HUM 130 FINAL
Rabbi
A highly respected teacher/leader of Jewish law or theology
pope
Head of the Roman Catholic Church
imam
a muslim leader and successor of muhammad, following ali
the first five books of the Torah
describe the creation of the world, the development of human society, and God's relationship with humanity. also loves about food sex and travel.
gods three traits in islam
god is unique, god is the creator, god is all powerful
rosh hashanah
the jewish new year in september
Judaism
the oldest monotheistic religion based on the idea of a covenant between God and his chosen people
Bar/Bat Mitzvah
"Sons / daughters of the commandment" refers to a Jewish boy or girl reaching the age of a religious. boy 13 girls 12.
theosis
'divinization', the process of becoming like God
new testament
The second part of the Christian Bible, containing descriptions of the life and teachings of Jesus and of his early followers. 26 books
genesis
"beginning", hebrew book
pentecost
50 days after Easter in christianity
three periods of the quran
early meccan suras: personal issues. later meccan: history, prophets. medinan suras: societal, legal, historical issues
shia islam
emphasizes the lineage of Muhammad and places great spiritual importance on the imams. Followers are referred to as Shiites.
ethical monotheism
foundational principle of Judaism that encapsulates three main ideas. 1) the need to recognize only one God 2) I need to act appropriately towards God 3) then you need to act appropriately towards other people
ecumenical councils
gatherings of christian bishops organized to define the basic elements of christianity
muhammad
grew up orphan and poor, married khadijah who was wealthy at 24, at 40 years old went into cave and gabriel came to him, went to medina, fought war with mecca, went to mecca. died in Aisha's arms
Shabbat
hebrew. Saturday, day of rest in Judaism, where people walk (not drive) & pray, visit friends etc. feel like a community.
jewish ancestry
if your mother is jewish, you're jewish. can also convert to judaism.
jewish antidiscrimination laws
in 1980 the supreme court in the US counted them as a race so they would be protected under the antidiscrimination laws but jewish people said they didnt want that.
midrash
interprets the Torah by expanding stories & with an emphasis on everyday life. a book
prayer in judaism
its the heart of judaism now after pharisees started saying that all jews (not just priests) ought to follow torah purity laws, and that they shouldnt just offer sacrifices. three times a day (morning, midday, evening). says god is good, god is the creator, god and human beings share a common image. also educates the faithful by reminding them that theyre ethical monotheism.
Shavuot (Pentecost)
jewish festival, 50 days after passover in the spring, it marks when jews received food from god + when they received the torah (wisdom and teachings) from god
Talmud
less biblical interpretation, also called oral Torah, it's the historical collection of rabbinical writings and commentaries on the Torah, codifies & explains Torah law. 2 sections: halakhah (ethics) & aggadah (stories)
rabbinic judaism
main form of Judaism, which emerged during the first century AD under the leadership of the rabbis; clarified Jewish practice, elevated the oral law to equal authority with the written Torah and enabled Judaism to evolve flexibly. they didnt have to rely on temples for sacrifices anymore, instead they prayed and did good deeds.
Sukkot
means "huts" or "booths" in a jewish harvest festival in the fall which serves to remind jews of when god protected them in the wilderness
exodus
means "massive departure", when jews escaped egyptian tyranny and slavery. god proved his love for the jews by plaguing the egyptians but by "passing over" the jews. reminds jews how they can pass over from suffering to redemption. in the story, moses parted the sea and led his people in the dessert for 40 years
tikkun
means "repair" in Hebrew, either of one's soul or the whole world
kaddish
means "sanctification", asks for the whole world to become holy, for god to be sanctified and glorified throughout the entire world.
Torah
means law. refers to the first five books of the Hebrew Bible. but also all Jewish religious texts and laws
hanukkahchanukhah
mid-winter, recalls miracle from 165-163 BCE, when a group of jews called maccabees took the temple from syrian control and wanted to celebrate for eight days after rebuilding the altar, but only had lamp oil for one night, but all eight days passed without the light going out because god kept the lamps lit
pogroms
murderous anti-semitic riots in early 20th century in russia
sufism
mystical branch of islam that emphasizes the constant rememberance of god
duties of gentiles
non-jewish people must abide by the seven Commandments given to Noah and his family/the Noahide Commandments
monotheism
one god, all of judaism, islam and christianity
3 crucial teachings of islam
one god, muhammad as god's last and greatest prophet, live with complete submission and faith in god
islam history
originated in arabian peninsula, mesopotamia
Hasidism
the ultra-orthodox branch of Judaism that teaches the individual to raise every action in life to the level of prayer
categories of jewish prayer
those that praise god, those that ask for requests of god, those that give thanks to god. among the most important are shema, amidah, kaddish.
circumcision in judaism
to bring a boy into the covenant between god and israel
the seven Commandments given to Noah
to set up courts of Justice and establish justice for all humankind, to refrain from blasphemy (/right speech), to refrain from idolatry (object worship; only one true god), to be strain from sexual acts that are unethical, to refrain from committing bloodshed/murder (killing animals for food is ok), to refrain from robbery, to refrain from eating the flesh of a live animal (animals should be killed quickly and properly).
minyan
a group of 10 or more adult jews, minimum number to start a prayer in the synagogue. this makes them more of a community
holocaust
a large-scale destruction, especially by fire; a vast slaughter; a burnt offering
shariah
a law code drawn up by Muslim scholars after Muhammad's death; it provided believers with a set of practical laws to regulate their daily lives
pharisees
a member of an ancient Jewish sect, distinguished by strict observance of the traditional and written law, and commonly held to have pretensions to superior sanctity.
indulgence
a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin
shema
a prayer, read twice a day (before sleep and when awake), "the lord is our god, the lord alone" , reminds jews remember god and the commandments always (daily, carry through body, present on door of your house), jews often say this prayer while dying
monotheistic religion
a religion with one god
ayatollah
a religious leader among Shiite Muslims
kashrut
a set of jewish dietary laws
Tanakh
a term for the books of the Bible that make up the Hebrew canon. three sets: the law (Torah) , the prophets and the writings.
trayf
a term meaning forbidden; not kosher
sadducees
A Jewish sect at the time of Jesus known for its strong commitment to the Temple in Jerusalem.
diaspora
A dispersion of people from their homeland, specifically jews being exiled from israel to live around the world. thishappened because the roman army forced them out of the city of jerusalem in israel
galilee
A large region in the north of the modern nation of Israel, north of Samaria at the time of Jesus. jesus was born here.
zionism
A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Jerusalem, to end the diaspora. so they instated a home in Palestine, in israel. initially embraced by haskalah jews.
passover
A time for Jews to remember the Exodus, celebrated in the spring, weeklong festival,
semitic
Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. The most widespread modern member of the this language family is Arabic.
the holy trinity (christianity)
Father, Son, Holy Spirit
abraham
Founder of Judaism, and "the first muslim", built mecca with son ismail (with muhammad). quran said he wasnt a jew or christian
gospels
Four books in the New Testament that tell the story of Christ's life and teachings matthew(old testament), mark (storytelling), luke(written for romans/non jewish), john.
shirk
Idolatry
gospel
The "Good News," the story of the coming of the Savior, Jesus Christ, and the inauguration of God's Kingdom.
pentateuch
A Greek word meaning "five books," referring to the first five books of the Old Testament.
semitic people
people who speak hebrew and arabic
what it means to be chosen by God as a Jew
the people chose God and God chose the people seoulspice free will. god acts monotheistically, therefore Jews should. so as the chosen people Jews must follow more Commandments than other groups. Muse also suffer more grievously than other people because they are chosen not in spite of being chosen.
theology
the study of religion
darwinism
the theory of the evolution of species by natural selection advanced by Charles Darwin. all life revolved around other forms
5 Pillars of Islam
1. shahada: belief in one God, Allah, and Muhammad his prophet2. salat: daily prayer; pray 5 times a day facing Mecca- mosques- Jewish places for worship 3.zakat: (2.5% of income) (offering/charity) for the poor 4. sawm: fasting (sunrise to sunset) during Ramadan (September-October) 5. hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in your lifetime (and visit Kaaba)
ashkenazi jews
1/2 jewish group that formed after the diaspora across mediterranean and european world. jews whose traditions originated in central and eastern Europe (france, germany, eastern europe). interact with the world around them based on geographic, social, and political circumstances.
sephardic jews
1/2 jewish group that formed after the diaspora across the mediterranean and european world. smaller group of the two, from spain, portugal, north africa, and mainly middle east. dont speak yiddish. interact with the world around them based on geographic, social, and political circumstances.
sefirot
10 attributes through which God is revealed; singular: sefirah
sunni islam
80%, emphasizes scholarly and communal decision making after the death of muhammad
meuzzin
An official who calls Islamic believers to worship five times a day.
zakat
Charity to the poor
children of israel
Descendants of Abraham's grandson Jacob, whose name God had changed to "Israel" at the ancient site of Bethel after affirming the promises of the Covenant. Also known as "Hebrews" or "Jews." They first formed the nation of Israel in the Promised Land during the time of the Joshua and the Judges.
grace
God's gift of friendship and life that enables us to share his life and love
yom kippur
Jewish Day of Atonement- fasting and reflecting on one's sins
kabbalah
Jewish mysticism from a group of books, "tradition", a form that developed in medieval france and spain and spread across the jewish world. perceives itself as a secret tradition. attempts to answer questions about issues most rabbis believe to be outside the realm of human understanding (mysteries of creation, hidden meanings of words, relationship of god and humanity). once experienced, we are opened up to a closer relationship with god. three main ideas: god (sefirot), the human soul, the relationship between god and humans. the study usually begins after the age of 40, when a person has already learned the traditions of rabbinic judaism.
sadaqa
Muslim word for charity
apostle
One who is sent
Fundementalism
Religious movement based on the belief that everything written in the Bible was literally true
baptism
Sacrament by which God cleanses all sin, and one becomes a member of the church.
haskalah
The Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the eighteenth century, led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn, inspired jews to turn their tradition of education toward non-jewish subjects (so like science, politics, arts, medicine (instead of just torah)). said religion shouldnt impose its ideas on others
sufi
The branch of Islam that believes in a more mystical connection with Allah.
nicene creed
The formal statement or profession of faith commonly recited during the Eucharist.
old testament
The forty-six books that make up the first part of the Bible and record salvation history before the coming of the Savior, Jesus Christ. its also the jewish tanakh
Concupiscence
The tendency of all human beings toward sin, as a result of Original Sin.
gnostics
a christian sect that taught that the physical world was flawed. believed that salvation could be found in hidden knowledge
history of judaism
between 2000 and 1000 BCE the first civilization happened in Mesopotamia, where Abraham was born and semitic languages were spoken. there were farmers and hunters etc.
apostolic succession
christian act of being blessed by an apostle who was blessed by christ
eucharist
christian ritual based on the pawssover sedar held by jesus and his disciples
eruv
contained space within which Jews observe the Sabbath
salat
prayer
Mourner's kaddish
prayer to someone whose family member has died. it doesnt mention death, but it says god created everything and asks for peace in the world. kaddish should be said for 30 days for closest family, but 11 months for a parent.
kosher
prepared according to Jewish dietary law
hajj
sacred pilgrimage to mecca, fourth pillar of islam
four groups in the jewish elite
sadducees, pharisees, essenes, zealots
hadith
scholarship in islam that leads back to muhammad. through the actions of his life, the things he allowed (consent), and his teachings/sayings
amidah
standing prayer, feet close together, take three steps back then forward (to 'enter'). includes 19 sections of praise, request, thanksgiving. the last section was added after romans destroyed jewish temple.
jihad
struggle, sixth pillar 2: defense, and restraint fight with those who are wrong on the outside, also internally fight with yourself to accept the will of god
dikhr
sufi practices. breathing exercises, dancing, twirling
blasphemy
swearing, speech which offends religious sentiments
creeds
symbols of faith, served as a constituion for the christian ecumenical fathers
Abraham
the beginning of Judaism. the prophet that was commanded to kill his son Isaac. Adam had chosen to not follow God's orders but Abraham chose to follow God's orders (with free will) and therefore God bless him and his people. had two sons: Israel (originally Jacob) & Isaac
creationism
the belief that God created the world and everything in it, usually in the way described in the Bible/genesis
mitzvot
the commandments of god found in the torah
Mishnah
the expansion of the Talmud. opinions regarding the halakhah. how and why do Jewish laws need to be followed. six sections.
Five Patriarchates
were five cities (Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Alexandria, Jerusalem) around which large groups of Christian churches grew.
ghettos
where jews were forced to live, first in venice in 1516
