HLTH 490 Exam 1 (2,3,6,7)
In what year was lead banned form all paints, toys or furniture?
1977
Which of the following is an example of a homeostatic control operating to keep population size from reaching excessively high levels? 1. reproductive failure among bluebirds due to lack of nesting sites 2. die-off of snowshoe hares due to stress-induced liver degeneration 3. starvation of deer herds after they have overgrazed their range 4. extinction of wooly mammoths due to overhunting by Stone-Age humans 5. human depopulation in Europe during repeated outbreaks of bubonic plague
2. die-off of snowshoe hares due to stress-induced liver degeneration
Less Developed nations have an average family size of ____ children and nearly ___% of all married couples employ some form of contraception.
2.7 60
____% of expectant mothers smoke
20
Germany, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Hungary, Serbia, Croati, Romania, Portugal and Bulgaria have...
Negative growth rates
What is the most problematic step in the risk assessment process? quantifying the lowest-observable-effect level (LOEL) determining whether the substance in question has an adverse effect on human health calculating Acceptable Daily Intakes based on animal study results and safety factors assessing the actual amount and duration of exposure received by human populations identifying the threshold level at which health damage is provoked
assessing the actual amount and duration of exposure received by human populations
Regular consumption of which of the following foods is believed capable of reducing an individual's chances of developing cancer? broccoli walnuts avocados tofu bananas
broccoli
What are aflatoxins? sex attractants used as a method of biological control for insect pests synthetic organophosphate insecticides carcinogens produced by a fungus growing on grains and nuts teratogenic drugs given to women to prevent miscarriage food-poisoning bacteria found in poultry and meat
carcinogens produced by a fungus growing on grains and nuts
Which of the following groups of women should be advised against using contraceptive pills? malnourished asthmatics under 18 anemic smokers
smokers
Which 3 methods of contraception have the highest effectiveness rates in terms of preventing pregnancy? condom, IUD, diaphragm sterilization, IUD, condom sterilization, pill, IUD pill, sterilization, spermicides pill, condom, Natural Family Planning
sterilization, pill, IUD
If France has a birth rate of 13 and a death rate of 9, what is France's annual population growth rate? 0.04% 2.2% 4.0% 0.4% 22%
0.4% (Birth rate is 13/1000 and death rate is 9/1000; Subract the difference and then make it out of 100 instead of 1000.)
SIDS increases _____ - ____ times with smoking mothers
1.4-3
Together, viruses and bacteria are now viewed as causative agents for almost ___% of human cancers.
15
Comstock Law
1873: prohibited birth control information or devices through the mail was illegal.
Margret Sanger
1914, Sanger founded the National Birth Control League and in 1938, the Comstock Law was overthrown
Babies born less than ____ years apart after a previous birth were 50% more likely to die before their 1st birthday than were babies born after a birth interval of more than ___ years.
2
What is the average number of children per couple in the United States today? 3.4 4.1 1.2 2.3 2.0
2.0
Birth control pill
28% of Americans use it. 97-99% effective Women over 40 are the only group fro whom pill use poses great health threat than does childbearing (cardiovascular problems). Younger women with he exception of smokers who previous health conditions are quite safe.
A woman's ____ and ___ birth are the safest.
2nd and 3rd
After what age does a woman's ability to conceive begin to decline? 31 44 27 35 39
31
The ability to conceive peaks at the age of...
31
What age do woman use increase of complications during childbirth? What age do the mother's risk of medical complications during pregnancy increase?
35 44
How many people practice withdrawal as their primary form of birth control?
35 million couples It is mostly common in Eastern Europe and the Middle East (20%-30% of couples). Americans is just 3%
During which of the following stages of fetal development is exposure to a teratogenic agent likely to be the most damaging? entire first 3 months of pregnancy 2-month period before birth 3rd through the 8th week of pregnancy first 2 weeks of pregnancy 8th through the 20th week of pregnancy
3rd through the 8th week of pregnancy
Risk of maternal death, stillbirth and infant death begins to rise with ______ pregnancy, increases sharply with ____ and every succeeding child.
4th 5th
The percentage of the world's people now living in urban areas is approximately: 70% 25% 35% 85% 50%
50%
Spermicides
70-80% effective
___% of lung cancer patients are smokers and _____ of cancer patients have lung cancer
87 1/3
Approximately what percentage of sexually-active American women today who are not seeking to become pregnant use some method of contraception? 93% 64% 80% 100% 72%
93%
Mutagens
A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation. X-rays, formaldehyde, mustard gas, nitrous acid, colchicine and vinyl chloride
Megacity
A city with a population of 10 million or more.
Which area of the world today is experiencing the highest growth rates? Latin America Europe Africa North America Asia
Africa
Thomas Malthus
British economist who argued that rapid population growth was the prelude to mass misery.
Who was Thomas Malthus? the "Father of the Green Revolution" British economist who warned that population growth will always outstrip food supplies population biologist who formulated the S-curve from his experiments with paramecia chairman of the Presidential Commission on World Hunger who warned that international tensions due to food shortages could lead to armed conflict if the U.S. doesn't increase efforts to eradicate malnutrition research chemist whose work led to the development of oral contraceptives
British economist who warned that population growth will always outstrip food supplies
Oncogenes
Cancer causing genes
____ ____ appears to be the most fetotoxic chemical, causing a rise in carboxyhemoglobin in the blood of both the mother and the fetus and resulting in retarded fetal growth rates.
Carbon monoxide
Teratogens
Chemicals that interfere with the normal development of embryos or fetuses
Demographic transition
Declining birth and death rates following industrialization
Teratogens that are chemicals
Dioxin, organic mercury, lead, cadmium, anesthetic gases, alcohol, and cigarette smoke
Trisomy of chromosome 21 results in
Down syndrome (47 total chromosomes instead of 46)
Valproic acid
Drug of choice for myoclonic seizures but can cause abnormalities during gestation
Which area of the world currently has the longest doubling time? Europe Africa Latin America North America Asia
Europe
Zero Population Growth (ZPG) has been attained by several nations in which of the following regions of the world? North America Asia Europe Africa Latin America
Europe
Klinefelter's Syndrome
Extra x chromosome (XXY) - Minimal sexual development, extreme introversion. Only in males.
T/F Short birth intervals have a direct link to maternal mortality
F
Vaginal contraceptives
Failure rate of 1 in 4 The diaphragm is 6% failure with spermicide The cervical cap is 18% failure rate
Hormonal Contraceptives
Inhibit ovulation with synthetic hormones
Birth Control Implant
Inserted professional below the skin of the upper arm. 99% effective for 3 years.
Healthy uses of Thalidomide
Leprosy and myeloma
Highest birth rate country
Niger (52/1000)
What type of diseases do point mutations cause
Sickle-cell anemia hemophilia diabetes achondoplastic dwarfism
Total fertility rate (TFR)
The average number of children each woman within a given population is likely to bear during her reproductive years.
Biotic Potential
The maximum rate at which a population could increase under ideal conditions
Doubling time
The time required for a population to double in size.
Barrier Methods
Vaginal contraceptives and condoms
DES (diethylstilbestrol)
Was believed that it would create bigger and stronger babies but was found that exposure at 20 weeks resulted in miscarriage.
What is the percentage of Urbanization in the United States in each of the following years: a. 1800 b. 1850 c. 1900 d. 2010
a. 6% b. 15% c. 40% d. 79%
Teratogenic
an agent that can disturb the development of the embryo or fetus
According to the American Cancer Society, the only cancers for which death rates have been rising in recent years are: mesothelioma and lung cancer breast cancer and leukemia esophageal cancer and liver cancer colon cancer and skin cancer uterine cancer and stomach cancer
esophageal cancer and liver cancer
Where do PCBs, dioxins, or any of the chlorinated hydrocarbons concentrate in living tissues? lungs fat bones blood brain
fat
Which of the following assumptions has been incorporated into all five of the United Nations' population projections for the world of the future? birth rates will rise population size will decline growth will eventually level off fertility rates will fall death rates will remain stable
fertility rates will fall
phocomelia
flipper-like limbs
Underdeveloped countries jave a much greater proportion of people in their _____ years.
reproductive
4 step health risk assessment
1. Hazard identification (determines whether a substance/agent has adverse effects on health) 2. Dose-response assessment (Determines amount of substance and time exposed to substance) 3. Exposure assessment (Number and types of people exposed). 4. Risk characterization (Combines first 3 steps to determine risk).
When one refers to a "high birth rate" or "traditional birth rate," this generally refers to the level of births that prevailed in all societies throughout human history until quite recently. For purposes of comparison, what numbers do we consider as representing a traditionally high birth rate? 40-50 per 1000 30-40 per 1000 10-20 per 1000 20-30 per 1000 50-60 per 1000
40-50 per 1000
Asbestos
A mineral once used in insulation and other materials that can cause respiratory diseases. Primarily inhaled. Can cause lung cancer and mesothelioma. There is no safe level for asbestos exposure.
Poison
Chemical that can cause illness or death with a low dose of exposure.
Chronic toxiciyt
Chemical's ability to impair health when repeated low-dose exposure to the chemical occurs over a long time period.
Which of the following countries is today pursuing a policy aimed at stabilizing population size by urging that couples have no more than one child? Thailand Japan China Russia India
China
Risk assessment
Determining whether something suspected of presenting human health threat is sin fact dangerous.
Thalidomide tragedy
Drug synthesized to help morning sickness but increased children birthed with phocomelia.
Dioxin
Extremely toxic organic chemical, often released by incineration of solid waste. Most toxic human made toxin.
In reference to cancer prevention, which of the following statements is false? Avoiding charcoal-broiled meats and smoked foods can help reduce one's risk of cancer. The most important thing an individual can do to reduce his/her risk of cancer is to avoid cigarette smoking. The desire of many Americans to acquire a fashionable suntan is resulting in many cases of skin cancer each year. Including more fats in the daily diet and avoiding irritating fibrous foods can help in preventing stomach, colon, and rectal cancer. Excessive alcohol consumption is correlated with a high incidence of cancer of the mouth, esophagus, and larynx, especially among smokers.
Including more fats in the daily diet and avoiding irritating fibrous foods can help in preventing stomach, colon, and rectal cancer.
Sterilization
For those who've attained their desired family size. Visclip is cheaper, less painful and quicker than standard surgical procedure. Female sterilization entails higher degree of risk. 99% effective.
Lowest birth rate countries
Germany and Taiwan (8/1000)
Who pioneered the family planning movement in the U.S.? Anthony Comstock Betty Friedan Margaret Mead Margaret Sanger Eleanor Roosevelt
Margaret Sanger
Turner's syndrome
Missing an X (total of 45 chromosomes). Only in females
Depo_Provera
Most popular non-oral hormonal contraceptive. 3.2% of US women use it. Injection in the arm or buttocks every 3 months.
IUD
Only 5.5% of US women. effective for 12 years. Most safe, reliable, least-expensive and longest lasting.
Which of the following is now banned from production, sale, and distribution in the U.S.? dioxin lead mercury asbestos PCBs
PCBs
Which of the following toxic substances has been found as a contaminant in farmed salmon? PCBs mercury lead dioxin arsenic
PCBs
No-observed-effect-levels (NOELs)
Relationship between levels of exposure and the observed human health effects
Homeostatic controls
Self-regulating factors, in the form of behavioral, physiological, and social responses within a population are also important in controlling its size.
An example of homeostatic controls
Snowshoe hares get shock disease. Overcrowded rats exhibit abnormally hostile behavior.
Teratology
Study of malformations (birth defects)
Growth rate (rate of natural increase)
Subtracting the dearth rate from the birth rate (do not include migration).
Acute toxicity
The ability to cause harm as a result of one-time exposure to a relatively large amount of the substance
LD 50 (lethal dose)
The amount of the chemical in one dose that is required to kill 50% of a population within a 14-day period.
Dose-time
The chemical dose and the duration of time of exposure.
Austria, Italy and Japan have reached...
ZPG (zero population growth)
To what phenomenon does the term "demographic transition" refer? a movement of populations from one region to another as density increases and local resources are depleted importation of "death control" into developing countries, resulting in rising growth rates the rise in birth rates that followed the Industrial Revolution as a result of better living conditions attainment of zero population growth a fall in death rates, followed by a fall in birth rates which usually occurs as a traditional society becomes industrialized
a fall in death rates, followed by a fall in birth rates which usually occurs as a traditional society becomes industrialized
Which of the following is characteristic of both PCBs and dioxin? high acute toxicity to humans chemically very stable, don't break down readily many industrial uses many documented human illnesses and deaths due to chronic exposure enter the environment via use of certain herbicides
chemically very stable, don't break down readily many industrial uses
Which of these teratogenic substances is the cause of approximately 5% of all deaths among newborns in the U.S., most of them resulting from low birth weight caused by a reduction in blood oxygen levels? thalidomide Rubella virus alcohol cigarette smoke Accutane
cigarette smoke
proto-oncogenes
code for proteins that stimulate normal cell growth and division
Risk management
dependent on accurate risk assessment
PCBs, which biomagnify as they move up the food chain, are most commonly taken up by humans when they eat certain kinds of: fruits from roadside orchards cooking oils freshwater fish leafy vegetables liver and eggs
freshwater fish
Point Mutation
gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed
Chromosome abnormalities are responsible ___ of all 1st trimester miscarriages, and ___% of all spontaneous abortions during the 2nd trimester.
half 20
Carcinogenic
having the potential to cause cancer.
What method is required for proper disposal of PCB-containing wastes? burial in a sanitary landfill there is no method which is effective for disposing of this very toxic compound incineration at very high temperatures recycling into new equipment dilution in water
incineration at very high temperatures
Which two of the following toxic substances are capable of crossing the placental barrier and causing severe fetal damage in humans? lead and mercury asbestos and lead asbestos and PCBs dioxin and PCBs mercury and asbestos
lead and mercury
Which of the following is the leading source of dioxin emissions in the U.S.? agricultural pesticide applications landfilling of hazardous wastes cigarette smoke waste water discharges from paper mills medical waste incinerators
medical waste incinerators
How does the effectiveness and convenience of the contraceptive patch differ from that of the contraceptive pill? patch is less effective at preventing pregnancy, but more convenient to use patch is slightly less effective and may fall off if not carefully applied patch has an even lower failure rate than the pill and is equally convenient no difference in effectiveness, but less likelihood of forgetting to use the patch patch is less effective and may cause skin irritation
no difference in effectiveness, but less likelihood of forgetting to use the patch
toxicants
poisonous substances that can cause harm.
What is the cause of Down syndrome? presence of only 45 chromosomes per cell, resulting from the loss of one X chromosome during meiosis exposure of fetus to Rubella virus during pregnancy chromosomal aberration occurring when chromosomes break during synapsis base pair deletion resulting in a point mutation presence of 47 chromosomes per cell rather than the normal 46
presence of 47 chromosomes per cell rather than the normal 46
What is considered to represent the single most frequent cause of lead poisoning among American children? drinking water from lead-containing plumbing system eating vegetables grown in lead-contaminated soil swallowing paint chips or paint dust inhalation of emissions from city incinerators eating lead-contaminated seafood
swallowing paint chips or paint dust
The fact that asbestos workers who smoke are 60 times more likely to develop lung cancer than are their nonsmoking colleagues is an example of: hyperkinesis trisomy adulteration biomagnification synergism
synergism
PCB
synthetic chemicals that are widely used from the 1930s to the 1970s in industrial products
Thalidomide, methyl mercury, Dilantin, Accutane, DES, and cytomegalovirus all share what characteristic? they are all mutagenic they are all toxic they are all teratogenic they are all carcinogenic they all cause miscarriage
they are all teratogenic
The standard procedure for testing the health effects of new chemicals is to administer very large doses of the substance in question to laboratory animals and to observe any adverse effects which might develop. Why are such large doses used? to compensate for the relatively short life span of the animals used and to obtain statistically significant results from a small sample group because larger doses are required to cause cancer in animals than in humans because very large amounts of any substance will initiate cancer because smaller doses might cause mutations which would not show up for several generations because there is a threshold level for cancer causation and researchers must be certain they are administering a dose higher than that threshold
to compensate for the relatively short life span of the animals used and to obtain statistically significant results from a small sample group
Contraceptive Patch, Vaginal Ring
two non-oral hormonal contraceptives, deliver hormones through the skin of the user. 99% effective. Less effect in women above 198 pounds. Vaginal ring is inverted once a month; after 21 days its removed for 7. Also 99% effective.
Infant death rates due to prematurity or underweight births are highest among babies born to women in which age group? 30-35 40-45 under 18 20-30 35-40
under 18
Which of the following contraceptive methods has the best safety record from the standpoint of health risk to the user? tubal ligation IUD Depo-Provera vasectomy contraceptive pill
vasectomy
