HPR Chapter 2

Diabetes increases the risk of ________ ___________ ___________ by ___ to ____ times that of non-diabetics

coronary artery disease 2 to 4

Exercise for ________ does not have to be as strenuous as health for _________ __________

health physical fitness

Reversing Heart disease includes:

following a low-fat diet stopping tobacco use managing stress attending support group meetings regularly exercising consistently at a moderately intense level

Strokes have similar risks and prevention factors as ______ ________.

heart disease

Obese people who have no other risk factors are still more likely ti develop ___________ or ____________

heart disease or stroke

Congestive Heart Failure:

heart is weak and can't pump blood out to body parts

Saturated fat increases

liver's production of cholesterol

Chronic (__________) ________ signisficantly strains the body

long term stress

medical treatment:

low-dose aspirin therapy coronary artery bypass surgery balloon angioplasty coronary stent artificial valves let ventricular assist device heart transplants

Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both

males and females

Diagnostic Techniques:

medical examination and patient history exercise stress levels thallium treadmill test echocardiography cardiac catheterization

Females have a lower rate until ___________, then we're at the same risk as males

menopause

Diabetes is ___________ disorder in which the body cannot properly use sugar (_________) as fuel

metabolic glucose

Visceral fat leads to a constellation of risk factors called the _____________ _____________ or the ______________ ______________syndrome

metabolic syndrome or the insulin resistance syndrome

Blood pressure is recorded in

millimeters of mercury (mmHg)

Blood is so important to the heart that every _____________ _____________ is supplied with at least one _______________

muscle fiber capillary

Harmful products in cigarettes:

nicotine carbon monoxide poisonous gases, tars, chemical additives1

The left side of the heart (systemic pump) receives

oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to all the tissues in the body

____________ ____________, inhaling the smoke of others causes deaths of 38,000 to 43,000 nonsmokers annually

passive smoking

High blood pressure (hypertension) has no

signs or symptoms

The beating rate and rhythm are established by the ________________________________

sinotrial (SA) node (pacemaker)

_____ elevates heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, and blood sugar levels, activates the immune response, and causes other physiological changes

stress

transient ischemic attacks produce:

stroke-like symptoms temporary usually no lasting damage

Lower halves called

ventricles

Smoking ENCOURAGES the accumulation of _________ ______ (abdominal fat)

visceral fat

Treatments for hypertension include some or all of the following:

weight loss salt and alcohol restrictions adequate intake of calcium, potassium, & magnesium relaxation techniques exercise medications

Strokes are caused by: ____________, _______________(_____% to ____%), a ______________ _________________.

a thrombus, an embolus (70%-80%), a cerebral hemorrhage

Approximately ___,_____,________ American Adults have hypertension

73, 600, 000

Americans as young as ____ have obstructions in their coronary arteries caused by _________________

8 atherosclerosis

The heart weighs

8 to 10 ounces

Good cholesterol

HDL (you want it higher than 60%)

Type ____ diabetes is being seen more and more in children and adolescents

II

The heart gets its nourishment from the __________ ____________

coronary arteries

Other Risk Factors for heart disease:

iron-enriched blood homocysteine lipoprotein high sensitivity c-reactive protein fibrinogen

_____% of heart attacks occur after age _____

55% 65

Approximately how many adults are prehypertensive?

56,600,000

Most heart attacks occur at age ____, but the problems leading up to them begin as early as __________________

65 adolescence

A ____% to ____% weight loss that is maintained can significantly contribute reduce the risk of heart disease

5% to 10%

Unchangeable Risk Factors for Heart Disease:

-Age -Male gender -Race & Heredity

Physical inactivity increases the risk of coronary heart disease by ______ to _____ times.

1.5 to 2.4 times

Up to ________ of heart attacks are ____________--without obvious signs or symptoms

1/3rd silent

Cardiovascular disease was rare _____ years ago. Reached epidemic proportions during the ____________ ________________ ________________.

100 middle 20 century

Prehypertension includes blood pressures ranging from ___/___ to ___/____

120/80 to 139/89

hypertension =

140/90 mmHg

The greatest health benefits are gained when people expend ________ to _______ calories (walk 15 to 20 miles) per week

1500 to 2000

Loss of life from smoking represents a life expectancy drop of

18%

Total Cholesterol should be lower than ________.

200

Sedentary Death Syndrome relates to ___ diseases

23

Approximately ______% of Americans have one or more forms of heart or blood vessel disease

25% Approximately 800,000,000 people

Every U.S. adult should accumulate ____ minutes or more of moderate intensity physical activity on most, preferably all, days of the week. (ACSM/CDC statement)

30

Cardiovascular Disease causes _____% of all deaths

35.3%. Leading Cause of death in US

Approximately ______,_______ people die annually of coronary heart disease (CHD).

445,687

Type II (____% of all diabetes) typically occurs in older, overweight, sedentary adults

90%

An estimated ______% - _____% of hypertension is essential (____ ____________ __________)

90-95% of unknown origin

***______________ _______________ is considered to be the most harmful of the preventable risk factors for chronic illness and premature death

CIGARETTE SMOKING

Mexican Americans, Native Americans, Native Hawaiians & some Asian Americans have high rate of _____ because of obesity

CVD

_______________ is a steroid that does not dissolve in blood, so it is transported by ____________ packages

Cholesterol protein

___________ have a lower rate than ____________

Females have a lower rate than males

Bad cholesterol

LDL (under 100)`

cerebral hemorrhage: caused by

aneurysm

Coronary Heart Disease (coronary artery disease CAD) is diagnosed when

any artery is narrowed by 60% or more

Upper halves called

atria

The electrical contraction pauses at the __________________ allowing the ventricles to fill with blood

atrioventricular (AV) node

what + what = blood clots

birth control and smoking

embolism: __________ _________ that breaks free and is flowing through the blood stream

blood clot

A myocardial infarction (heart attack; death of the heart muscle) occurs when

blood flow to the heart muscle is disrupted

The heart consists of ____________ muscle.

cardiac

A lot of times ____________ ____________ can become clogged and cause stroke.

carotid arteries

Fat that accumulates in the upper half of the body (________ __________ obesity) is significantly more likely to contribute to heart disease

central abdominal obesity

Preventable/Changeable Risk Factors:

cholesterol blood pressure cigarette smoking/tobacco use physical inactivity obesity diabetes mellitus stress

Chronic illnesses include:

chronic bronchitis emphysema strokes 87% of all lung cancers

The heart has its own ______________ system.

conduction

cigarette smoke, lack of exercise, hypertension, high cholesterol, excessive weight, unhealthy diet, and rapid heart rate result in _______________ _______________ and _______________ of _________________

continued inflammation and growth of plaque

Obesity among children and teenagers has been increasing among the last few ____________

decades

The right side of the heart (pulmonary pump) receives

deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs

Metabolic Syndrome: (3 things) "BIG GUT. NO BUTTT"

diabetes high cholesterol high blood pressure

Brain cells _______ causing loss of function to some parts of the body

die

The heart is supplied from coronary circulation after it has been

ejected from the heart

Physical activity is any movement that results in __________ _________ - walking, mowing the lawn, vacuuming

energy expenditure

Prevention of heart disease includes:

exercising regularly maintaining optimal body weight practicing sound nutrition nonuse of tobacco and other drugs nonuse or moderate use of alcohol dealing constructively with stress periodic medical examinations

lipoproteins=

fat transported in proteins

Rate is increasing among ___________, especially those who smoke and use oral contraceptives

females

aneurysm can be caused by

high blood pressure

Other risk factors for CVD and stroke:

homocysteine lipoprotein (a) high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (hs-CRP) elevated fibrinogen level peripheral artery disease (PAD) metabolic syndrome

___________________ is the most important risk factor in strokes

hypertension

Long term uncontrolled hypertension increases the work of the heart, causes it to ______________, and leads to ____________ ___________ _________________

hypertrophy congestive heart failure

Harmful effects of smoking are ________ and take time to appear

insidious

____________ _____________ is an important factor in cardiovascular health

physical fitness

risk factors that can be changed:

physical inactivity smoking high blood cholesterol high bp obesity

The best way to lower blood(serum) cholesterol is to

reduce intake of saturated fat

silent ischemia:

reduced blood flow

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are involved in ____________ ____________ of cholesterol -- transfer to ________

reverse transport transfer to liver

______________ ______________ ______________ (SeDS) created to illustrate the burgeoning lists of health disorders that are exacerbated by a lack of physical inactivity

sedentary death syndrome

The heart is divided by the

septum

The heart has _______ halves (pumps)

two

Full blown strokes may be preceded by _________ __________ _________( ) " "

transient ischemic attack (TIA) "mini strokes"

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are the primary _______________ of cholesterol and are the most capable of producing __________

transporters atherosclerosis