone put up a sign in the black community that they would get them on july 4 -> blacks armed themselves fearing assault -white mob beat black boy to death bc he swam in a white beach -> blacks attacked cops (who didn't care about the dead boy) and white mob -after beach scene: whites attacked chicago's black community -> blacks fought back (23 blacks & 15 whites dead)
senator long
-opposed the new deal -wanted everyone to have money not just the rich -attacked big corporations -raised taxes on oil and gas -made la a dictatorship when he was governor -launched share our wealth society- gave 5k and a guaranteed income of 2,500 to each family and educational subsides for young and pensions for old- paid by the wealthy
maginot line
-ordered to be built by french -along border of france and germany
american legion
-org. of returning soldiers -promise to uphold americanism and attack radicals
marget sanger
-organized birth control conference internationally -founded american birth control league -open a birth control clinic
literacy test
-passed by congress for new immigrants
why do booms and bust occur in economies
-people allowed prices to rise far beyond value and then crash
marcus garvey
-poor blacks looked to him to foster pride and self-determination -estbalished universal engro improvement and conservation association and african communities league (unia) in jamaica
carrie catt
-presided over victory of women getting rights -active in women's peace party before wwi but left it when usa entered war
stimson doctrine
-proclaimed by hoover when japan attacked manchuria -usa would never recognize the new regie in manchukuo or any other arrangements imposed on china by force -unstated part: usa would not do anything much to enforce its policy
fair labor standard act
-prohibited child labor -set a hourly minimum wage -40 hour work week
charles stelzle
-prohibition leader -more understanding of neighborhood saloons --realized how saloons were used for cultural stuff (ex: italians go to drink wine)
henry goddard
-prominant american pscholohist and eugenicist -eatblished intelligence test on ellis island to sort immigrants to see which ethnicities are smarter
effect of wwi on farmers
-prosperous (prices went up)
american jewish congress
-protested loudly against both the nazi attacks and american immigration policy -urged boycotts of german goods and staged a mock trial of hitler
"main street" & "babbitt"
-published by lewis -looked at stifling conformity and hypocrisy of small towns
how did most americans find out about news
-radio -motion pic
charles coughlin
-radio priest -catholic auto workers were the core of his admin -sermon broadcasted over the radio- attacked hoover, got pol. -anti new deal
under the indian reorganization act, the gov't
-recognized the legal rights of inian tribes included the tight to hold reservation lands -tribes adopted constitutions and formed gov'ts
illegal speakesis
-replaced bars -catered to men and women
election of 1920
-repub: harding w/ coolidge -dem: cox w/ frank roosevelt -socialist: debs *HARDING WON*
"flappers"
-short hair -exposed more skin -embraced sexual freedom -drank/smoked -broke out of sexual standards
why were americans beginning to question the raids
-size and scope of them -lack of evidence -widespread conspiracy
coolidge on the eocnomy
-sound -cheap
steel workers strike in 1919
-striked after judge gary refused to meet with union reps
lewis meriam
-studied federal indian policy -conductd the first large scale examintation of the impact of the 1887 dawes act -"problem of indian admin.": indians had a bad gov't -called for moving the education of indian children to their home and tribal context
alien property custodian scandal
-supposed to manage german assets in usa
southern blacks who went north during the war
-take on war-time jobs -post war: didn't want to go back south
reasons for isolationsim in usa
-thought american soldiers died in ww1 for no reason -league of naitons failing -europeans fighting
1927 spring in rural america
-too rainy -floods -built levies
john thomas scopes
-used "a civic bio" in his class -violated a law against the teaching of evolution
other inventions
-vacuum -toaster -fridge -washing machine
who served in the black cabinet
-vann -hastie -ickes -weaver -etc
post-kristallanacht on americans
-wagner, rogers, and celler proposed legislation that would create an expanded quota for radical and religious refugees
for who were the 1920s not prosperous
-white farmers in the midwest and south -southern black sharecroppers -natives on isolated reservations
"bank holidays"
-winter 1932-33 -banking system collapsed as banks that had invested in stocks or offered mortgage loans that were now worthless -announed holidays to stop further failures
19th amend
-women rights -just in time for election of 1920
anthony, willard, and stanon
-women's suffrage leaders -died before women got rights
richard wright
-wrote "native son" and "black boy" to describe the lives of many migrants
asa gray
-wrote a high school botany book -showed the life as part of one system
john dos passos, ernest hemingway, and ee cummings
-wrote novels about the meaningless of ww1
"the jazz age"
1920s
the economy began to recover in ___ but the ___ economy didn't
1922 and 1923 farm
kellogg-brand pact
1928 international treaty that denounced aggression war but lacked provisions for enforcement
most desperate economic moment in american history
1932
"second new deal"
1935 involved greater attention to long-term financial security for more americans
great migration especially occurred during the
40s and 50s
babe ruth
60 home runs
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for some, winning freedom for sacco and vanzetti could be,
a blow struck for the cause of anarchism, rights of immigrants, or fair trial
before 1900, most protestants assumed that the bible was
a fairly accurate historical record
labor unions an some blacks feared that
a never ending stream of new immigrants could depress wages or take jobs
indian new deal
a series of policy changes, including the indian reorganization act of 1934 that transformed gov't indian policy and strengthened indian tribal gov't of their reservations
wilson's feeling on prohibition
against
democrats nominated in 28
al smith
what states did coolidge get
all except wisconsin and south
roosevelt used the emergency abnkin act to
allow those banks deemed safe to open and permanently liquidated the weakest
farmers enjoyed new
amenities (ex: running war)
the american first committee did not want any part of a war that
america could avoid
even though americans wanted to stay neutral, ___ continued to be shipped to japan which strengthened the country's military
american scrap iron and oil
japanese militarism had a strong anti___ strain
americian
black cabinet
an informal network of high-level black officials and advisors to the roosevelt admin. who worked together to influence gov't policy
the 1928 election was
angrier
19th amend. is aka
anthony amend.
1924 restrictions contributed to ___ in japan. why
anti-american feelings banned japanese immigration
coast guard cutter was ordered to intercept
any st louis passenger who tried to go ashore
roosevelt's proposal to congress
appoint one more supreme court justice who was 70+
what did harding do 3 months into office
appointed taft to the position he always wanted as chief justice of the supreme court
how did garvey end up
arrested for fraud and convicted later deported to jamaica where he continued to build unia
claire fiance
arrested when a detective stopped her to ask about a suspicious looking package she was carrying -> she was carrying alcohol (illegal to transport alcohol)
at the urging of eleanor, hopkins included jobs for ___ in wpa
artists
buying on margain
as people saw the chance to make money from stocks, they borrowed money to buy them
when did the economy rebound
as usa was preparing for ww2
huey long was ___ in sep. 1935
assassinated
kkk on interracial couples
attack
____ industries and ___ construction boomed in the 1920s
auto-related highway
anti-saloon league sough to
banish alcohol by law in the 1910s
glass-stegall act regulated
banks
roosevelt worked to reopen
banks
volstead act
banned hard liquor, wine, beer, and anything over 0.5% alcohol -$1k fine -enforced by us treasury
isolationism
belief that usa should keep clear of nearly all involvement with the rest of the world, stay neutral and out of any foreign wars
dem. party divide
between a southern and western wing that was primarily white, protestant, rural, and supportive of prohibition and northern wing, that though also very white, included many catholics and jews, and was highly urban and strongly anti-prohibition
smith liked ___ business
big
in the 1920s, a ____ dollars of loans were provided to cover stock purchases
billion
there was conflict between urban blacks and ___ bc
black newcomers form the south they each found the other socially and economically threatening
"red summer" of 1919
black worthier johnson looked at the racial violence and the fear of communists that were roiling in the country and called it the red summer
after the war, catt did little to support suffrage for
blacks
were more blacks or whites unemployed during the depression
blacks
unlike most race riots in other cities, the one in chicago had
blacks fighting back
who attacked the black star line
blacks na whites
klan launched boycotts of stores owned by
blacks, catholics, jews
farms in the great plains
blew away due to dust storms
did women become more active as dems or repubs
both
1938 conference in munich, germany
british prime minister neville chamberlain agreed to allow hitler's claim to sudentland in exchange for a promise of peace -british parliament criticized chamberlian
what did wpa workers do
build roads, theaters, etc
tennesse valley authority
built dams on the tennessee river that would control floods, bring electricity to rural areas that were without it, and provide jobs
coolidge and hoover admin. encouraged___ russian reaction
business investment liked it-got more cars
roosevelt attacked
business leaders but did not actually do very much to hurt them
hoover saw ___ not gov't intervention as a key to accomplishing success
business success
"okies"
ca name for people who came from the dust bowl -poor intruders in a state whose economy was declining
most people who left the dust bowl moved to____ and became
california migrant farm workers
how did textbooks respond
called darwin "a leading biologist" instead of the best tone
what caused more ppl to move to the suburbs
can get to work in the city by train, car, trolley etc.
how did americans travel
car
in setting the quota for # of immigrants, johnson decided to refer to the
census taken in 1890 to limit the amount of immigrants allowed to usa
cities a lot of blacks went to
chicago ny detroit la philly syracuse etc.
american public opinion was solidly on the side of
china
lewis was the founder of
cio
spain was engulfed in a
civil war
chinang's kuomintang party were locked in a
civil war with the chinese communist party led by mao zedong
mellon ensured that there was a
close and comfy relationship between gov't and business
"lost generation"
coined by stein of people who lived abroad
roosevelt appointed ___ as commissioner of indian affairs
collier
lewis, hillman, and dubinsky created a
commitee for industrial organization within a f l
public work admin
committed to large-scale construction projects across the coutnry
___ and ___ sent aid to help the republicans
communist gov't of russia western gov't
____ had seized russia as a result of wwi
communists
roosevelt did not worry about
communists and socialsits
new deal also inspired a new
conservative movement and philosophy as opponents of the new deal
fdr's greatest frustration
conservative us supreme court kept undermining their efforts
workers on assembly lines complained abotu
constant speed ups on teh assembly line
why couldn't ppl challenge the social security program
constituition gave the right to tax
following black tueday, stocks
continued to fall
how was al capone safe from arrest
controlled cops in chicago
harding's normalcy
conveyed how harding thought that the country wanted a new kind of "normal" free from war, international entanglements, and reform efforts
was coolidge or hoover more liberal
coolidge
who won in 1924
coolidge
___ vetoed the mcnary-haugen bills. why
coolidge unsound gov't intervention in free markets
during the war, the world needed more ___ than ever
cotton
roosevelt's rhetoric stole the thunder from
coughlin's and long's
when mussolini invaded ethiopia, the british what did the league of nations do
could have cut off the italian troops by closing the canal since they controlled the suez canal nothing
the wagner act did not
create unions
radio act
created a plan to license radio stations and regulate wavelengths at which they broadcast
works progress admin
created to insituionalize and expand new deal -led by hopkins
roosevelt was ready to address the ____ which gave people
crisis optimism
many recent immigrants experienced prohibition as an attack on their
cultures
what farms did prosper post war
dairy and veggie (city ppl discovered vitamins in veggies)
palmer also ordered to find
dangerous radicals and appointed hoover to lead it
high school bio classes were influenced by
darwin's "origin of species"
highpoint of market
day after labor day 1929
roosevelt's bill was
defeated
most people thought that a ___ would win the election of 1932 bc
democrat the crisis occurred under republican presidents
upoton sinclair would get the ___ nomination for ca gov in 1934 based on a pledge to
democratic end poverty in ca (EPIC)
roosevelt's commitment helped keep
democratic insitutions alive
blacks were shifting towards the ___ bc
democratic party they liked roosevelt's new deal policies and his wife's support for blacks
ponzi was eventually ___ from usa
deported
hitler's title
der fuhrer, the leader
"origin of species"
described all changes in plant and animal life- including emergence of humans as natural selection
smoot-hawley tariff
designed to protect american industries by raising the cost of imported goods, but resulted in a trade war as other nations also raised their tariffs in return, leading to a huge decrease in international trade with bad results
to many in congress, the court-packing bill was a step towards
dictatorship
like the 18th amend, the volstead act
did not ban the possession of alcohol, only its manufacture, transport, and sale -whiskey can be used for medical reasons -sacramental wine in church
harding ___ in august 1923
died
hughes also ended us occupation of the
dominican republic
senator thomas schall
don't care about europe
anti-saloon league supported ___ candidates
dry (supporting temperance)
elanor roosevelt was the ___ and ___ of the admin.
ears and eyes
japan saw its ____ in expansion
economic salvation
what happened in the late 1920s economically in germany
economy collapsed under the load of debt payments and inflation (banks closed)
most scientists ___ dawin's work
embraced
the dole
emergency relief
black music reflected the
emotions of blacks who moved to the north
when did the stock market surge
end of 1928 after hoover's election
eugenics movement began in
england by galton
klan provided ___ in small towns
entertainment
flappers were determined to have ___ as men do
equal freedom
by 1920, many blacks began to move to
escape rural poverty and segregation in rural south to new opps. in southern and northern cities
the national industry recovery act
established the public works admin and national recovery admin.
many states outlaws the teaching of
evolution
eugenic movement used ideas from ___ to
evolutionary bio, derived loosely from darwin, to prove that some ethnic groups were more highly evolved than otehrs
religion was also
evolving
national labor relations act of 1935 (wagner act)
expanded the rights of union members, outlawed unfair labor practices, and gave workers the right to join a union w/o getting fired, rights to collective barganing, right to strike
cattle farmers and agr. farmers were ___ during wwi
expanding their land
new deal consisted of a series of
experiments designed to stem the worst of the depression and bring a new course to get america back to normal
japan in 1930s
faced same worldwide depression conditions as other industrial countries -couldn't provide enough food for peopel, lacked natural resources
interest in eugenics __ in 1930s
faded
most bountiful wheat harvest
fall 1931
____ had a hold in italy
fascism
roosevelt began to believe that usa would eventually have to fight
fascism in europe
____ had won and spain joined italy and germany forming a
fascists fascict bloc
____ were consolidating their power in central europe
fascits
in 100 days, the usa had a quite different ___ than it had ever seen before
federal gov't
the largest criminal enterprise of the 1920s was conducted within the
federal gov't
roosevelt turned his attention back to
fighting depression
how did roosevelt connect with americans
fireside chats and press conferences
did roosevelt accomplish more in his first or second term
first
first 100 days
first 100 days of roosevelt admin., beginning with his inauguration on march 4, 1933, in which the democratic congress passed several important pieces of legislation and designed to put americans back to work and undercut the effect of the great depression
ederle
first woman to swim english channel
result of the washington conference
five powers treaty
charles lindbergh
flew solo across the atlantic in his plane "spirit of st louis"
between 1929 and 1932, farms were
foreclosed on
after wwi, many people wanted to
forget about all their troubles
democratic nomination in 1932
frank roosevelt
aclu (american civil liberties union) saw those laws as an assault on
free speech
for people who gathered over a drink, prohibition was an attack on
freedom and acceptance they had come to america to find
movies offered
fun, escape, entertainment -brought larger world into community
economy act
gave the president broad powers to cut gov't spending
hitler announced that the indep. country of austria was to be known as the
german province of ostmark, and german troops marched in
st louis ship
german ship that arrived in havana with jewish refugees -> captain then sailed to usa to try to allow refugees there -> returned to europe
____ governed germany
german weimar republic
the 1920s were a terrible decade for
germany
___ and ___ sent planes and troops to aid franco
germany italy
american workers who wanted a part in postwar prosperity tried to
get back money they had lost from stagnant wages in an era of war time inflation
home owners loan corporation was designed to
give loans to blacks and whites but officials of the federal housing authority decided not to give them to blacks
battle of running bulls
gm turned the heat off in freezing weather -> cops blocked delivery of food -> strikers broke through a police lock to get supporters outside -> company called glint cops -> strikes through objects at cops -union vicotry over general motors
hoover seemed like a ___ president to have during the market crash
good
mellon cut
gov't spending, tax, and retired 1/2 of the wwi debt
mellon was the best secretary of treasury until teh
great depression
tensions ____ in usa after the war
grew
violence is asia was
growing
fall was found ___ of
guilty accepting a bribe
opponents of immigrants and of political radicals assumed that sacco and vanzetti were __
guilty bc they were immigrants and anarchists
hitler claimed that under the treaty of versailles, the sudeon region of czechoslovakia
had a right to self-determinaiton and should be incorporated into germany -> annexed it
unlike the league of nations, the pact
had no enforcement mechanism
associated farmers of ca
had resources and power far beyond anything available to the ca farmers
working in fields was ___ work
hard
1920 republican nominee for president
harding
most corrupt admin. in history
harding
culture shock dust bowl refugees went from
having own land and farm -> living under bridges being an employee on a farm
how did frank roosevelt break precedent
he flew to the democratic national convention in chicago to accept his nomination
major issue of smith's campaign
he was catholic
henry wallace
heartsick at the destruction of food in a nation with many hungry people
movies created an age of new
heroes -ex: babe ruth, dempsey
brian trust believed that raising farm prices by ending the surplus of agriculture, and therefore raising the income and spending powers of farmers, was the
highest national priority
"mein kampf"
hiltler's basics of anti-semitic and anti-slavic efforts to achieve a "pure" race and eliminate any "unfit" people
president during stock market crash
hoover
the 1928 election that elected ___ was very different from the previous
hoover 2
when did the changes of the new deal begin
hoover admin
by 1923, three women were serving in the
house of reps
sacco and vanzetti case symbolized
how much a nation made up of immigrants has turned against immigrants
who was secretary of state under harding
hughes
"the switch in time that saved nine"
hughes and roberts changed their minds on minimum wage laws and wagner labor relations act -> found constituional
what made germany currency basically worthles
hyperinflation
writers of the 1920s spoke to a generation and class disillusioned with
idealism and business/money that characterize much of the 1920s
unions were divided by
ideological differences and splits between newly arrived refugees and those who had been working for years
prohibition enforcement division scandal
ignored violations in nyc hotels as long as you left money in the fishbowl
the kkk was an opponent of
immigration black rights anything that undermined native white protestants
why did the american legion lynch an www organizer
in washington, an www group killed 4 parading legion members
change to "mcguffey's readers"
included stories of how alcohol created desolation
under evans leadership, the kkk ___ in size
increased
what ended the depresion for dust bowl refugees
industrial jobs created by ww2
what caused most strikes
inflation and stagnant wages not internal intrigue
perkins
insisted that the president back pensions for the old and unemployment insurance -got popular from townsend movement
sit down strike
instead of walking off the job, cio inspired workers simply stopped working (much more comfy)
in 1920s and 1930s americans wanted nothing to do with
international affairs
what is may day
international socialist holiday in honor of haymarket events
people were tired of wilson's
internationalism
du pont brothers
invited a bunch of businss and poltical leaders to discuss the dangers to investors in the new deal -didn't like roosevelt
usa was an ___ after wwi
isolationist
in europe some of the earliest signs of the postwar ill will appeared in
italy
why were americans scared of stopping their shipments to japan
japan may attack the dutch colonies in asia that were the only other potential source of oil for japan
manchukuo
japan renamed the expanded territory in manchuria as this
in 1922, the us navy was nervous about the growth of ___ navy and wanted
japan's some of the reserve oil pumped and transferred to pearl harbor
1924 immigration restriction
johnson's quotta
coolidge appointed __ as sec. of state
kellogg
usa economy between the election in november and inauguration in march
kept on getting worse -more unemployed, evicted farmers -banks failed
as prohibition came into force, the ____ was revived
kkk
progressive candiate in 1924
la follete
a run on a bank
large number of withdrawls all at once -> bank out of business
if warren would have won, she would've ben the first
latin women in congress
adelina otero warren
latin women who won repub nomination for congress but lost the final election
american liberty league
launched in 1934, the group was one of the largest an most well funded of several organizations opposed to the new deal, which it considered socialistic
in the face of nazi attacks, jews tried to
leave europe
volstead act
legalized beer
social security act
legislation that established a system off federal old-age pension in effect to the present day
emergency relief and construction act
lent money to states for relief and public projects
wilson asked congress to extend the _____ and for a
level fuel act peace-time sedition law to continue some of the wartime restrictions on civil liberties
republicans nomianted
liberal landon
simalrity between townsend's idea and epic
liked by voters who didn't like new deal
what caused tightly packed homes in the north
living conditions in increasingly segregated and rapidly growing urban neighberhoods
congress added a proviso that prohibited ____ to any nation at war
loans/credit
what made enforcing the volstead act hard
loophole of being allowed to make alcohol
in 1931, wheat farmers experienced
losing money on wheat
those of african and asian decent tended to score ___ on iq test
lowest
teapot dome
major scandal of the harding presidency in which us navy oil reserves, including those at teapot dome, were used to enrich the secretary and his friends
anti-saloon league was dominated by males or females
males
despite the prosperity many experienced during the jazz age,
many on farms lived poor lives
for who were the 1920s a time of great prosperity
many white middle-class Americans
most prominent member of the black cabinet
mary mcleod bethune
great migration
mass movement of blacks from rural south to urban north spurred especially by new job opps that began during wwi and 1920s
dempsey and tunney
matches generated over $1 mill
harding appointed ___ as secretary of treasury
mellon
in which part of usa was isolationism strongest
midwest
klan was mostly strong in the
midwest and south
___ in japan were growing in power
militarists
omaha, nebraksa
mob attacked jail where a black prisoner was being held, beat up the mayor who tried to stop them, and then lynched prisoner william brown -> us troops brought order
1920s was the first decade in which
more americans lived in cities/towns than farms
the wpa's role was to
move people from emergency relief to temporary, gov't supported jobs and to make the gov't the employer of last resort
from the bad conditions in the mississippi delta, people
moved
nazi party is aka
national socialist
congress extended the same rights to
native alaskans
temperance was a larger effort by
native-born white protestants, especially those living on farms and small towns, to retake control of national culture that they saw was under the sway of immigrants
what limited the amount of money a departing jew could take when leaving europe
nazi laws
for lindbergh, coughlin, and other americans ___ was appealing
nazism
jus before dawes took office as coolidge's vp, he
negotiated the dawes plan to help ameliorate the german financial crisis brought on by the huge reparations payments to england and france
harlem renaissance
new black cultural awareness that flourished in literature, art, and music in the 1920s
what increased consumer debt while making new inventions available to more people
new forms of financing
congress of industrial organizations (cio)
new labor union that sought to organize industrial workers by industry, such as all automobile workers
the idea of returning to usa for blacks who fought in the war generated
new tensions and determinations
did all americans want to be isolated
no
did coolidge have any connection to harding scandals
no
did roosevelt want to nationalize banks
no
did the economy act stimulate the economy
no
did the new deal end depression
no
was leaving europe for jews easy
no
was the seattle strike the only strike in 1919
no
were many strikes successful in ca
no
were there limits on other ships than the navy
no
where hoover and al smith very different
no
will there be a formal war between japan and china
no
was the stock market crash they only economic problem in 1929? what was going on
no banking, manufacturing, farming, int. trade were fragile
did wheat farmers face difficulties bc of the depression? why
no they could always plow more land and plant more wheat
harding coined
normalcy
harding promised to return usa to
normalcy
salaries were higher in the ___ and so was
north rent
1924 immigration restriction had no impact on immigration from
north and south america and irish
how did brokers lose money
not able to sell plummeting stock in time
was the north welcoming of southerners
not always
were the literacy tests effective in limiting immigration
not really-most immigrants were literate
what did france, america, and england do to stop fascists
nothing
the gov'ts of england, france, and america did ____ in the face of worldwide violence and aggression and the league of nations
nothing proved to be a meaningless barrier to aggresion
when did wwi end
novemeber 11, 1918
the five powers treaty slowed the production
of navy ships
the navy got the ___ it needed and ____ and ___ made a lot of $
oil sinclair/doheny
residents in ca feared the
okies
anger at the economic and political failure in germany fueled
old hatreds and brought a new political party to power in germany
plantation owners on education
only rudimentary education so they would stay in the south
to southerns in teh seante, the bill would
open up the way to civil rights legislation
national association of manufactures ___ new deal
opposed
peace pledge union
opposed any british military planning
addams and rankin ___ wwi
oppossed
protestants had traditionally been
optimistic
1924 immigration restrictions created deep tensions between usa and
other countries (mostly china and japan)
england opposed further expansion of the jewish population of
palestine (governed by england)
what are stocks
partial ownership in a company
in congress, isolationism and peace sentiment led to
passage of a number of neurtality laws designed to keep usa out of war
as the us congress was passing the social security and wagner act, the nazi parliament
passed tehnuremberg decrees which took away the citizenship of german jews, excluded jews from most professions and the military, and made the marriage of a jew and non-jew illegal
anti saloon league made support for prohibition a test of
patriotism
germany's debts
pay for ww1
the roosevelts' optimism gave
people hope
criminals during prohibition
performed more crime
wctu sough to
persuade people to give up alcohol
using the lever fuel act, attorney general palmer
persuaded a federal judge to issue an injunction about a coal strike
many asians resented american control of the ____, british involvement in ___, ____, and french control of
phillipine islands china burma, dutch control of the il rich east indies indochina
american birth control league became
planned parenthood
people expected the peace of wwi to usher in a time of
pleasure and plenty
gov't offered payments for a promise not to
plow wheat for the following year
the brain trust guided much of roosevelt's
policy
strikes were signs of
political chaos
the ccc and other agencies put
pope to work who needed jobs
iq and eugenics enforced ___ in 1920s
popular opinon
result of great migration
population shift cultural flowering
in 1910, most northern blacks were
preachers, teachers, servants, cooks, janitors etc.
what happened after hitler invaded the rest of czechoslovakia
prime minister chamberlin, who had agreed to an earlier compromise, announced that england was committed to the defense of poland and that if hitler attacked that country, his forces would be met with armed resistance
lever fuel act
prohibited obstruction of coal distribution during the war
18th amend
prohibited the manufacture, transport, and sale of liquor
the kkk defended
prohibition
by 1929, after all the killing, americans were wondering if
prohibition was a good thing
rankin
proposed 19th amendement aka
dr franics townsend
proposed a federal pension of $200/month for any person 60+ to retire -idea got a lot of attention and support
cable act
protected citizenship rights of american women who married noncitzens
bonus army
protest movement of wwi veterans in 1932 demanding early payment of service bonuses not due until 1945 to help them through the great depression and to provide a stimulus for the economy
some people concluded that drinking and ____ were incompatible
protestant christianity
federal emergency relief act
provided direct gov't grants to those without income
sheppard-towner act
provided federal funds for prenatal and infant care
reconstruction finance corporation
provided funds to keep banks and rr from bankruptcy
the kkk wanted every kid to go to
public school
most effective anti-klan tactic
publicize lists of members in secret organization
alain locke
published "the new negro" in aspiration of defining the harlem renaissance
hiram wesley evans
pushed simmons aside and tuned the klan into a very successful hate organization aimed at blacks, immigrants, catholics, jews, and anyone who challenged prohibition
the money change effect
put more money into circulation since the supply of dollars was no longer limited by the amount of gold in gov't or bank vaults
eugenics ___ became popular in sua
quickly
ccc tried to build projects to
reclaim land
william joseph simmons
recreated the kkk
gravy's message
rejected integration with white america and focused on self-help, self-determination, and african nationalism
when roosevelt wanted us entry to the world court, the senate
rejected the plan bc americans wanted to be isolated
what did hitler do as the german gov't was attacking its jewish citizens
renounced the clause in the treaty of versailles calling for german disrmament and began to build a new army
coolidge took on the presidency and was nominated full term in 1924 by the
repub. party
pol. party of presidents of the us during the 1920s
repubs
who nominated hoover in 28
repubs
1935 law
required an embargo of arms to all belligernts in any way while declaring that any american who traveled on a belligerent ship did so at his/her risk
pellagra
result of poor diet -affected many ppl in mississippi delta bc in the aftermath of the flood, there was a lot of disease
charles lindbergh became an avid opponent of any
revision of teh neutrality laws or any support for jewsih refugees -speaker at america first committee to keep usa out of war in europe -opponent of new deal -> called it jew deal
as roosevelt prepared for reelection battle in 1936, he toughened his
rhetoric
collier was determined to
right some of the wrongs that had been done and convinced congress to pass the wheeler-howard act
germany and italy formalized their alliance with the
rome-berlin axis treaty
who coined "new deal"
roosevelt
who won in 1936
roosevelt
on the day with most banks closed and most economic activity at a standstill,
roosevelt was inaugurated as president
____ defeated ___ in 1932
roosevelt with garner defeated hoover
during the 1920s, stock prices geenrally
rose with modest downturns
americans wondered wether there may be links between america's homegrown radicals and
russia
eugenics gave a ___ to limit immigration of ethnic groups form south and eastern europe and asia
scientific patina
largest city wide strike in us history
seattle general strike
to meet the navy's needs, fall
secretly leased the reserves to oil companies owned by sinclair and doheny
civilan conservation corps had rigidly ___ camps
segregated
palmer raids
series of raids by us gov't agents in 1919 and 1920 to find, arrest, and sometimes deport people considered to be dangerous radicals
mcnary-haugen bills
set a minimum price for farm products -> fed. gov would buy products if they fell to that level -> gov't stored products until prices rose
in 1937, japan captured
shanghai (largest city in china) and the chinese capital of nanking (rape of nanking- many chinese killed)
hoovervilles
shantytowns, sarcastically named after hoover, in which unemployed and homeless people live din makeshift shacks, tents, and boxes. hoovervilles cropped up in many cities in 1930-31
when a company makes a profit, dividends are paid to
shareholders
why was there no stability in the german gov't
shifting gov't coalations
how did hitler stun the world
signed a nonagreession back with stalin, dictator of soviet union, to partition of poland -germany and soviet union had very different eocnomic systems and idelolgies
in the summer of 1929, stocks
skyrocketed
stock market response to hoover's victory
skyrocketed
roosevelt worried that the new deal was not ___ enough
socialistic
american response to communist gov't in russia
some celebrated and others got scared
agricultural adjustment act
sought to shore up farm prices with a not-always-popular program to plow unfer 10.5 million acres of cotton and slaughter 6 million piglets
where did 90% of blacks live in 1820-1920
south
congress expanded the arms embargo to
spain
fireside chats
speeches broadcast nationally over the radio in which president roosevelt explained complex issues and programs in plain language
communism seemed to be
spreading
roosevelt insited that the ___ gov't play the lead role in unemployment insurance
states
cotton planters did everything to ____ northern migration
stop
for poor blacks, garveys message
struck a chord
what got roosevelt ;oytalty among labor unions
support for wagner act
first birth control pill
supported by planned parethood
as more banks failed, people began to
take their money out of banks
___ changes reshaped the way americans thought about culture and morality
tech.
congress defeated a plan to expand the
tennessee valley authority to other regions of the country and a reorganization plan for the executive branch of the gov't that fdr wanted
new deal
term for the programs and legislation developed during frank roosevelt's admin. aimed at ending the great depression
social security and federal regulatory agencies play a continuing role in
the economy and lives of peopel
after fdr took the country off of the gold standard, currency was backed by
the government's promise to pay
iq test measured
the kind of culturally specific knowledge that children of native born protestant and northern european families learned at home
glass steagall act and federal deposit insurance company stabalized
the nation's banking system
finance's arrest was a symbol of
the shift in many american's attitude toward alcohol and toward the role of women in american society
galton concluded that
the social elite were significantly higher on the evolutionary scale than workers
after wwi, some whites sought to reclaim
their old jobs
the second round of palmer raids destroyed the
tiny us communist party and caught many others
result of fall 1931 harvest
too much wheat to be eaten
1937 neutrality act
toughened the prohibition on selling arms to any side and made it illegal for americans to travel on a belligerent ship -declared that nonmilitary material (food, clothing) could be sold to a nation at war on a "cash and carry" basis, insiting that there be no loans to belligerents and that all goods brought in usa had to be taken out of the country in non-us ships
roosevelt worried about
townsend coughlin long
roosevelt's legislation undermined
townsend's organization
nazis outlawed
trade unions and other political parties
salons helped ethnic groups maintain
tradition
cultural lists worried that
traditional anglo-american culture was being diluted
____ created significant lingering pain and anger
treaty of versailles
who was given the right to decide on tribal membership
tribes not the gov't
japan used an explosion at a japanese owned railway in china as an excuse to send
troops into china and installed a puppet gov't in the chinese province of manchuria
the court declared nra and aaa
unconstituional as well as state minimum wage las
the court stopped decalring new deal legilsation
unconstituitional
communists were ___ with roosevelt
unhappy
share our wealth clubs became the
union party after long died
mexican american and filipino farm workers created their own
unions
"panay"
us gunboat sunk by japanese pilots -> usa not angry enough to challenge them
for many americans, the chaos of 1919 proved that there was a link between
us labor unions, socialists and the bolshevik communist regime in russia
anti-seminism was also strong in
usa
lewis m german, edawrd thornfike
use iq test to determine mental age of child for education
the great depression hit blacks ___ hard. why
very many moved to northern cities and were still on the bottom of the economic ladder and were often the first to lose jobs
the influenza epidemic contributed to the sense that something was
very wrong in the postwar world
st valentine's day massacre was the most ___ during prohibition
violent incident
in the first 100 days, the ___ act was amended
volstead
roosevelt and england on jewish immigration
wanted to led more in
england and france now declared
war
english wanted to avoid
war
kellogg-brand pact outlawed
war
wilbur carr
warned that poland's jew ghettos were about to empty into usa after wwi
knowing there was no chance of us participation in the league of nations, hughes called the ____ to try to
washington conference end competition among usa, england, and japan to build up navies
saloons were often where
weddings, christening parties, dances, etc. took place
hitler was ____ as he rode through vienna
welcomed by many
just as the nation's demand for coal for winter heat was beginning, coal workers
went on strike
with the growth of high schools, many americans started to worry about
what was being taught in theme-especially bio
what farms did not prosper post war
wheat, corn, cotton
when do shares lose value
when a company does poorly or lots of people start to worry that it will do poorly
when did immigrant opponents get huge success
when congress cut off immigration from eastern europe, asia, and africa
effect on buyers on margian
when the stock fell to the amount the buyer actually invested, the broker would notify the buyer that he/she would have to pay off the loan or the stock would be taken over by the broker and sold to recoup the loan
usa ended the traditional ___ rations for troops
whiskey
longview, tx race riot
white mob beat up a black school teacher
share our wealth clubs nominated
william lemke
wkkk
women of the kkk
primary voice of temperance reform in protestant america in the 1880s
women's christian temperance union
in order to maintain income, farmes
worked harder
as work expanded, factories in the north needed more
workers
what kind of crisis was the great depression
worldwide
banks that had given loans to buy stocks now held
worthless paper since loans could never be repaid and owned worthless farm land or were blocked from foreclosure by angry farmers
black sunday
wost day in great plains bc farms blew away
many economists thought babson was
wrong
____ had begun
ww2
___ created new opps. for blacks
wwi
did americans go to the movies
yes
did the liquor trade continue after capone's arrest
yes
did the native americans feel the change of the new deal
yes
were there a lot of sit down strikes in the winter of 1936-37
yes ex: flint, atl, kansas city
were japanese advances welcomed in asia?
yes except for
did the volstead act stimulate the economy before it was amended
yes- brought millions to the treasury