HSES 330 - Proteins

What are the functions of protein from our diets?

- use the amino acids to make body proteins - if there is an excess of amino acids, the body will metabolize in other ways

Identify some of the protein based ingredients used in foods (8)

1. MSG 2. protein hydroxylates 3. sodium caseinate 4. gelatin 5. wheat gluten protein 6. corn protein 7. isolated soy protein 8. whey protein isolate

what contributes to the amino acid pool?

1. amino acids from cell breakdown 2. amino acids from diet

which of the 5 potential uses for amino acids require deamination?

1. convert to glucose 2. convert to fat 3. use for energy

why is whey the most popular protein supplement on the market? (3)

1. high in essential amino acids 2. fuel source during exercise 3m may promote synthesis and recovery

What are possible health benefits for adding soy foods to the diet? (3)

1. lowers blood cholesterol 2. may reduce some symptoms of low estrogen levels caused by menopause 3. may protect against breast cancer

What are the 5 potential ways the body can use amino acids?

1. make proteins 2. convert to neurotransmitters 3. convert to glucose 4. convert to fat 5. use for energy

what foods can be combined to get all 9 essential amino acids? (4)

1. nuts and seeds 2. vegetables 3. grains 4. legumes

describe digestion in the small intestine

1. pancreas and small intestine cells break town polypeptides into tripeptides, dipeptides, and single amino acids 2. enzymes break down remaining tripeptides and dipeptides into single amino acids

Which scenarios result in increased protein requirements? (6)

1. pregnancy 2. athletes and regular exercisers 3. growth periods 4. illness or injury recovery 5. low calorie diets 6. must eat more than the RDA for protein

What are the potential nutrient deficiencies for vegetarians, especially vegans? (6)

1. protein 2. iron 3. zinc 4. calcium 5. B12 6. Vitamin D

What are the functions of proteins in our body? (4)

1. provide energy 2. working molecules 3. structural molecules

why are isoflavones beneficial? (2)

1. ticks the body into thinking theres plenty of estrogen thus reducing the symptoms of menopause 2. may offer protection by blocking estrogen receptors

What is the general recommendation for % of total cals from protein (as a range) and what does that equate to for total grams (as a range on a 2,000 calorie diet)?

10-20% of total calories 50-100 grams per day

how many grams of protein are found in vegetables?

2

how many grams of protein are found in grains?

3-5

how many grams of protein are found in beans?

5-10

how many grams of protein are found in eggs?

6-8

how many grams of protein are found in milk and dairy?

6-8

how many grams of protein are found in meats?

7-9

how many grams of soy per day are needed to reduce risk of heart disease a. 15 b. 25 c. 35 d. 45

b. 25

an example of 2 incomplete protein foods eaten together to produce a complete protein meal is a. bread and butter b. beans (legumes) and grains c. cereal and milk d. hamburger with a bun

b. beans (legumes) and grains

what foods have the most protein per serving

bread, cereal, rice, pasta

when plant proteins are compared to animal proteins, the plant proteins a. usually have equal quantities of essential amino acids b. are usually superior in their array of essential amino acids c. are usually deficient in one or more essential amino acids d. are equal in quantity so long as they are not overcooked

c. are usually deficient in one or more essential amino acids

A vegan diet may be low in a. niacin b. riboflavin c. calcium d. vitamin D

c. calcium

whey protein is popular among athletes and weight lifters because a. it's missing one or more essential amino acids b. it's high in fat and carbohydrate c. it has all of the essential amino acids in adequate amounts d. all of the above

c. it has all of the essential amino acids in adequate amounts

which of the following is not one of the destination points for amino acids that result in deamination? a. convert into fat b. used for energy c. make proteins needed in the body d. convert into glucose

c. make proteins needed in the body

meats in general will have around _______ grams of protein per ounce. a. 2-4 b. 3-5 c. 4-6 d. 7-9

d. 7-9

which of the following are protein/amino acid based ingredients that would be useful in food products? a. gelatin b. wheat gluten products c. MSG d. all of the above

d. all of the above

foods containing all essential amino acids in the proportion needed by the body are designated a. incomplete foods b. high quantity foods c. dispensable foods d. high quality or complete protein foods

d. high quality or complete protein foods

which of the following would not be one of the explanations for an increase in water loss after the initiation of a high protein/low carbohydrate diet? a. sodium elimination via the urine b. ketone elimination via the urine c. urea elimination via the urine d. increase in sweat rate

d. increase in sweat rate

Separating the amino group (NH2) from the carbon skeleton

deamination

protein that consists of 2 amino acids

dipeptide

the body function that is associated with protein is a. carrying oxygen in the blood b. fluid balance c. production of enzymes d. production of antibodies e. all of the above

e. all of the above

which of the following is not one of the ways the body uses amino acids from the amino acid pool? a. converts into some neurotransmitters b. turned into glucose c. used for energy d. turned into fat e. converts into calcium

e. converts into calcium

the 2 food groups that have the highest percent of protein are fruits and vegetables. true or false

false

of the 20 amino acids, 13 are essential. true or false

false (9 are essential)

Explain the bottom line regarding high protein diets.

high protein diets may result in quicker weight loss but other diet plans tend to catch up

proteins that contain ample amounts of all essential amino acids and is typical of animal foods

high quality or complete

What happens to the nitrogen once it's removed?

it travels to the kidney and is excreted in the urine

proteins that are deficient or low in one or more essential amino acids and is typical of plant based foods

low quality or incomplete

protein that consists of 3-100 amino acids

polypeptide

what are the end products of protein digestion in the stomach

polypeptides and a few amino acids

when over 100 amino acids are chemically bonded together by peptide bonds, the resulting product is known as a a. dipeptide b. tripeptide c. oligopeptide d. protein

protein

What makes protein chemically different that fat and CHO?

protein contains nitrogen

the ________ is what makes one amino acid different from another a. acid group b. amino group c. side group d. hydrogen

side group

what is the end product of small intestine digestion?

single amino acids

Explain the mechanism for how the body ends up in nutritional ketosis.

the body is utilizing a higher percent of fat as energy due to lack of carbohydrate

what is whey protein?

the liquid that is separated out when cheese or cottage cheese is made.

protein that consists of 3 amino acids

tripeptide

protein based ingredients are generally used in food products as flavor enhancers, stabilizers, and thickening agents. true or false

true

true or false: the amino acid pool in the cell consists of amino acids from cell breakdown and amino acids from protein in the diet

true

when food proteins reach the stomach, HCl and pepsin uncoil and break down protein into smaller fragments. true or false

true