Human Computer Interaction (HCI)

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The model human processor

- perceptual processor - cognitive processor - motor processor

Types of menu

- pop up menu - pull down menu - fall down menu - pin up menu

Usability Principles (Learnability)

- predictability - synthesisability - familiarity - consistency - generalizability

Interface Design

- principles - guidelines - standards

Multi-Modal Technology

- sight - sound - touch - taste - smell

Alternative mode of HCI

- sound in the interface - touch in the interface - handwriting recognition - gesture recognition

2. Enable frequent users to use shortcuts

abbreviations, function keys, hidden commands, and macro facilities are very helpful to an expert user

definition Usability Principles (Flexibility : Substitutivity)

allowing equivalent values of input and output to be substituted for each other

definition QOC (options)

alternative answers

definition Usability Principles (Learnability : Generalizability)

extending specific interaction knowledge to new situations

definition Usability Principles (Robustness : Responsiveness)

feedback should be commensurate with action

3. Offer informative feedback

for every operator action, there should be some system feedback.

definition Usability Principles (Flexibility : Task migratability)

how easily functions can be moved between user and system

1. Strive for consistency

identical terminology should be used in prompts, menus, and help screens; and consistent commands

definition Sound in the interface

important contributor to usability

definition Design rationale

information that explains why a computer system is the way it is

definition Usability Principles (Flexibility : Customisability)

interface can be adapted to suit different needs

definition Usability Principles (Learnability : Consistency)

likeness in input/output behaviour arising from similar situations or task objectives

definition QOC (question)

major issues of a design

definition Usability Principles (Learnability : Familiarity)

matching user's expectations

definition QOC (criteria)

means to assess options

definition Tolerance for error

minimizing the impact and damage caused by mistakes or unintended behavior

definition Handwriting Recognition

natural form of communication

definition Ergonomics

physical characteristics of interaction

definition Process-oriented

preserves order of deliberation and decision making

Types of design rationale

process-oriented, structure-oriented

waterfall model with feedback

requirements specification > architectural design > detailed design > coding and unit testing > integration and testing > operation and maintenance

definition Touch in the interface

sense that can be used to both send and receive

definition Usability Principles (Robustness : Recoverability)

support for undoing errors

definition Usability Principles (Flexibility : Multi-threading)

support simultaneous tasks

definition Laboratory Studies

users are take out of their normal work environment to take part in controlled tests, often in a specialist usability laboratory

definition Usability Principles (Flexibility : Dialogue initiative)

who controls dialogue flow

Usability Principles (Flexibility)

- Dialogue initiative - multi-threading - task migratability - substitutivity - customisability

Goals of Evaluation

- assess extent of system functionality - assess effect of interface on user - identify specific problems

types of slips

- capture error - description error - loss of activation - mode errors

Evaluating Designs

- cognitive walkthrough - heuristic evaluation - review-based evaluation - model-based evaluation

Interface Style

- command line interface - menus - natural language - question/answer and query dialogue - form-fills and spreadsheets - WIMP - point and click - three-dimensional interfaces

Usability Components

- efficiency - learnability - errors - satisfaction - memorability

Seven Principles of universal design of interactive system

- equitable use - flexibility in use - simple and intuitive to use - perceptible information - tolerance for error - low physical effort - size and space for approach and use

Generic System response for errors

- general idea : forcing functions - gag - warn - do nothing - self correct - lets talk about it - teach me

GOMS

- goals - operator - methods - selection

Cognitive Walkthrough (Comparison Heuristic Evaluation)

- informed by cognitive psychology - done by one person - more formal - better for highly structured tasks

Heuristic Evaluation (Comparison Cognitive Walkthrough)

- informed by design practices - done by appointed experts - less formal - better for less structured task

Query Techniques

- interviews - questionnaires

Styles Of Evaluation

- laboratory studies - field studies

Usability Principles

- learnability - flexibility - robustness

Errors we make

- mistakes - slips

Usability Principles (robustness)

- observability - recoverability - responsiveness - task conformance

Factors considered in experimental design

- participants - variables - hypotheses - experimental design - statistical measures

Schnederman's Eight Golden Rules

- strive for consistency - enable frequent users to use shortcuts - offer informative feedback - design dialogs to yield closure - offer error prevention and simple error handling - permit easy reversal of actions - support internal locus of control - reduce short-term memory load

Observational Methods

- think aloud - cooperative evaluation - protocol analysis - automated analysis - post task walkthrough

Types of help

- tutorial - reference manuals - reminders

Model Of Interaction - Norman's execution - evaluation cycle

- user establishes the goal - formulates intention - specifies actions at interface - executes action - perceives system state - interprets system state - evaluates system state with respect to goal

definition Gesture Recognition

being able to control the computer with certain movement of the hand

definition Usability Principles (Learnability : Synthesisability)

can assess effect of past actions

definition Interaction Design

creating interventions in often complex situations using technology of many kinds including pc, software, the web and physical devices

definition Usability Principles (Robustness : Task conformance)

degree to which the system supports the user's tasks

definition Perceptible information

design should provide effective communication of information regardless of the environmental condition or the user's abilities

5. Offer simple error handling

design the system so the user cannot make a serious error

7. Support internal locus of control

design the system to make users the initiators of actions rather than the responders

definition Low physical effort

design to be comfortable to use, minimizing physical effort and fatigue

definition Usability Principles (Learnability : predictability)

determinism and operation visibility

definition Human Computer Interaction (HCI)

discipline concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them

definition Structure-oriented

emphasizes post hoc structuring of considered design alternatives

definition Usability

the capability of the software product to be understood, learned, used and attractive to the user, when used under specified conditions

definition Flexibility in use

the design allows for range of ability and preference, through choice of methods of use and adaptively to the user's pace, precision and custo

definition Equitable use

the design is useful to people with range of ability and appealing to all

definition Field Studies

the designer of evaluator out into the user's work environment in order to observe the system in action

4. Design dialog to yield closure

the informative feedback at the completion of a group of actions gives the operators the satisfaction

8. Reduce short-term memory load

the limitation of human information processing in short-term memory requires that displays be kept simple

definition Interaction Styles

the nature of user/system dialog

definition Size and space for approach and use

the placement of the system should be such that it can be reached and used by any user regardless of body size, posture and mobility

6. Permit easy reversal of actions

this feature relieves anxiety, since the user knows that errors can be undone

definition Simple and intuitive to use

to use regardless of knowledge, experience, language or level of concentration of the user

definition Interactions models

translations between user and system

definition Usability Principles (Robustness : Observability)

user impression of system state


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