History Final 1502

Culture Jamming

**LAST CHAPTER ** Many culture Jams are simply aimed at exposing questionable political assumptions behind commercial culture so that people can momentarily consider the branded environment in which they live. Culture jams refigure logos, fashion statements, and product images to challenge the idea of "what's cool," along with assumptions about the personal freedoms of consumption. Flag example with the different corporations that technically "run" this country *** GLOBALIZATION ***

"Kinsey Reports"

1948 Sexual Behavior in the Human Female was based on personal interviews with approximately 6,000 women. Kinsey analyzed data for three frequency with which women participate in various types of sexual activity and looked how factors such as age, socioeconomic status and religious adherence influence sexual behavior. Kinsey's evidence suggested that women were less sexually active than men The publications were immediately controversial among the general public. The findings caused shock and outrage, both because they challenged controversial beliefs about sexuality and because they discussed subjects that had previously been taboo.

Invasion of the Body Snatchers

A 1956 film that depicts an extraterrestrial invasion that begins in the fictional California town of Santa Mira. Released in 1978, the plot involves a San Francisco health inspector and his colleague who discover humans are being replaced by aliens duplicates who appear to be perfect copies of the person's replaced, but devoid of any human emotion.

NSC - 68

A 58-page top secret policy paper by the United States National Security Council presented to President Harry S. Truman on April 14, 1950. It was on of the most important statements of American policy in the Cold War. It provided the blueprint for the militarization of the Cold War from 1950 to the collapse of the Soviet Union at the beginning of the 1990s. Advocated large expansion in the military budget of the United States, the development of the hydrogen bomb, and increased military aid to allies of the United States. It made containment of global Communist expansion a high priority.

Young Lords Party

A Puerto Rican nationalist group in several United States cities notably New York City and Chicago 13-Point Program and Platform: a Revolutionary Political Party Fighting for the Liberation of all oppressed people

"Rosie the Riveter"

A cultural icon of the US, representing the American women who worked in factories and shipyards during WWII, many of whom produced munitions and war supplies. Commonly used as a symbol of feminism and women's economic power.

Glass-Steagall Act

Chapter 24 -- The New Deal Experiment To secure confidence of depositors, Congress passed the Glass-Steagall Banking Act, setting up the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which guaranteed bank customers that the federal government would reimburse them for deposits if their banks failed. In 1999, Clinton and Congress further deregulated the financial industry by repealing key aspects of the Glass-Steagall Act, passed during the New Deal to avoid another Great Depression. In addition, the act required the separation of commercial banks (which deposits and make loans to individuals and small businesses) and investment banks (which make speculative investments with their funds), in an effort to insulate the finances of Main Street America from the risky speculations of Wall Street wheeler-dealers.

D-Day

Chapter 25 -- The United States and the Second World War After frustrating delays caused by stormy weather, Eisenhower launched the largest amphibious assault in world history June 6, 1944, the date of the Allied invasion of northern France. D Day was the largest amphibious assault in world history. The invasion opened second front against the Germans and moved the Allies closer to victory in Europe. Within a week, a flood of soldiers, tanks, and other military equipment propelled Allied forces toward Germany. On August 25, the Allies liberated Paris from four years of Nazi occupation

Good Neighbor Policy

Chapter 25 -- The United States and the Second World War Foreign policy announced by Franklin Roosevelt in 1933 that promised the United States would not interfere in the internal or external affairs of another country, thereby ending U.S. military interventions in Latin America. Instead, it declared that, unlike in past decades, the United States would not depend on military force to exercise its influence in the region. Roosevelt refrained from sending troops to defend the interests of American corporations in Latin America.

Selective Training and Service Act

Chapter 25 -- The United States and the Second World War Law enacted in 1940 requiring all men who would be eligible for a military draft to register in preparation for the possibility of a future conflict. They also had prohibited discrimination based on "race or color." The racial insults and discrimination suffered by all people of color made some soldiers ask, as a Mexican American GI did on his way to the European front, "Why fight for America when you have not been treated as an American?" Only black Americans were trained in segregated camps, confined in segregated barracks, and assigned to segregated units. Homosexuals also served but in much smaller numbers than black Americans.

Lend-Lease Act of 1941

Chapter 25 -- The United States and the Second World War Legislation in 1941 that enabled Britain to obtain arms from the United States without cash but with the promise to reimburse the United States when the war ended. The act reflected Roosevelt's desire to assist the British in any way possible, short of war. The purpose of the Lend-Lease, Roosevelt proclaimed, was to defend democracy and human rights throughout the world. Lend-Lease started a flow of support to Britain that totaled more than $50 billion during the war, far more than all federal expenditures combined since Roosevelt had become president in 1933.

"G.I. Bill"

Chapter 25 -- The United States and the Second World War Legislation passed in 1944 authorizing the government to provide WWII veterans with funds for education, housing, and health care, as well as to start businesses and buy homes. The GI Bill put the financial resources of the federal government behind the abstract goals of freedom and democracy for which veterans were fighting, and it empowered millions of GIs to better themselves and their families after the war. It showed that America cared for the well being of American veterans

Pearl Harbor, attack at

Chapter 25 -- The United States and the Second World War On December 7, 1941, 183 aircraft lifted off six Japanese carriers and attacked the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor on the Hawai'ian islands of Oahu. The devastating surprise attack send all of the fleet's battleships, killed more than 2400 Americans, and almost crippled U.S. war making capacity in the Pacific. Luckily for the United States, Japanese pilots failed to destroy oil storage facilities at Pearl Harbor and any of the nation's aircraft carriers, which happened to be at sea during the attack. The Japanese scored a stunning tactical victory at Pearl Harbor, but in the long run the attack proved a colossal blunder. On December 8, Congress endorsed the president's call for a declaration of war. Both Hitler and Mussolini declared war against America on December 11, bringing the United States into all-out war with the Axis powers in both Europe and Asia.

Manhattan Project

Chapter 25 -- The United States and the Second World War Top-secret project authorized by Franklin Roosevelt in 1942 to develop an atomic bomb ahead of the Germans. The thousands of Americans who worked on the project at Los Alamos, New Mexico, succeeded in producing a successful atomic bomb by July 1945. Germany surrendered two and a half months before the test on July 16, 1945, when scientists first witnessed an atomic explosion that sent a mushroom cloud of debris eight miles into the atmosphere. Truman saw no reason not to use the atomic bomb against Japan if doing so would save American lives.

National Security Act 1947

Chapter 26 -- Cold War Politics in Truman Years The fifth ingredient of containment improved the government's espionage. The National Security Act of 1947 created the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to gather information and to perform activities "related to intelligence affecting the national security" that the NSC might authorize. Such functions included propaganda, sabotage, economic warfare, and support for "anti-communist elements in threatened countries of the free world." In 1948, secret CIA operations helped defeat Italy's Communist Party.

Containment

Chapter 26 -- Cold War Politics in the Truman Years During the Truman years, advocate of the new containment policy fashioned a six-pronged defense strategy: (1) development of atomic weapons, (2) strengthening traditional military power, (3) military alliances with other nations, (4) military and economic aid to friendly nations, (5) an espionage network and secret means to subvert Communist expansion, and (6) a propaganda offensive to win friends around the world. Implementing the second component of containment, the United States beefed up its conventional military power to deter Soviet threats that might not warrant nuclear retaliation Collective security, marked a sharp reversal of the nation's traditional foreign policy. In 1949, the United States joined Canada and Western European nations in its first peacetime military alliance, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), designed to counter a Soviet threat to Western Europe The fourth element of defense strategy involved foreign assistance programs to strengthen friendly countries, such as aid to Greece and Turkey and the Marshall Plan. In addition, in 1949 Congress approved $1 billion of military aid to its NATO allies, and the government began economic assistance to nations in other parts of the world. The fifth ingredient was the CIA Finally, the US government sought, through cultural exchanges and propaganda, to win "hearts and minds" throughout the world. Truman expanded the Voice of America, created during WWII to broadcast US propaganda abroad.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Chapter 26 -- Cold War Politics in the Truman Years Agency created by the National Security Act of 1947 to expand the government's espionage capacities and ability to thwart communism through covert activities, including propaganda, sabotage, economic warfare, and support for anti-Communist forces around the world. In 1948, secret CIA operations helped defeat Italy's Communist Party. Subsequently, CIA agents would intervene even more actively, helping to topple legitimate foreign governments and violating the rights of U.S. citizens.

Marshall Plan of 1948

Chapter 26 -- Cold War Politics in the Truman Years Aid program begun in 1948 to help European economies recover from World War II. Between 1948 and 1953, the United States provided $13 billion to seventeen Western European nations in a project that helped its own economy as well. Marshall invited all European nations and the Soviet Union to corporate in a request for aid, but the Soviets objected to the American terms of free trade and financial disclosure. They ordered their Eastern European satellites to reject the offer. The Marshall Plan also helped boost the US economy because the participating European nations spent most of the dollars to buy American products and Europe's economic recovery created new markets and opportunities for American investment. The Marshall Plan marked the first step toward the European Union

HUAC

Chapter 26 -- Cold War Politics in the Truman Years Congressional committee especially prominent during the early years of the Cold War that investigated Americans who might be disloyal to the government or might have associated with Communists or other radicals. It was one of the key institutions that promoted the second Red Scare. Congressional committees, such as the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), also investigated individual's political associations. When those under scrutiny refused to name names, investigators charged that silence was tantamount to confession, and these "unfriendly witnesses" lost their jobs and suffered public ostracism. In 1947, HUAC investigated radical activity in Hollywood. Some actors and directors cooperated, but ten refused, citing their First Amendment rights. The "Hollywood Ten" served jail sentences for contempt of Congress - a punishment that Helen Gahagan Douglas fought - and then found themselves blacklisted in the movie industry.

"Iron Curtain"

Chapter 26 -- Cold War Politics in the Truman Years Metaphor coined by Winston Churchill in 1946 to demark the line dividing Soviet-controlled countries in Eastern Europe from democratic nations in Western Europe following World War II.

NATO

Chapter 26 -- Cold War Politics in the Truman Years Military alliance formed in 1949 among the United States, Canada, and Western European nations to counter any possible Soviet threat. It represented an unprecedented commitment by the United States to go to war if any to its allies were attacked. Collective security, the third prong of containment strategy, marked a sharp reversal of the nation's traditional foreign policy. In 1949, the United States joined Canada and Western European nations in its first peacetime military alliance, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, designed to counter a Soviet threat to Western Europe. For the first time in its history, the United States pledged to go to war if one of its allies was attacked.

Truman Doctrine

Chapter 26 -- Cold War Politics in the Truman Years President Harry S. Truman's commitment to "support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures." First applied to Greece and Turkey in 1947, it became the justification for U.S. intervention into many countries during the Cold War. The president failed to convince Helen Gahagan Douglas and some of her congressional colleagues, who wanted the United States to work through the United Nations and opposed propping up the authoritarian Greek government. In May 1947, Acheson described a war-ravaged Western Europe, with "factories destroyed, fields impoverished, transportation systems wrecked, populations scattered and on the borderline of starvation." American citizens were sending generous amounts of private aid, but Europe needed large-scale assistance to keep desperate citizens from turning socialism or communism.

Joseph McCarthy

Chapter 26 -- Cold War Politics in the Truman Years Wisconsin senator Joseph R. McCarthy avowed that "the Communists within our borders have been more responsible for the success of Communism abroad than Soviet Russia." McCarthy's charges - such as the allegation that retired general George C. Marshall belonged to a Communist conspiracy - were reckless and often ludicrous, but the press covered him avidly, and McCarthyism became a term synonymous with the anti-Communist crusade. Because the Communist Party had helped organize unions and championed racial justice, labor and civil rights activists fell prey to McCarthyism as well. McCarthyism caused untold harm to thousands of innocent individuals. Anti-Communist crusaders humiliated and discredited law-abiding citizens, hounded them from their jobs, and in some cases then sent them to prison. The anti-Communist crusade violated fundamental constitutional rights of freedom of speech and stifled the expression of dissenting ideas or unpopular causes.

Hernandez v. Texas

Chapter 27 -- The Politics and Culture of Abundance 1954 Supreme Court decision that found that the systematic exclusion of Mexican Americans from juries violated the constitutional guarantee of equal protection. To supply California's vast agribusiness industry, the government continued the bracero program begun in 1942, under which Mexicans were permitted to enter the United States to work for a limited period. Until the program ended in 1964, more than 100,000 Mexicans entered the United States each year to labor in the fields - and many of them stayed, legally or illegally. In 1954, the government launched a series of raids called "Operation Wetback," sending more than a million Mexicans back across the border. At the same time, Mexican American citizens gained a victory in their ongoing struggle for civil rights in Hernandez v. Texas.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Chapter 27 -- The Politics and Culture of Abundance 1954 Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. The court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment. Oliver Brown, a World War II veteran in Topeka, Kansas, filed suit because his daughter had to pass by a white school near their home to attend a black school more than a mile away. In Virginia, sixteen-year-old Barbara Johns initiated a student strike over wretched conditions in her black high school, leading to another of the suits joined in Brown President Eisenhower refused to endorse Brown. He also kept silent in 1955 when whites murdered Emmett Till, a fourteen-year-old black boy who had allegedly whistled at a white woman in Mississippi.

Interstate Highway and Defense System Act of 1956

Chapter 27 -- The Politics and Culture of Abundance Law authorizing the construction of a national highway system. Promoted as essential to national defense and an impetus to economic growth, the national highway system accelerated the movement of people and goods and changed the nature of American communities. The new highways accelerated the mobility of people and goods, and it benefited the trucking, construction, and automobile industries that had lobbied hard for the law. Eventually, the monumental highway project exacted such unforeseen costs as air pollution, energy consumption, declining railroads and mass transportation, and the decay of central cities.

"Military Industrial Complex"

Chapter 27 -- The Politics and Culture of Abundance Phrase coined by outgoing President Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1961 Alliance of private industry and federal government (and, for a time, labor unions) - military contracts The idea that the American economy is dependent on the construction and exports of military weapons... *always be in a state of war?

Eisenhower Doctrine

Chapter 27 -- The Politics and Culture of Abundance President Eisenhower's 1957 declaration that the United States would actively combat communism in the Middle East. Following this doctrine, Congress approved the policy, and Eisenhower sent aid to Jordan in 1957 and troops to Lebanon in 1958. In March, Congress approved aid to any Middle Eastern nation "requesting assistance against armed aggression from any country controlled by international communism."

Domino Theory (1945)

Chapter 27 -- The Politics and Culture of Abundance Theory of containment articulated by President Eisenhower in the context of Vietnam. He warned that the fall of a non-Communist government to communism would trigger the spread of communism to neighboring countries. Eisenhower explained, "You have a row of dominoes, you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly." A communist victory in Southeast Asia, he warned, could trigger that fall of Japan, Taiwan, and the Philippines.

Betty Friedan

Chapter 27 -- The Politics and Culture of Abundance Writer and feminist Betty Friedan gave a name to the idealization of women's domestic roles in her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique. Friedan criticized scholars, advertisers, and public officials for assuming that biological differences dictated different roles for men and women. According to this feminine mystique that they promulgated, women should find fulfillment in devotion to their homes, families, and serving others. Founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966 Believed Phyllis Schlafly was a "traitor to your [women] sex"

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Chapter 27 -- The Politics and Culture of Abundance Yearlong boycott of Montgomery's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population. The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr. to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated transportation unconstitutional. Elected to head the MIA was twenty-six-year-old Martin Luther King Jr., a young Baptist pastor with a doctorate in theology from Boston University. King addressed mass meetings at churches throughout the bus boycott, inspiring blacks' courage and commitment by linking racial justice to Christianity.

All-Volunteer Force

Chapter 28 The Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) program paid modest wages to volunteers working with the disadvantaged, and a legal services program provided lawyers for the poor. The most novel and controversial part of the law, the Community Action Program (CAP), required "maximum feasible participation" of the poor themselves in antipoverty projects. CAP gave people usually excluded from government an opportunity to act on their own behalf and develop leadership skills

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Chapter 28 -- Reform, Rebellion, and Reaction Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities access to the voting booth. As a result of the act, black voting and officeholding in the South shot up, initiating a major transformation in southern politics. This act banned literacy tests like the one that had stymied Fannie Lou Hamer and authorized federal intervention to ensure access to the voting booths.

Roe v. Wade

Chapter 28 -- Reform, Rebellion, and Reaction 1973 Supreme Court ruling that the Constitution protects the right to abortion, which states cannot prohibit in the early stages of pregnancy. The decision galvanized social conservatives and made abortion a controversial policy issue for decades to come. Like ERA opponents, with whom they often overlapped, right-to-life activists believed that abortion disparaged motherhood and that feminism threatened their traditional roles. Beginning in 1977, abortion foes pressured Congress to restrict the right to abortion by prohibiting coverage under Medicaid and other government-financed health programs, and the Supreme Court allowed states to impose additional obstacles.

Earl Warren

Chapter 28 -- Reform, Rebellion, and Reaction In 1954, Chief Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous opinion of the Supreme Court, declaring racial segregation in public education unconstitutional and explained why The Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren (1953-1969), which expanded the Constitution's promise of equality and civil rights. It issued landmark decisions in the areas of civil rights, criminal rights, reproductive freedom, and separation of church and state Chief Justin Warren considered Baker v. Carr (1963) his most important decision. The case grew out of a complaint that inequitably drawn Tennessee electoral districts gave sparsely populated rural districts far more representatives of "equal protection of the laws," Baker established the principle of "one person, one vote" for state legislatures and the House of Representatives

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Chapter 28 -- Reform, Rebellion, and Reaction In April 1960, Baker helped student activists from a new organization, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee(SNCC). Embracing civil disobedience and the nonviolence principles of Martin Luther King Jr., activists would confront their oppressors and stand up for their rights, but they would not respond if attacked. In the words of SNCC leader James Lawson, "Nonviolence nurtures the atmosphere in which reconciliation and justice become actual possibilities." SNCC, however, rejected the leadership of King and the established civil rights organizations, adopting a structure that fostered decision making and leadership development at the grassroots level.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Chapter 28 -- Reform, Rebellion, and Reaction In June 1963, a white man gunned down Mississippi NAACP leader Medgar Evers in front of his house. SImilar violence met King's 1963 campaign in Birmingham, Alabama, to integrate public facilities and open jobs to blacks. The police attacked demonstrators with dogs, cattle prods, and fire hoses - brutalities that television broadcasted around the world. The largest demonstration drew 250,000 blacks and whites to the nation's capital in August 1963 in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, inspired by the strategy of A. Philip Randolph in 1941. Speaking from the Lincoln Memorial, King put his incredible stamp on the day. "I have a dream," he repeated again and again, imagining the day "when all of God's children...will be able to join hands and sing... 'Free at last, free at last; thank God Almighty, we are free at last." The euphoria of the March on Washington faded as activists returned to face continued violence in the South. Martin Luther King Jr. agreed with black power advocates about a need for "a radical reconstruction of society," yet he clung to nonviolence and integration as the means to this end. Although black power organizations captured the headlines, they failed to gain massive support from African Americans that King and other leaders had attracted. Nor could they alleviate the poverty and racism entrenched in the entire country. Yet black power's emphasis on racial pride and its critique of American institutions resonated loudly and helped shape the protest activities around other groups.

Malcolm X

Chapter 28 -- Reform, Rebellion, and Reaction In the North, Malcolm X posed a powerful challenge to the ethos of nonviolence. Calling for black pride and autonomy, separation from the "corrupt [white] society," and self-defense against white violence, Malcolm X attracted a large following, especially in urban ghettos. Black power quickly became the rallying cry in SNCC and CORE as well as other organizations such as the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, organized to combat police brutality. Black Power Movement - Movement of the 1960s and 1970s that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy. Black power advocates encouraged African Americans to answer community control, and some within the movement also rejected the ethos of nonviolence.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Chapter 28 -- Reform, Rebellion, and Reaction Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment, education, and public accommodations illegal. It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment. The law required every ounce of Johnson's political skill to pry sufficient votes from Republican "nays" of southern Democrats.

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

Chapter 28 -- Reform, Rebellion, and Reaction Legislation passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration abolishing discriminatory immigration quotas based on national origins. Although it did limit the number of immigrants, including those from Latin America for the first time, it facilitated a surge in immigration later in the century. The law maintained caps on the total number of immigrants and for the first time limited those from the Western Hemisphere; preference was now given to immediate relatives of U.S. citizens and to those with desirable skills. The measure's unanticipated consequences triggered a surge of immigration near the end of the century.

Great Society

Chapter 28 -- Reform, Rebellion, and Reaction Lyndon B. Johnson invoked the ideal of a "Great Society, [which] rests on abundance and liberty for all [and] demands an end to poverty and racial injustice." The large Democratic majorities in Congress, his own political skills, and pressure from the black freedom struggle enabled Johnson to obtain legislation on discrimination, poverty, education, medical care, housing, consumer and environmental protection and more War on Poverty - President Lyndon Johnson's efforts, organized through the Office of Economic Opportunity, to ameliorate poverty primarily through education and training as well as by including the poor in decision making Medicare and Medicaid - Social programs enacted as part of Lyndon Johnson's Great Society. Medicare provided the elderly with universal compulsory medical insurance financed primarily by Social Security taxes. Medicaid authorized federal grants to supplement state-paid medical care for poor people of all ages. Voting Rights Act of 1965 - Law passed that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities access to the voting booth. As a result of the act, black voting and officeholding in the South shot up, initiating a major transformation in southern politics. Conservative critics charged that Great Society programs discouraged initiative by giving the poor "handouts." Liberal critics claimed that focusing on training and education wrongly blamed the poor themselves rather than an economic system that could not provide enough adequately paying jobs In contrast to the New Deal, the Great Society avoided structural reform of the economy and spurned public works projects as a means of providing jobs for the disadvantaged

Black Power

Chapter 28 -- Reform, Rebellion, and Reaction Movement of the 1960s and 1970s that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy. Black power advocates encouraged African Americans to assert community control, and some within the movement also rejected the ethos of nonviolence. By 1966, 85 percent of the white population - up from 34 percent two years earlier - thought that African Americans were pressing for too much too quickly.

American Indian Movement

Chapter 28 -- Reform, Rebellion, and Reaction Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities, including poverty and police harassment. AIM organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities. In Minneapolis in 1968 - the movement's appeal quickly spread and filled many Indians with a new sense of purpose

Dolores Huerta

Chapter 28 -- Reform, Rebellion, and Reaction The Chicago movement drew national attention to California, where Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta organized a movement to improve the wretched conditions of migrant agricultural workers. In contrast to Chavez, Dolores Huerta grew up in an integrated urban neighborhood and avoided the farmworkers' grinding poverty but witnessed subtle forms of discrimination. Once, a high school teacher challenged her authorship of an essay because it was so well written. Believing that collective action was the key to progress, she and Chavez founded the United Farm Workers (UFW) in 1962. To gain leverage for striking workers, the UFW mounted a nationwide boycott of California grapes, winning support from millions of Americans and gaining a wage increase for the workers in 1970. It helped politicize Americans and improve farmworkers' lives.

Cesar Chavez

Chapter 28 -- Reform, Rebellion, and Reaction The Chicago movement drew national attention to California, where Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta organized a movement to improve the wretched conditions of migrant agricultural workers. As the child of migrant farmworkers, Chavez lived in soggy tents, changed schools frequently, and encountered indifference and discrimination Believing that collective action was the key to progress, Huerta and Chavez founded the United Farm Workers (UFW) in 1962. To gain leverage for striking workers, the UFW mounted a nationwide boycott of California grapes, winning support from millions of Americans and gaining a wage increase for the workers in 1970. It helped politicize Americans and improve farmworkers' lives.

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

Chapter 28 -- Reform, Rebellion, and Reaction The MFDP was an American political party created in 1964 as a branch of the populist Freedom Democratic organization in the state of Mississippi during the Civil Rights Movement. It was organized by African Americans and whites from Mississippi to challenge the legitimacy of the regular Mississippi Democratic Party, which allowed participation only by whites, when African Americans made up 40% of the state population. Fannie Lou Hamer and other activists rally at 1964 Democratic National Convention, supporting the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) in its challenge to the all-white delegation sent by the regular state party. Next to Hamer are civil rights lawyer Eleanor Holmes Norton and Ella Baker, who helped organize the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

Chapter 28 -- Reform, Rebellion, and Reaction The central organization of white student protest was Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), formed in 1960. In 1962, the organizers wrote in their statement of purpose, "We are people of this generation, bred in at least modest comfort, housed now in universities, looking uncomfortably at the world we inherit." The idealistic students criticized the complacency of their elders, the remoteness of decision makers, and the powerlessness and alienation generated by a bureaucratic society. SDS aimed to mobilize a "New Left" around the goals of civil rights, peace, and universal economic security. Other forms of student activism soon followed.

March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963

Chapter 28 -- Reform, Rebellion, and Reaction The largest demonstration drew 250,000 blacks and whites to the nation's capital in August 1963 in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, inspired by the strategy of A. Philip Randolph in 1941. Speaking from the Lincoln Memorial, King put his incredible stamp on the day. "I have a dream," he repeated again and again, imagining the day "when all of God's children...will be able to join hands and sing... 'Free at last, free at last; thank God Almighty, we are free at last." The euphoria of the March on Washington faded as activists returned to face continued violence in the South.

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Chapter 28 -- Reform, Rebellion, and Reaction Women's civil rights organization formed in 1966. Initially, NOW focused on eliminating gender discrimination in public institutions and the workplace, but by the 1970s it also embraced many of the issues raised by more radical feminists. Like other movements, the rise of feminism owed much to the black freedom struggle. Women gained protection from employment discrimination through Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the extension of affirmative action to women by piggybacking onto civil rights measures. They soon grew impatient when the government failed to take these new policies seriously. Determined to speed the process of change, Betty Friedan, civil rights activist Pauli Murray, several union women, and others founded the NOW in 1966. Radical feminists, who called their movement "women's liberation," differed from feminists NOW and other more mainstream groups in several ways, NOW focused on equal treatment for women in the public sphere; women's liberation emphasized ending women's subordination in family and other personal relationships. Groups such as NOW wanted to integrate women into existing institutions; radical groups insisted that women's liberation required a total transformation of economic, political, and social institutions.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Chapter 29 -- Vietnam and the End of the Cold War Consensus 1962 nuclear standoff between the Soviet Union and the United States when the Soviets attempted to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba. In a negotiated settlement, the Soviet union agreed to remove its missiles from Cuba, and the United States agreed to remove its missiles from Turkey. On October 22, after the CIA showed Kennedy aerial photographs of missile launching sites under construction in Cuba, Kennedy announced that the military was on full alert and that the navy would turn back any Soviet vessel suspected of carrying offensive missiles to Cuba

Operation Rolling Thunder

Chapter 29 -- Vietnam and the End of the Cold War Consensus In February 1965, Johnson authorized Operation Rolling Thunder, a strategy of gradually intensified bombing of North Vietnam. Less than a month later, Johnson ordered defensive operations, dispatching 50,000 more soldiers. Although the administration downplayed the import of these decisions, they marked a critical turning point. Now it was genuinely America's war. Johnson's authorization of Operation Rolling Thunder expanded the previously quiet doubts and criticism into mass movement against the war. In April 1965, Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) recruited 20,000 people for the first major anti war protest in Washington, D.C. Thousands of students protested against Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) programs, CIA and defense industry recruiters, and military research projects on their campuses.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Chapter 29 -- Vietnam and the End of the Cold War Consensus Resolution passed by Congress in 1964 in the wake of a naval confrontation in the Gulf of Tonkin. It gave the president virtually unlimited authority in conducting the Vietnam War. The Senate terminated the resolution following outrage over the U.S. invasion of Cambodia in 1970. While spying in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of North Vietnam, two U.S. destroyers reported that North Vietnamese gunboats had fired on them. Johnson quickly ordered air strikes on North Vietnamese torpedo bases and oil storage facilities. Lyndon Johnson widened the war by rejecting peace overtures from North Vietnam, which insisted on American withdrawal and a coalition government in South Vietnam as steps toward unification of the country.

Young Americans for Freedom (YAF)

Chapter 30 -- America Moves to the Right 1964 - The grassroots movement supporting Goldwater's nomination was especially vigorous in the South and West, and it included middle-class suburban women and men, members of the rabidly anti-Communist John Birch Society, and college students in the new Young Americans for Freedom (YAF). Such predominately white areas contained relatively homogeneous, skilled, and economically comfortable populations, as well as military bases and production facilities. The West harbored a long-standing tradition of Protestant morality, individualism, and opposition to interference by a remote federal government. That tradition continued with the emergence of the New Right, even though it was hardly consistent with the Sun Belt's economic dependence on defense spending and on huge federal projects providing water and power for the burgeoning region.

Equal Rights Amendment

Chapter 30 -- America Moves to the Right By the mid- 1970s, feminism faced a powerful countermovement, organized around opposition to an Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the Constitution that would outlaw differential treatment of men and women under all state and federal laws. After Congress passed the ERA in 1972, Phyllis Schlafly, a conservative activist in the Republican Party, mobilized thousands of antifeminist women. ERA opponents, with whom they often overlapped, right-to-life activists believed that abortion disparaged motherhood and that feminism threatened their traditional roles. Constitutional amendment passed by Congress in 1972 that would require equal treatment of men and women under federal and state law. Facing fierce opposition from the New Right and the Republican Party, the ERA was defeated as time ran out for state ratification in 1982.

Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981

Chapter 30 -- America Moves to the Right Legislation passed by Congress in 1981 that authorized the largest reduction in taxes in the nation's history. The tax cuts benefited affluent Americans disproportionately and widened the distribution of American wealth in favor of the rich Rates were cut from 14% to 11% for the lowest income individuals and from 70% to 50% for the wealthiest, who also benefited from reduced levies on corporations, capital gains, gifts, and inheritances

Phyllis Schlafly

Chapter 30 -- America Moves to the Right After Congress passed the ERA in 1972, Phyllis Schlafly, a conservative activist in the Republican Party, mobilized thousands of antifeminist women. These women, marching on state capitols, persuaded enough male legislators to block ratification so that when the time limit ran out in 1982, only thirty-five states have done so, three short of the necessary three-fourths majority. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Schlafly advocated stronger efforts to combat communism, a more powerful military, and a government less active in domestic affairs. In the 1970s, Schlafly began to address new issues, including feminism, abortion, gay rights, busing for racial integration, and religion in schools. Shared the same values as the New (Christian) Right - politically active religious conservatives who became vocal in the 1980s. The New Right criticize feminism, opposed abortion and homosexuality, and promoted "family values" and military preparedness.

Iran Hostage Crisis

Chapter 30 -- America Moves to the Right Crisis that began in 1979 after the deposed shah of Iran was allowed into the United States following the Iranian revolution. Iranians broke into the U.S. Embassy in Teheran and took sixty-six Americans hostage, The hostage crisis contributed to Carter's reelection defeat. The Iran hostage crisis dominated the news during the 1980 presidential campaign and contributed to Carter's defeat. Iran freed the hostages the day he left office, but relations with the Unite States remained tense.

Barry Goldwater

Chapter 30 -- America Moves to the Right Goldwater, Republican, wanted the United States to do more than just contain communism - he wanted to eliminate the threat entirely. He wanted to cut back the federal government, especially its role in providing social welfare and enforcing civil rights. His purpose "enlarging freedom at home and safeguarding it from the forces of tyranny abroad," Goldwater argued that government intrusions into economic life hindered prosperity, stifled personal responsibility, and interfered with individuals' rights to determine their own values. The grassroots movement supporting Goldwater's nomination was especially vigorous in the South and West, and it included middle-class suburban women and men, members of the rabidly anti-Communist John Birch Society, and college students in the new Young Americans for Freedom (YAF).

Watergate Scandal

Chapter 30 -- America Moves to the Right Term referring to the 1972 break-in at Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C., by men working for President Nixon's reelection, along with Nixon's efforts to cover it up. The Watergate scandal led to President Nixon's resignation. Upon learning of Watergate arrests, Nixon plotted to conceal links between the burglars and the White House, while publicly denying any connection. In April 1973, after investigations by a grand jury and the Senate suggested that White House aides had been involved in the cover-up effort, Nixon accepted official responsibility for Watergate but denied any knowledge of the break-in or cover-up. He also announced the resignations of three White House Aids and the attorney general. To avoid impeachment, Nixon announced his resignation to a national television audience on August 8m 1974. Acknowledging some incorrect judgments, he insisted that he had always tried to do what was best for the nation.

World Trade Organization

Chapter 31 -- The Promises and Challenges of Globalization International economic body established in 1994 through the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade to enforce substantial tariff and import quota reductions. Many corporations welcomed these trade barrier reductions, but critics linked them to job loss and the weakening of unions. A majority of Democrats opposed NAFTA, but Republican support ensured approval. In 1994, the Senate ratified the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, establishing the WTO to enforce substantial tariff and quota reductions among some 135 member nations. Ans in 2005, Clinton's successor, George W. Bush, lowered more trade barriers with the passage of the Central American - Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement. * Review last PowerPoint as well *

Americans with Disabilities Act

Chapter 31 -- The Promises and Challenges of Globalization Legislation signed by President George H. W. Bush in 1990 that banned discrimination against the disabled. The law also required handicapped accessibility in public facilities and private businesses.

USA Patriot Act

Chapter 31 -- The Promises and Challenges of Globalization 2001 law that gave the government new powers to monitor suspected terrorists and their associates, including the ability to access personal information. Critics charged that it represented an unwarranted abridgment of civil rights. Kathleen MacKenzie, a councilwoman in Ann Arbor, Michigan, explained why the council opposed the Patriot Act: "As concerned as we were about national safety, we felt that giving up [rights] was too high a price to pay." A security official countered, "If you don't violate someone's human rights some of the time, you probably aren't doing your job." The United States detained more than 700 prisoners captured in Afghanistan and taken to the U.S. military base in Guantanamo, Cuba, where, until the courts acted, they had no rights and some were tortured.

Department of Homeland Security

Chapter 31 -- The Promises and Challenges of Globalization The government also sought to protect Americans from future terrorist attacks through the greatest reorganization of the executive branch since 1948. In November 2002, Congress authorized the new Department of Homeland Security, combining 170,000 federal employees from twenty-two agencies responsible for various aspects of domestic security. Chief among the department's duties were intelligence analysis; immigration and border security; chemical, biological, and nuclear countermeasures; and emergency preparedness and response.

"Good War"

Did the United States experience a "Good War?" Knowledge of the Holocaust: the US was slow in accepting the realities of the Nazi "Final Solution" and the extent of the attempted genocide. This included turning away refugees seeking shelter in the United States Internment of Japanese Americans: Executive Order 9066 was declared on Feb 19, 1942. A number of the Japanese who lost their land were farmers - new owners were migrants from areas devastated by the Dust Bowl in the 1930s. The incendiary bombing of Japanese cities: in March 1945, the US began a nighttime "fire-bombing" rid on Tokyo, Japan, killing 100,000 civilians in a single night. Over the next 5 months, 66 additional Japanese cities were bombed "The Bomb", or dawn of the nuclear age: August 1945, a uranium bomb is dropped on Hiroshima, 80,000 dead; three days later, US drops a plutonium bomb on Nagasaki. These cities had been spared the fire bombs and were pristine, which is partly why they were chosen - to gauge the impact of the new weapons technology. The tactics of "Total War": meaning that civilians and civilian-centric infrastructure, housing and resources are considered legitimate targets, characterized by WWII as no other war before it.

"Turtles and Teamsters"

Environmentalists, socialists.....all coming together at the "Battle in Seattle"

Executive Order 9066

Executive Order 9066 was a United States presidential executive order signed and issued during World War II by the United States President D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, authorizing the Secretary of War to prescribe certain areas as military zones, clearing the way for the deportation of Japanese Americans to internment camps

"Four Freedoms"

FDR's State of the Union address in January 1941 where he mentioned the "FOUR FREEDOMS" Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Worship, Freedom from Want, and Freedom from Fear

"Vietnam Syndrome"

In US politics is the public aversion (strong dislike) to American overseas military involvements, following the domestic controversy over the Vietnam War, which ended in 1975.

"The Long Telegram"

Kennan described dealing with Soviet Communism as "undoubtedly greatest task our diplomacy has ever faced and probably greatest it will ever have to face". In the first two sections, he posited concepts that became the foundation of American Cold War policy: The USSR perceived itself at perpetual war with capitalism; The USSR viewed left-wing, but non-communist, groups in other countries as an even worse enemy of itself than the capitalist ones; The USSR would use controllable Marxists in the capitalist world as allies; Soviet aggression was fundamentally not aligned with the views of the Russian people or with economic reality, but rooted in historic Russian nationalism and neurosis; The Soviet government's structure inhibited objective or accurate pictures of internal and external reality.

"Letter from a Birmingham Jail"

Martin Luther King Jr. writing about his experience as a black male in the US and how that placed him into prison.

Sit - in Movement

Massive direct action in the South began in February 1960, when four African American college students in Greensboro, NC, requested service at the whites-only Woolworth's lunch counter. Within days, hundreds of young people joined them, and others launched sit-ins in thirty-one southern cities. From Southern Christian Leadership Conference headquarters, Ella Baker telephoned her young contacts at black colleges: "What are you going to do? It's time to move." John Salter Jr., a professor at Tougaloo College, and students Joan Trumpauer and Anne Moody take part in a 1963 sit-in at the Woolworth's lunch counter in Jackson, Mississippi. Shortly before the photograph was taken, whites had thrown two students to the floor, and police had arrested one student. In 1968, Moody published Coming of Age in Mississippi, a popular book about her experiences in the black freedom struggle.

"Battle in Seattle"

Nov 29 -Dec 3, 1999 Brings globalization, WTO, and protest to wide popular attention Remember World Trade Organization established 1995 Huge variety of issues, groups, organizations, and countries represented among protesters All share a problem, but not a cause

"Lavender Scare"

Refers to a witch hunt and mass firings of homosexuals in the 1950s from the United States government. It paralleled the anti-communist campaign known as McCarthyism and the Second Red Scare. Gay men and lesbians were said to be security risks and communist sympathizers which led to the call to remove them from state employment.

"Morning in America"

The common name of the 1984 political campaign television commercial, formally titled "Producer, Stronger, Better" and featuring the opening line "It's morning again in America." The ad was part of the US presidential campaign of Republican Party candidate Ronald Reagan It featured a montage of images of Americans going to work and a calm, optimistic narration that suggested the improvements to the US economy since his 1980 election were due to Reagan's policies and asked voters why they would want to return to the pre-Reagan policies of Democrats like his opponent Walter Mondale The phrase "It's morning again in America" is used both as a literal statement (people are shown going to work as they would in the morning), and as a metaphor for renewal.

"Greatest Generation"

Tom Brokaw wrote the novel The Greatest Generation The term "The Greatest Generation" is the title of Tom Brokaw's 1998 book profiling members of this generation, stemming from his attendance at the D-day 40th anniversary celebrations. In the book, Brokaw wrote, "it is, I believe, the greatest generation any society has ever produced." He argued that these men and women fought not for fame and recognition, but because it was the "right thing to do."

Freedom Train

Two national Freedom Trains have toured the United States : The 1947 - 49 exhibit Freedom Train and the 1975 - 76 American Freedom Train that celebrated the United States Bicentennial. Each trains had its own special red, white, and blue paint scheme and its own itinerary and route around the 48 contiguous states, stopping to display Americana and related historical artifacts The 1940s Freedom Train exhibit was integrated - black and white viewers were allowed to mingle freely. When town officials in Birmingham, AL, and Memphis, TN, refused to allow blacks and whites to see the exhibits at the same time, the Freedom Train skipped the planned visits, amid significant controversy.

"Duck and Cover"

Week 11 Discussion: Federal Civil Defense Administration, "Duck and Cover," (1951)

Double V Campaign

World War II campaign in America to attack racism at home and abroad. The campaign pushed the federal government to require defense contractors to integrate their workforces. In response, Franklin Roosevelt authorized a committee to investigate and prevent racial discrimination in employment. In 1941, black organizations demanded that the federal government require companies receiving defense contracts to integrate their workforces. A. Philip Randolph, head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, promised that 100,000 African American marchers would descend on Washington if the president did not eliminate discrimination in defense industries Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 in mid-1941 that authorized the Committee on Fair Employment Practices to investigate and prevent racial discrimination in employment